CRIM 1 Edited

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE FOUNDATION
SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
Hagkol, City of Valencia, Bukidnon, 8709, Tel No. (088-222-2657)
MODULE
ON
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PREFACE
This module designed for criminology students for them to familiarize the fundamental matters with
regard to crime, crime theories, factors affecting criminal behavior and basic models relative to victimology.
This module wishes to provide essential ideas and concepts about criminology course.
I. OVERVIEW
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INTRODUCTION/RATIONALE
The study of this course is of vital importance to the student for it provides a bird’s eye view in
the process of studying criminology as a body of knowledge and other allied subjects. It treats primarily
on the analysis of the causes of crime, in controlling and preventing crimes and the punishment or
treatment of criminal offenders.
OBJECTIVES:
This module aims to provide students with an introduction to criminology as a field of inquiry.
This module explores the different ways in which crime is measured and understood. It also looks at
the various disciplinary schools of thought that have contributed to this endeavor, some of the key
contemporary issues in criminological scholarship debate.
LEARNERS: This module is intended for 1st Year Bachelor of Science in Criminology students.
TIME FRAME: One Semester, (1 month module)
PRE-REQUISITE: None
INTRODUCTION
What is CRIMINOLOGY?
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Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. This is the general and
more traditional meaning of criminology. However, there are other definition of criminology suggested by
some modernist such as criminology may refer to the study of crimes and criminals and the attempt of
analyzing scientifically their causes and control and the treatment of criminals.
The term Criminology is derived from the Latin word crimen, which means “accusation” and the Greek
word Logia which denote “study of”. Hence, criminology is the scientific study of nature, extent and control of
criminal behavior in both the individual and in society.
Criminology
- derived from the Italian term “CRIMINOLOGIA” coined by Raffaele Garofalo, an Italian law professor, 1885.
- In 1887, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the term “CRIMINOLOGIE”, to differentiate the study of criminal
body types within the field of anthropology from other biometric pursuits.
 Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey- they defined criminology as “The body of knowledge regarding crime as
a social phenomenon”. It includes within its scope the process of making of laws, of breaking of law and the
reaction towards the breaking of laws.
 Curt Bartol and Anne Bartol- described criminology as a “Multidisciplinary study of crimes”. It involves wide
array of knowledge about crimes and criminals including psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology,
neurology, political science, economics and others. It is for the reason that criminology as a broad field can be
subdivided into:
a. Sociological Criminology- the study of crime focused on the group of people and society as a whole.
It is primarily based on the examination of the relationship of demographic and group variables of
crimes. Variables such as socio-economic status, interpersonal relationships, age, race, gender and
cultural groups of people are probed in relation to the environmental factors that are most
conducive to criminal action, such as time, place and circumstances surrounding the crime.
b. Psychological Criminology- the science of behavior and mental processes of the criminal. It is
focused on the individual criminal behavior- how it is acquired, evoked, maintained and modified.
Both the environmental and personality influences are considered, along with the mental processes
that mediate the behavior.
c. Psychiatric Criminology- the science that deals with the study of crime through forensic psychiatry,
study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives that strongly relies on the individual.
 Cirilo Tradio- articulated that criminology is a “Body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as a social
phenomenon. It may also refer to the study of crimes and criminals and the attempt of analyzing scientifically
their causes and control and the treatment of criminals.
 R.A 11131, Sec. 4 (e) or the Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018- declared that criminology shall be
defined as “The scientific study of crimes, criminals and victims, it also deals with the prevention, and solution
of crimes”.
Is criminology a science?
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According to George Wilker, criminology cannot become a science because it has not yet acquired universal
validity.
Edwin H. Sutherland, the Dean of Modern Criminology, hoped that it will become a science in the future since
the causes of crimes are almost the same which may be biological, environmental or combination of the two.
A. Nature and Purposes of the Study of Criminology

Criminology is an interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal
behavior, including their manifestations, causes, legal aspects and control. Being interdisciplinary, it draws upon
other discipline to provide an integrated approach to understanding the problem of crime in contemporary
society and to advance solutions to the problem crime creates.
 Nature of Criminology
1. It is an applied science- in the study of the causes of crimes, anthropology, psychology, sociology and other
natural sciences may be applied. While in crime detection, chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics,
ballistics, polygraphy, questioned document examination may be utilized;
2. It is a social science- since crime is a social creation and that it exists in the society, its study therefore is
considered part of social science;
3. It is dynamic- criminology changes as social condition changes. It is concomitant with the advancement of
other sciences that have been applied to it; and
4. It is nationalistic- the study of crimes must be in relation with the existing criminal law within a territory or
country. This is so because the power to define and punishment of a crime is enjoyed by the State in
accordance to its police power.
 Disciplines involved in Criminology:

1. Criminal Anthropology- it is the study and investigation of the organic and psychic constitution of the
criminal and the conditions of his social life. The criminal is the degenerate whose organic and psychic
development has been arrested.
2. Criminal Psychology- scope includes the study of the psychological traits of the criminal, or his basic
psychological characteristics, which are moral insensibility and improvidence.
3. Criminal Statistics- studies the relation of causality between certain personal conditions, physical and social
phenomena and criminality, it increase or decrease, and forms of its appearance.
4. Criminal Sociology- it embraces all branches of criminal science including criminal law and transforms the
science of crimes and penalty into one of positive observation.
5. Criminal Politics- a science consisting of principles with which the State organizes its fight against
criminality. The bases are knowledge of criminal law, of criminality, penalties and other measures of social
defense.
6. Forensic Medicine- object is to place medical knowledge at the disposal of the administration of justice,
both civil and criminal.
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7. Forensic Chemistry- the application of chemical principles in the solution of problems that arise in
connection.
 The origin and development of criminal or penal law; crime causation, and factors that enhance the
development of criminal behavior
1. Criminal Demography- study of the relationship between criminality and population;
2. Criminal Epidemiology- study of the relationship between environment and criminality;
3. Criminal Ecology- study of criminality in relation to special distribution in a community;
4. Criminal Physical Anthropology- study of criminality in relation to the physical constitution of men;
5. Criminal Psychology- study of human behavior in relation to criminality; and
6. Victimology- study of the role of the victim in the commission of crime.
7. Criminal Psychiatry- study of human mind in relation to criminality.
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Scope and Divisions in the Study of Criminology
Criminology is a broad field of study of crimes and criminals. Its scope is categorized into the following
studies:
A. The Making of Laws

This pertains to the examination of nature and structure of laws in the society which could be
analyzed scientifically, systematically and exhaustively to learn crime causation and eventually help fight
them.
Those who specialized in this area of laws are criminologist with a legal bent and they refer to their
area of study as the criminology of criminal law, or in the case of criminologist with sociology degrees, the
sociology of law. An example would be the conflict criminologist. William Chambliss, who in 1964 wrote a
famous treatise on the law of vagrancy to argue for ruling class domination theory of crime. Theories in
this specialty area are sometimes called theories of criminalization, not theories of crime. They involved
the study of why some acts, but not others, come to be formally penalized by the state as crimes.
B. The Breaking of Laws

This pertains to the examination of the reasons of crime causation which primarily deals to answers
issues why despite the presence of laws people still commit crimes.
This area is the most interdisciplinary one in criminology; anyone with an interest in studying the
criminal mind is welcome, regardless of whether their degree is in psychology, anthropology, economics,
political science or sociology. It is important to note that this specialty area is not concerned with fighting
crime or catching criminals more effectively.
It is considered with the scientific theory and method for uncovering truth. Any insights gained
from studying the criminal mind are supposed to be useful in understanding human nature and the society
we live in. There is some disagreement about this however, with so-called clinical, applied, and praxis
criminology, as well as the field of criminal justice, advocating better management, investigation, social
change and systems respectively.
C. Reaction towards the Breaking of Laws

This pertains to the study of how people, the criminal and the government reacts towards the
breaking of laws because the reactions necessarily bring light to the development of modern measures to
treat criminal offenders at the same time the reaction may be contributory to criminality.
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Objects of Interest in Criminology
CRIME defined
In as much the definition of crime is concerned, many fields of study like law, sociology and psychology
have their emphasis on what crime is.
Crime may be defined as:

1. An act or omission in violation of a criminal law in its legal point.
2. An anti-social act; an act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful to the norms of society; they are
the unacceptable acts in its social definition.
3. Psychologically, crime is an act, which is considered undesirable due to behavioral maladjustment
of the offender; acts that are caused by maladaptive or abnormal behaviors.
Crime
- It is also a generic name that refers to offense, felony and delinquency or misdemeanor.
- An act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it. Societies enacted laws
to criminalize acts that are viewed to be deviant or offensive to their moral sense. This concept is
encapsulated in the Latin maxim “nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege”, which means “there is no
crime if there is no law punishing it”.
- The term crime is generic for felony, offense, infraction or misdemeanor and delinquency.
Classification of Crimes
1. According to Law violated
a. Felony- an act or omission punishable by law which is committed by means of dolo (deceit) or culpa (fault)
and punishable under the Revised Penal Code.
b. Offense- an act or omission in violation of a special law.
c. Infraction- an act or omission in violation of a city or municipal ordinance.
2. According to Manner of committing a crime.

a. By means of dolo (deceit)- if the crime is committed with deliberate intent. Thus, it is called intentional
felonies.
 Freedom or voluntariness
 Intelligence
 Intent
b. By means of culpa (fault)- the act or omission of the offender is not malicious and the injury caused by the
offender is not intentional, it is being simply the incident of another act performed without malice.
 Lack of foresight
 Lack of skill
 Negligence
 Imprudence.
3. According to the stages in the commission

a. Attempted- the crime is attempted when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly or
overt acts, and does not perform the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some
cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.
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b. Frustrated- when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as a
consequence but which, nevertheless do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of the
perpetrator.
c. Consummated- when all the elements necessary for its accomplishment and execution are present.
4. According to Plurality
a. Simple complex- is a single act constituting only one offense
b. Complex crime- single act constituting two or more grave felonies or a necessary means for committing the
other.
Two Kinds of Complex Crime:
I. Compound crime (delito compuesto)
II. Complex crime proper (delito complejo)
Redusion perpetna - 12yrs 1 day to 40 yrs

Redusion temporal – 12yrs. 1 day to 20yrs
Prision Mayor – 6yrs. 1 day to 12yrs
Prision correcional – 6 months & 1 day to 6yrs
Arresto Mayor – 1 month & 1 day to 6 months
Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days
5. According to gravity
a. Grave felonies- are those which the law attaches the capital punishment or penalties which in any of their
period of afflictive.
b. Less grave felonies- are those which the law punishes with the penalties which in their maximum period are
correctional.
c. Light felonies- are infraction of laws for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not
exceeding 200 pesos or both is provided.
6. According to the nature of act

a. Crimes mala inse- are acts that are inherently evil. Those that are so serious in their effects on society as to
call for almost unanimous condemnation of its members
Examples: Murder, Robbery, etc.
b. Crimes mala prohibita- are acts prohibited only because there are laws forbidding such acts. Those that are
in violations of mere rules of convenience designed to secure a more orderly regulations of the affairs of
society.
Examples: Illegal Possession of Firearms, Traffic Violations, etc.
Development of Criminal Law and Crime

Historically, it was the Babylonian and the Hebrews, and later the Romans who first recognize the
concept of law and crime.
1. Code of Hammurabi
- It is considered as one of the first known attempts to establish a written code of conduct. The
recording of the said code was made possible with the invention of cuneiform- a system of writing that
used baked clay.
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- There were accounts; however, claiming that prior to the Code of Hammurabi, the first written laws
probably came from Ur Nammu- who ruled Ur about 2100 B.C.
- Other texts point to King Dungi of Sumer as one of the first to have developed penal law.
- However, it was King Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.), the sixth King of Babylon, who had the laws of the
kingdom collected and organized. The then had the code of laws recorded on a block of stone eight
feet high, which made the laws visible to all the people and provided lasting record.
- Under this legal system, punishment was based on physical retaliation or Lex Talionis (“an eye for an
eye”). The code establishes rules regarding theft, sexual relationship and interpersonal violence, and
was intended to replace blood feuds with a system sanctioned by the state.
2. Mosaic Code of the Israelites (1200 B.C)

- According to tradition, God entered into a covenant or contract with the tribes of Israel in which they
agreed to obey his law as presented to them by Moses, in return for God’s special care and protection.
3. Roman law contained in the Twelve Tables (451 B.C.)

- The Decemviri Consulari Imperio Legibus Scribundis, a special commission of ten noble Roman men,
formulated the Twelve Tables in response to pressure from the lower classes, who were referred to as
plebeians.
- The plebeians believed that an unwritten code gave arbitrary and unlimited power to the wealthy
classes, known as patricians, who serve as magistrates. Later, Emperor Justin of Rome appointed
twelve experts to review the Law of the Twelve Tables. In 529 A.D., Roman Emperor Justin put
Justinian Code into effect.
4. The Common Law

- After the Norman conquests of England in 1066, a common law developed the helped standardized law
and justice. The common law was based in judge decisions. Judges who decide cases and future cases
would be decided based on those previous decisions. This system known as stare decisis (Latin for “to
stand by decided cases”), was used by the early courts to determine the outcome of criminal cases.
The present English system, which still relies on common law, has come to existence during the reign
of Henry II (1154- 1189).
- However, common law is not applicable in the Philippines. The Supreme Court once held, “unless there
be a particular provision in the penal code or special law that defines and punishes the act, even if it be
socially or morally wrong, no criminal liability is incurred by its commission”.
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

Crimes are classified in order to focus a better understanding of their existence. It involves the
following:
1. According to the result of the crime:
a. Acquisitive crime- if the offender acquired or gained something by committing the crime.
Examples: Robbery, estafa, bribery, etc.
b. Extinctive crime- if the crime resulted in destruction, damage or even death.
Examples: Arson, Murder, Homicide, Damage to Property, etc.
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2. According to the time or period of commission:
a. Seasonal crime- are crimes that happened only during a particular season or period of the year.
Examples: Violation of Election Law, Tax Law Violations, etc
b. Situational crime- are crimes committed when the situation is conducive to the commission of the
crime and there is opportunity to commit it.
Examples: Pickpocketing, Theft, etc.
3. According to the length of time of the commission:
a. Episodic crime- are crimes committed through series of acts or episodes and in much longer time.
Example: Serious Illegal Detention.
b. Instant Crime- are those crimes that can be committed in a very short time.
Example: Theft
4. According to place or location:

a. Static crime- are committed only in one place.
Examples: Theft and Robbery
b. Continuing crime- are crimes that takes place in more than one or several places.
Examples: Abduction, Kidnapping, etc.
5. According to the use of mental faculties:

a. Rational crime- when the offender is capable of knowing what he is doing and understanding the
consequences of his actions.
b. Irrational crime- when the offender suffers from any form of mental disorders, insanity or abnormality.
Thus, the offender doesn’t know what he is doing.
6. According to the type of offender:`

a. White Collar crime- crimes committed by those persons belonging to the upper socio-economic status
or in the course of his occupational activities.
b. Blue Collar Crime- are those crimes committed by ordinary criminals as means of livelihood.
7. Upper World and Underworld Crimes- Upper world crimes are those committed by individuals
belonging to the upper class of society. Under world crime are committed by members of lower or
under privilege class of society.
8. Crimes by Imitation and Crimes of Passion- Crimes by imitation are crimes committed by merely
duplicating of what was done by other. Crimes by Passion are crimes committed because of the fit of
great emotions.
9. Service crimes- refer to crimes committed through rendition of a service to satisfy desire of another.
Classification of Crimes According to the PNP

The PNP classified crimes as an index or non-index crimes for purposes of the uniform crime reporting
system.
1. Index crimes- are serious in nature and which occur with sufficient frequency and regularity such as
that they can serve as index to the crime situation. They are further classified into:
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a. Crimes against Person- murder, homicide, physical injury, rape.
b. Crimes against Property- robbery and theft.
2. Non-index crimes- are mostly violations of special laws and other crimes such as crimes against morals
and order (prostitution, vagrancy, alarm and scandal, assault, resistance to authority, corruption of
public officials, gambling, slander and libel, treat and coercion and trespassing), Crimes against Chastity
(abduction, seduction, acts of lasciviousness), other crimes against property (estafa, and falsification,
malicious mischief, damage to property). These crimes are the generated result of positive police-
initiated operations.
Legal Classification of Crimes

Under the law, crimes are classified as:
 Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nations

Example: Treason, Espionage, Piracy
 Crimes against Fundamental Law of the State.
Example: Arbitrary Detention, Violation of Domicile
 Crimes against Public Order
Example: Rebellion, Sedition, Coup d’tat
 Crimes against Public Interest
Example: Forgery, Falsification, Fraud
 Crimes against Public Morals
Example: Gambling and betting, offences against decency and good custom like scandals,
obscenity, vagrancy and prostitution
 Crimes against Public Officers
Example: Malfeasance, Misfeasance and Nonfeasance
 Crimes against Person
Example: Murder, Rape, Physical Injury
 Crimes against Properties
Example: Robbery, Theft
 Crimes against Personal Liberty and Security
Example: Illegal Detention, Kidnapping, Trespass to Dwelling, Threat and Coercion
 Crimes against Chastity
Example: Concubinage, Adultery, Seduction, Abduction, Acts of Lasciviousness
 Crimes against Civil Status of Persons
Example: Bigamy and other Illegal Marriages
 Crimes against Honor
Example: Libel, Oral Defamation
 Crimes against Criminal Negligence
Example: Imprudence, Negligence
Based on Legal Point of View
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Habitual delinquent is a person who, with a period of ten years from the date of his release or last
conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery, estafa, or falsification is found
guilty of any of the said crimes or third time offender.
Recidivist is one who, at a time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final
judgment of another crime embraced in the same title of the Revised Penal Code.
- Defined as doing something bad or illegal again after having been punished of after having stopped a
certain behavior. For example: a petty thief who is released from jail promptly steals something else
the first day.
If there is only one previous conviction, there is recidivism but if there have been two or more previous
convictions of robbery, estafa or falsification habitual delinquency exist.
The Criminal/Offender
The criminal is the actor in the commission of a criminal act. On the basis of the definition of crime, a
criminal may be defined in three ways:
1. A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by a court of violation of a criminal law.
(legal definition)
2. A person who violated a social norm or one who did an anti-social act. (social definition)
3. A person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment. (psycho-behavioral
definition)
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS
1. According to Etiology
a. Acute criminals- a person who committed crime as a result of reacting to a situation or during a
moment or anger or burst of feeling.
b. Chronic criminals- is one who committed a crime with intent or deliberated thinking.
1) Neurotic criminal- is one who has mental disorder.
2) Normal criminal- a person, who commits crimes because he looks up to, idolizes people who
are criminals.
2. According to the type of offender

a. Ordinary criminals- are criminal who engages in crimes which do not require specialized or technical
skill.
b. Organized criminals- is one who possesses some skills and know which enable him to commit crimes
and evade detection.
c. Professional criminals-a highly skilled criminal which are engaged in a large scale criminal activities and
usually operate in groups.
3. According to Criminal Activities

a. Professional criminal- a criminal who earns his living through criminal activities.
b. Situational criminal- a person who got involved in criminal act because the situation presented itself.
c. Accidental criminals- a person who accidentally violated the law due to some circumstance.
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d. Habitual criminals- one who repeatedly commits criminal act for different reasons.
4. Based on Mental Attitudes

a. Active criminals- are those who commit crimes due to aggressiveness.
b. Passive Inadequate criminals- are those who commit crimes because they are pushed to it by reward
or promise.
c. Socialized Delinquents- are criminals who are normal in behavior but defective in their socialization
process or development.
Criminology in the Philippines

The Philippine Legal System
In the Philippine context, the study of crimes and criminal behavior is very recent. However,
criminology in general can be traced back along with the development of the Philippine criminal justice code
and legal system. For instance, pre-Spanish codes such as the Code of Kalantiao and the Maragtas Code have
little influence to the present legal system but set rules on controlling crimes and punishment of criminals in
the Philippines prior to the colonization period.
Republic Act No. 6506 otherwise known as “An act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologist in
the Philippines and for other Purposes”, gives birth to Criminology in our country. This Act took effect upon its
approval last July 1, 1972.
Scientific Studies in the Philippine Criminology

The vitality of scientific knowledge production on criminality in the Philippines came first from law and
medicine, in the late 19th and early 20th century. The studies of two Filipino ‘criminologist’, Ignacio Villamor
(1909-1915; 1924) and Sixto De Los Angeles (1919), in early 1900s referred extensively to Cesare Lombroso’s
criminal anthropology.
Villamor proposed the understanding of crime through crime statistics, while physician Sixto De Los
Angeles took to examining the biological links to criminal behavior. The two men can be considered pillars of
the academe in law and medicine respectively in the founding years of the University of the Philippines.
To tests Lombroso’s hypothesis in 1916, De Los Angeles clinically examined 100 male and 8 female
inmates in Bilibid Prison and took their anthropometric measurements (dimension of ears, pelvic bones,
thorax, fingers, etc.). He measured convict skulls and autopsied 44 deceased convicts for cranial anomalies to
investigate regressive features. He compared his measurements to the non-criminal data collected earlier by
American anatomist Robert Bennett Bean and anthropologist Daniel Folkmar, and French ethnologist Joseph
Montano- men who brought physical anthropology to the Philippines and back to the Western world by
illustrating the measurements of Filipinos.
The only anthropometric measure that De Los Angeles found significant was the smaller cephalic index
of the convicts; other measures such as height, weight and nasal index registered lower figures but no
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significant differences to merit a conclusion. His scrutiny of skulls of deceased inmates convicted of serious
crimes, however, revealed cranial and brain anomalies that bolstered the Lombrosian hypothesis.
The starting point of establishing Criminology as formal field of study started in 1954 when the
Philippine College of Criminology (PCCr) was established by Supreme Court Associate Justice Felix Angelo
Bautista. The school offered a four year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
And on June 12, 1961 the Bureau of Higher Education granted government recognition to PCCr for its first year
in master’s degree program. Subsequently, on July 13, 1972, it offered a two year degree program leading to
the degree of Master of Arts in Criminology (M.A. Crim). Consequently, BS Criminology program started to
flourished during the 60’s and 70’s, culminating the enactment of Republic Act 6506 and other pieces of
legislation related to the practice of Criminology profession in the country.
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II. LEARNING PLAN
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to explain and define “Freewill
Doctrine” of the classical school of criminology; appreciate the approaches in the study of
criminology; value the importance of a having a theory in explaining criminality.
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GROUP 1
APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY
 SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES- deals mainly on biological explanation of crimes, focused on the forms of
abnormalities that exists in the individual criminal before, during and after the commission of the crime
(Tradio, 1999). Included under this approach are:
1. Anthropological Approach- the study of physical characteristics of an individual offender with non-
offenders in the attempt to discover differences covering criminal behavior. (Hooton)
2. Medical Approach- the application of medical examinations on the individual criminal, explain the
mental and physical condition of the individual prior and after the commission of the crime. (Positivist)
3. Biological Approach- the evaluation of genetic influences to criminal behavior. It is noted that heredity
is one force pushing the criminal to crime. (Positivist)
4. Physiological Approach- the study on the nature of human being concerning his/her physical needs in
order to satisfy his ants. It explains that the deprivation of the physical body on the basic needs is an
important determiner of the commission of crime. (Maslow)
5. Psychological Approach- it is concerned about the deprivation of psychological needs of man, which
constitute the development of deviations of normal behavior resulting to unpleasant emotions. (Freud,
Maslow)
6. Psychiatric Approach- the explanation of crime through diagnosis of mental diseases as a cause of the
criminal behavior (Positivist).
7. Psychoanalytic Approach- the explanation of crimes based on the Freudian Theory, which traces
behavior as the deviation of the repression of the basic drives (Freud).
 OBJECTIVE APPROACHES- the objective approaches deal on the study of groups, social processes and
institutions as influences to behavior. They are primarily derived from social sciences (Tradio, 1999).
Under this are:
1. Geographic Approach- this approach considers topography, natural resources, geographical location,
and climate lead an individual to commit crime (Quetelet).
2. Ecological Approach- it is concerned with the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration,
competition, social discrimination, division of labor, and social conflict as factors of crime (Park).
3. Economic Approach- it deals with the explanation of crime concerning financial security of inadequacy
and other necessities to support life as factors to criminality (Merton).
4. Socio-Cultural Approach- those that focus on institutions, economic, financial, education, political, and
religious influences to crime (Cohen).
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THEORIES OF CRIME AND THE PIONEERS
PRE-CLASSICAL ERA
1. The demonological theory- before the development of more scientific theories of criminal
behavior, one of the most popular explanations was Demonology (Hagan, 1990).
In this theory, humankind was viewed as at the mercy of supernatural. Violator’s actions,
accordingly are determined by forces beyond his control. And so, trial by ordeal was instituted in
which the accused was exposed to the dangerous tests and, if the person survived, he or she had
been protected by God and therefore shall be declared innocent.
PRE-TWENTIETH CENTURY THEORIES (18th C- 1738- 1798)

In the eighteenth century, criminological literature, whether psychological, sociological or psychiatric in
bent, has traditionally been divided into three broad schools of thought about the causes of crime: the
classical, neo-classical and the positivist schools of criminology.
1. The Classical School of Criminology

- This is the school of thought advocated by Cesare Bonesana Marchese de
Beccaria together with Jeremy Bentham (1823) who proposed “Utilitarian
Hedonism”, the theory, which explains that a person always acts in such a way
as to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
- Cesare Beccaria in his “Essay on Crimes and Punishment” presented his key
ideas on the abolition of torture as a legitimate means of extracting
confessions. The classical theory maintains that man is essentially a moral
creature with absolute freewill to choose between good and evil therefore this
is placed upon the criminal himself; that every man is responsible for his act.
- Freewill (Beccaria) a philosophy advocating punishment severe enough for
people to choose, to avoid criminal acts. It includes the belief that a certain
criminal act warrants a certain punishment without any punishment without
any violations.
Beccaria’s Theory
a. Freewill- like other classical theorist, believe that all individuals have
freewill and makes choices on that freewill.
b. Rationality- which means that all individuals rationally block out for their
own personal satisfaction. This is the key to the relationship between laws
and crime. While individuals will rationally look for their best interest, and
this might entail deviant acts and the law, which goal is to preserve the
social contract, will try to stop deviant acts.
c. Manipulability- which means that universally shared human motive of
rational self-interest makes human action predictable, generable and
controllable.
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- Hedonism (Bentham) the belief that people choose pleasure and avoid pain.
2. The Neo-Classical School of Criminology

The neo-classical school of criminology argued that situations or circumstances that made it impossible
to exercise freewill are reasons to exempt the accused from conviction. This school of thought
maintains that while the classical doctrine is correct in general, it should be modified in certain details
that children and lunatics should not be regarded as criminals and free from punishment, it must take
into account certain mitigating circumstances.
3. The Positivist/Italian School (1838-1909)

It maintained that crime as any other act is a natural phenomenon and is
comparable to disaster or calamity. That crime as a social and moral
phenomenon which cannot be treated and checked by the imposition of
punishment but rather rehabilitation or the enforcement of individual measures.
Cesare Lombroso and his two students: Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo
advocated this school.
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909)- the Italian leader of the positivist school

of criminology, was criticized for his methodology and his attention to the
biological characteristics of offenders, but his emphasis on the need to study
offenders scientifically earned him the “father of modern criminology”. His
major contribution is the development of a scientific approach to the study of
criminal behavior and to reform the criminal law. He wrote the essay entitled
“CRIME: Its Causes and Remedies” that contains his key ideas and the
classifications of criminals.
Classification of Criminals by Lombroso

1. Born Criminals- the belief that having a criminal behavior is inherited.
2. Criminal by Passion- are individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions like fit of anger.
3. Insane criminals- are those who commit crime due to abnormalities or psychological disorders. They should
be exempted from criminal liability.
4. Criminoloid- a person who commits crime due to less physical stamina/self-control.
5. Occasional criminal- those who commit crime due to insignificant reasons that pushed them to do at a given
occasion.
6. Pseudo-criminals- are those who kill in self-defense.
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Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)- he was the best-known Lombroso’s associate. His greatest
contribution was his attack on the classical doctrine of freewill, which argued that criminals
should be held morally responsible for their crimes because they must have made a rational
decision to commit the crime.
GROUP 2
Raffaele Garofalo (1852-1934)- another follower of Lombroso, an Italian nobleman,

magistrate, senator and professor of law. Like Lombroso and Ferri, he rejected the doctrine of
freewill and supported the position that the only way to understand crime was to study it by
scientific methods. Influenced on Lombroso’s theory of atavistic stigmata (man’s
inferior/animalistic behavior), he traced the roots of criminal behavior not to physical
features but to their psychological equivalents, which he called “moral anomalies”.
Types of criminals by Garofalo

1. Murderers- those who are qualified from vengeance/revenge.
2. Violent criminals- those who commit very serious crimes.
3. Deficient criminals- those who commit crime against property.
4. Lascivious criminals- those who commit crimes against chastity.
The Holy three in Criminology are:

1. Cesare Lombroso
2. Enrico Ferri
3. Raffaele Garofalo
The Classical and Positivist School Compared

Classical School Positivist School
 Legal definition of crime  No to legal definition

 Punishment fit the crime  Punishment fit the criminal
 Doctrine of freewill  Doctrine of determinism
 Death penalty allowed  Abolition of death penalty
 No imperical research  Inductive method
 Definite sentence  Indeterminate sentence
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY THEORIES
1. David Emile Durkheim (French, 1858-1917)- he advocated the “Anomie theory”, the
theory that focused on the sociological point of the positivist school, which explains that
the absence of norms of society provides a setting conductive to crimes and other anti-
social acts. According to him, the explanation of human conduct lies not in the individual
but in the group and the social organization.
-Anomie theory is a theory that attempts to explain deviant or criminal behavior as a
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result of the lack of social norms and regulation. A person chooses criminal activity
because the individual believes that there is no reason not to.
2. Sigmund Freud (1856-1969)- he advocated the Psychoanalytic theory which view as

much criminality as unconsciously motivated and often due to repression (hiding or
sublimation into the unconscious) of personality conflicts and unresolved problems
experienced in the early childhood.
- The Freudian view on criminal behavior was based on the use of Psychology in
explaining an approach in understanding criminal behavior- the foundation of the
Psychoanalytical theory.
Freud divided personality into:

A. The Id- is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely
unconscious and includes the instinctive and primitive behaviors.
The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which striven for immediate gratification of all desires, wants and
needs.
B. The Ego- is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, ego
develops from the id and ensures that impulse of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real
world. The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind. The ego operates based on
the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The
reality principle weighs the cost and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon.
C. The Superego- the superego is the aspect of personality that holds all our internalize moral standards and
ideals that we acquire from both parents and society sense of right and wrong. The superego provides
guidelines for making judgments.
3. Robert Ezra Park (1864-1944)- Park is a strong advocate of the scientific method in
explaining criminality but he is a sociologist. He advocated the “Human Ecology
Theory”. The study of the interrelationship of people and their environment. This
theory maintains that crime is a function of social change that occurs along with
environmental change. It also maintains that the isolation, segregation, competition,
conflict, social contract, interaction and social hierarchy of people are the major
influences of criminal behavior and crimes.
MIDDLE TWENTIETH CENTURY
1. Ernest Kretschmar (1888-1964)- the idea of somatotyping was originated from the
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work of a German Psychiatrist, Ernest Kretschmar, who distinguished three principal
types of physique as:
a. Asthenic- lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders.

b. Athletic- medium to tall, strong, muscular, course bones.
c. Pyknic- medium height, rounded figure, massive neck, broad face
Kretschmar related these body physiques to various psychotic behavioral patterns:
Pyknic to manic depression, asthenic and athletics to schizophrenia.
2. William H. Sheldon (1898-1977)- Sheldon is influenced of the Somatotype School of

Criminology, which relate body to behavior. He became popular of his own
Somatotyping Theory. His key ideas are concentrated on the principle of “Survival of
the Fittest” as a behavioral science. He combines the biological and psychological
explanation to understand deviant behavior. Sheldon’s “Somatotyping Theory”
maintains the belief of inheritance as the primary determinants of behavior and the
physique us a reliable indicator of personality.
Classification of Body Physique by Sheldon

a. Endomorph- a type with relatively predominance of soft, roundness throughout
the regions of the body. They have low specific gravity. Persons with typically
relaxed and comfortable disposition.
b. Mesomorph- athletic type, predominance of muscle, bone and connective tissue,
normally heavy, hard and firm, sting and tough. They are the people who are
routinely active and aggressive, and they are the most likely to commit crimes.
c. Ectomorph- thin physique, flat chest, delicacy through the body, slender, poorly
muscled. They tend to look more fatigue and withdrawn
3. Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950)- Sutherland has been referred to as “the most

important criminologist of the twentieth century” because his explanation about crime
and criminal behavior can be seen as a corrected extension of social perspective. For
this reason, he was considered as the “Dean of Modern Criminology”. He said that
crime is learned and not inherited.
He advocated the DAT- Differential Association Theory, which maintain that the society
is composed of different group organization, the societies consist of a group of people
having criminalistics tradition and anti-criminalistics tradition. And that criminal
behavior is learned and not inherited. It is learned through the process of
communication, and learning process includes technique of committing the crime,
motive and attitude.
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4. Walter Reckless (1899-1988)- the Containment Theory assumes that for every
individual there exists a containing external structure and a protective internal
structure, both of which provide defense, protection or insulation against crime or
delinquency. According to Reckless, the outer structure of an individual are the
external pressures such as poverty, unemployment and blocked opportunities
while the inner containment refers to the person’s self-control ensured by strong
ego, good self-image, well developed conscience, high frustration and high sense
of responsibility. (Adler, 1995)
5. Karl Marx, Frederick Engel, Willem Bonger (1818-1940)- they are the proponents
of the Social Class Conflict and Capitalism Theory. Marx and Engel claim that the
ruling class in a capitalist society is responsible for the creation of criminal law and
their ideological bases in the interpretation and enforcement of the laws. All are
reflected in the ruling class; thus crime and delinquency are reflected in the
demoralized surplus of population, which is made up of the underprivileged usually
the unemployment and underemployed. Willem Bonger, a Marxist-Socialist, on the
other hand, placed more emphasis on a working about crimes of economic gain.
He believes that profit-motive of capitalism generates an egoistic personality.
Hence, crime is an inevitable outcome.
GROUP 3
LATE 20TH CENTURY: THE CONTEMPORARY PIONEERS

1. Robert King Merton (1910)- Robert Merton is the premier sociologist of the modern
days who, after Durkheim, also related the crime problem to anomie. He advocated
the Strain Theory, which maintains that the failure of man to achieve a higher
status of life caused them to commit crimes in order for that status/goal to be
attained. He argued that crime is a means to achieve goals and social structure is
the root of the crime problem. Merton’s explanation to criminal behavior assumes
that people are law abiding but when under great pressure will result to crime.
2. Albert Cohen (1918)- he advocated the Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency. Cohen

claims that the lower class cannot socialize effectively as the middle class in what is
considered appropriate middle class behavior. Thus, the lower class gathered
together share their common problems, forming a subculture that rejects middle
class values. Cohen called this process as reaction formation. Much of this behavior
comes to be called delinquent behavior; the subculture is called a gang and the kids
are called delinquents. He put emphasis on the explanation of prevalence, origins,
process and purposes as factors to crime.
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3. Gresham Skykes (1922)- he advocated the Neutralization Theory. It maintains that
an individual will obey or disobey societal rules depending upon his or her ability to
rationalize whether he is protected from hurt or destruction. People become law
abiding if they feel they are benefited by it and they violate it if these laws are not
favourable to them.
4. Lloyd Ohlin (1928)- he advocated the DOT- Differential Oppression Theory. This
theory explained that society leads the lower class to want things and society does
things to people. He claimed that there is differential opportunity, or access, to
success of goals by both legitimate and illegitimate means depending on the specific
location of the individual with the social structure. Thus, lower class groups are
provided with greater opportunities for the acquisition of deviant acts.
5. Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert, Howard Becker (1822-1982- they are the
advocates of the Labeling Theory- the theory that explains about social reaction to
behavior. The theory maintains that the original cause of crime cannot be known,
no behavior is intrinsically criminal, and behavior becomes criminal if it is labelled as
such.
6. Earl Richard Quinney (1934)- he was a Marxist criminologist who advocated the
Instrumentalist Theory of capitalist rule. He argued that the state exist as a device
for controlling the exploited class- the class that labors for the benefit of the ruling
class. He claims that upper class create law that protect their interest and at the
same time the unwanted behavior of all the other members of society. Quinney’s
major contribution is that he proposed the shift in focus from looking for the causes
of crime from the individual to the examination of the Criminal Justice System for
clues.
OTHER THEORISTS
1. Charles Darwin’s Theory (1809-1882)- in the theory of evolution, he claimed that
humans, like other animals, are parasite. Man is an organism having an animalistic
behavior that is dependent on other animals for survival. Thus, man kills and steals
to live.
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2. Charles Goring’s Theory (1870-1919)- the medical officer in prison of England who
accepted the Lombroso’s challenge that body physique is a determinant to behavior.
Goring concluded that there is no such thing as physical chemical type. He
contradicted the Lombroso’s idea that criminality can be seen through features
alone. Nevertheless, Goring accepted that criminals are physically inferior to normal
individuals in the sense that criminals tend to be shorter and have less weight than
non-criminals.
3. Earnest Hooton’s Theory (1887-1954)- an Anthropologist who re-examined the

work of Goring and found out that “Tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud,
undersized men are thieves and burglars, short heavy person commit assault, rape
and other sex crimes; whereas mediocre (average) physique flounder around among
other crimes.” He also contended that criminals are originally inferior, and that
crime is the result of the impact of environment.
4. Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)- Qutelet was a Belgian Statistician who pioneered

Cartography and the Cartographical School of Criminology that placed emphasis on
social statistics. He discovered, basing on his research, that crimes against persons
increased during summer and crimes against property tends to increase during
winter.
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III. LEARNING PLAN
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the student will able to explain what is Psychological
Criminology and sketch its basis: appreciate the Freudian approach in studying criminology;
know the nature of normal and abnormal behavior in the context of criminal psychology;
identify and differentiate patterns of criminal behavior; comprehend the sources of the sexual
dysfunction leading to sex crimes.
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GROUP 4
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY: STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Psychological Criminology
Within the psychological-psychiatric perspective, it has been psychiatry, and primarily psychoanalysis, that has
made the most inroads into criminology. Psychiatry is an older profession, going back to the earliest days of medicine in
dealing with the problems of mental disease. Psychology, particularly that branch of it with the most relevance for
criminology, abnormal psychology, has come into its own during the twentieth century. What they all have in common is
the idea that the causes of criminal behavior originate in the personality. Personality defined as the complex set of
emotional and behavioral attributes that tend to remain relatively constant as the individual moves from situation to
situation.
What is called Freudian Approach?

The central concept of psychoanalysis and the one that Freud first put forth is the unconscious. The concept had
been around before Freud, but he was the one that made the most out of it, arguing that traumatic experiences in early
childhood left their mark on the individual despite the fact that the individual was not aware of these experiences. The
idea of the unconscious determination of behavior flew headfirst against the idea of freewill, and was quickly jumped on
by positive criminology.
Abnormal Psychology Approach

Abnormal Psychology is concerned with mental, defined as the incapacities to think rationally, cope effectively,
and demonstrate stability and growth. Mental disorders exist on a continuum, like blood pressure or cholesterol level.
The cut-off between diseases is somewhat arbitrary.
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
In general, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. This means that psychologists use the
methods of science to investigate all kinds of behavior and mental processes, from the activity of a single nerve cell to
the social conflict in a complex society (Bernstein, et al, 1991). In particular, criminal Psychology is a sub-field of general
psychology where criminal behavior is only, in part by which phenomena psychologists choose to study. It may be
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defined as the study of criminal behavior, the study of criminal conduct and activities in an attempt to discover recurrent
patterns and to formulate rules about his/her behavior.
The major description of criminal psychology is the word behavior. Behavior refers to actions or activities (Kahayon,
1985). To the criminologists, behavior is the observable actions because they are more interested in actions and
reactions that can be seen and verified than in concepts, which cannot be directly verified.
Classification of Behavior
1. Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior)- the standard behavior, the totally accepted behavior
because they follow the standard norms of society, understanding criminal behavior includes the idea of
knowing what characterized a normal person from an abnormal one. A normal person is characterized by:
Efficient perception of reality, Self-knowledge, Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior, Self-
esteem and acceptance, Productivity, Ability to form affectionate relationship with others.
2. A maladaptive (abnormal) person may be understood by the following definitions:
 Abnormal behavior according to deviations of statistical norms based in statistical frequency: Many
characteristics such as weight, height, intelligence covers a range of values when measured over a
population. For instance, a person who is extremely intelligent or extremely happy would be classified as
abnormal.
 Abnormal behavior according to deviation from social norms: A behavior that deprives from the
accepted norms of society is considered abnormal. However, it is primarily dependent on the existing
norm of such society.
 Abnormal Behavior as maladaptive: Maladaptive behavior is the effect of a well-being of the individual
and or the social group. That some kind of deviant behavior interferes with the welfare of the individual
such as a man who fears crowd can’t ride a bus. This means that a person cannot adopt himself with the
situation where in it is beneficial to him/her.
 Abnormal behavior due to personal distress: This is abnormal in terms of the individual subjective
feelings of distress rather than the individual behavior. This includes mental illness, feeling miserable,
depression and loss of appetite or interest, suffering from insomnia and numerous aches and pains.
 Abnormality in its legal point: It declares that a person is insane largely in the basis of his inability to
judge between right and wrong or to exert control over his behavior (Bartol, 1995).
KINDS OF BEHAVIOR
1. Overt or Covert Behavior- behaviors that are outwardly manifested or those that are directly observable are
overt behaviors. On the other hand, covert behaviors are behaviors that are hidden- not visible to the naked
eye.
2. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior- Behavior is conscious when acts are within the level of awareness. It is
unconscious when acts are embedded in one’s subconscious-unaware.
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3. Simple or Complex Behavior- These are acts categorized according to the number of neurons involved in the
process of behaving. Simple behavior involves a smaller number of neurons while complex behavior involved a
greater number of neurons, a combination of simple behaviors.
4. Rational or Irrational Behaviors- There is rational behavior when a person acted with sanity or reason and there
is irrational behavior when the person acted with no apparent reason or explanation- as when a man losses his
sanity and laugh out loud at nobody or nothing in particular.
5. Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior- Voluntary behavior is an act done with full volition or will such as when we
discriminate, decide or choose while involuntary behaviors refers to the bodily processes that foes in even when
we are awake or asleep like respiration, circulation and digestion.
ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR
1. Intellectual Aspect- this aspect of behavior pertains to our way of thinking, reasoning, solving problem,
processing info and coping with the environment.
2. Emotional Aspect- this pertains to our feelings, moods, temper and strong motivational force.
3. Social Aspect- this pertains to how we interact or relate with other people.
4. Moral Aspect- this refers to our conscience and concept on what is good or bad.
5. Psychosexual Aspect- this pertains to our being a man or a woman and the expression of love.
6. Political Aspect- this pertains to our ideology towards society/ government.
7. Value/Attitude- this pertains to our interest towards something, our likes and dislikes.
GROUP 5
THE CRIMINAL FORMULA
Where:
C= T+S C- Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act)

T- Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S- Total Situation (Opportunity)
R
R- Resistance to Temptation (Control)
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The formula shows that a person’s criminal tendency and his resistance to them may either result in criminal act
depending upon, which of them is stronger. This means that a crime or criminal behavior exists when the person’s
resistance is insufficient to withstand the pressure of his desire or intent and the opportunity (Tradio, 1983).
In understanding this, the environment factor such as stress and strains are considered because they contribute
in mobilizing a person’s criminal tendency and the individual’s psychological state while resistance to temptation arises
from the emotional, intellectual and social upbringing and is either manifestations of a strong or weak character.
DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
 Heredity (Biological Factors)- this refers to the genetic influences, those that are explained by heredity, the
characteristics of a person acquired from birth transferred from one generation to another. It explains that
certain emotional aggression, our intelligence, ability and potentials and our physical appearance are inherited.
It is the primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior, the concept that “criminals are born”. It also
considers the influences of genetic defects and faulty genes, diseases, endocrine imbalances, malnutrition and
other physical deprivations that can be carried out from one generation to another.
 Environmental Factors (Socio-Cultural Influences)
In the environment, the following are also factors that are influential to one’s behavior:
1. Institutional influences such as peer groups, mass media, church, school, government, institutions, NGO’s,
etc.
2. Socio-cultural factors such as war and violence, group prejudice and discrimination, economic and
employment problems and other social changes.
3. Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also a factor that influences man to commit crime
because poverty is one of the many reasons to criminal behavior.
 Family Background- it is a basic consideration because it is in the family whereby an individual first experiences
how to relate and interact with another. The family is said to be the cradle of personality development as a
result of either a close or harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure: the disturbed family, broken
family, separated or maladjusted relations.
Pathogenic Family Structure- those families associated with high frequency of problems such as:
 The Inadequate family- characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary problems of family
living. It lacks the resources, physical or psychological for meeting the family satisfaction.
 The anti-social family- those unacceptable values as a result of the influence of parents to their children.
 The discordant/disturbed family- characterized by non-satisfaction of one or both parent from the
relationship that may express feeling of frustration. This is usually due to value differences as common
sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
 The disrupted family- characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of death, divorce, separation
or some other circumstances.
 Childhood trauma- the experiences, which affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing developmental
processes. The development processes are being blocked sometimes by parental deprivation as a consequence
of parents or lack of adequate maturing at home because of parental rejection, overprotection, restrictiveness,
over permissiveness and faulty discipline.
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OTHER DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

In order to further understand and provide answers on the question that, why do some people behave
criminally? It is important to study the other determinants of behavior. These are needs, drives and motivation.
 Needs and Drives- need, according to a drive reduction theory, is a biological requirement for well-being of the
individual. This need creates drives-a psychological state of arousal that prompts someone to take action
(Bernstein, et al, 1991). Drive therefore is an aroused state that results from some biological needs. The aroused
condition motivates the person to remedy the need. For example, if you have no water for some time, the
chemical balance of the body fluids is disturbed, creating a biological need for water. The psychological
consequence of this need is a drive-thirst- that motivates you to find and drink water. In other words, drives
push people to satisfy needs.
 Motivation- on the other hand, refers to the influences that govern the initiation, direction, intensity and
persistence of behavior (Berstein, et al, 1991). Thus, motivation refers to the causes and why’s of behavior as
required by a need. Motivation is the hypothetical concept that strands for the underlying force impelling
behavior and giving its direction (Kahayon, 1975). Drives are states of comfortable tension that spur activity until
a goal is reached. Drive and motivation are covered in the world of psychology, for they energize behavior and
give direction to man’s action. For example, a motivated individual is engaged in a more active, more vigorous,
and more effective that unmotivated one, thus a hungry person directs him to look for food.
Biological Needs Motivational Systems

Food Hunger- the body needs adequate supply of nutrients to
function effectively. “An empty stomach sometimes drives
a person to steal”.
Water Thirst- just like food, the body needs water.
Sex A powerful motivator but unlike food and water, sex is not
vital for survival but essential to the survival of species.
Pain Avoidance The need to avoid tissue damage is essential to the survival
of the organism. Pain will activate behavior to reduce
discomfort.
Stimulus Seeking Curiosity is most people and animal is motivated to

explore the environment even when it satisfies no bodily
needs.
 Psychological needs- are influenced primarily by the kind of society in which the individual is raised.
Psychological motives are those related to the individual happiness and well-being, but not for the
survival, unlike the biological motives that focuses on basic needs, the primary motives.
GROUP 6
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Abraham Maslow has suggested that human needs from a hierarchy form the basic biological requirements to
the needs for self-actualization- the highest of all needs the pyramidal presentation shows that from the bottom to the
top hierarchy, the levels of needs or motive according to Maslow are:
1. Biological or Physiological Needs- these motives includes the needs for food, water, oxygen, activity and
sleep.
2. Safety Needs- these pertain to the motives of being cared for and being secured such as in income and place
to live.
3. Love/Belongingness- belongingness is integration into various kinds of social groups or social organizations.
Love needs means needs for affection.
4. Cognitive Needs- our motivation for learning and exploration.
5. Esteem Needs- our motivation for an honest, fundamental respect for a person as a useful and honorable
human being.
6. Aesthetic Needs- our motivation for beauty and order.
7. Self-actualization Needs- pertains to the human satisfaction, when people are motivated not so much by
unmet needs, as by the desire to become all they are capable of (self-realization).
According to Maslow’s formulation, the level that commands the individual’s attention and effort is ordinarily
the lowest one on which there is an unmet need. For example, unless needs for food and safety are reasonably well-
meet, behavior will be dominated by these needs and higher motives are of little significant. With their gratification,
however, the individual is free to devote time and effort to meet higher level. In other words, one level must at least be
partially satisfied before those at the next level become determiners of action.
Frustration, Conflict and Anxiety

 Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that result from the blocking of motive and satisfaction. It is a form
of stress, which result in tension. It is a feeling that is experienced when something interferes with our hopes,
wishes, plans and expectations (Coleman, 1980).
 Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant
emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a threat to normal behavior (Bernstein, et al, 1991).
Types of Conflict
1. Double Approach Conflict- a person is motivated to engage in two undesirable activities that cannot be
pursued simultaneously. The individual must choose between two positive goals of approximately equal
value. In this, two pleasing things are wanted but only one option should be chosen.
Examples: Choice between two colleges, two roommates or two ways of spending the summer.
2. Double Avoidance Conflict- a person faces two undesirable situations in which the avoidance of one is the
exposure to the other resulting to an intense emotion. Involves more obvious sources of stress. The
individual must choose between two or more negative outcomes.
Example: Study or do the dishes. I don’t want this and I don’t want that. Choosing between lower salary at
work or unemployment.
3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict- a person faces a situation having both a desirable and undesirable feature. It
is sometimes called “dilemma”, because some negative and some positive features must be accepted
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regardless which course of action is chosen. Exists when there is an attractive and unattractive part to both
sides. It arises when obtaining a positive goal necessitates a negative outcome as well.
Example: Gina is beautiful but she is lazy. Imagine you’ve been invited to a party, you want to go because
some of your friends are going (approach), at the same time, a few people you dislike will also be at the
party, and you don’t really want to interact with them (avoidance).
4. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict- a situation in which a choice must be made between two or more
alternatives, each has both positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the
features of each portion are often difficult to compare.
Example: Job Offer: A person receives two job offers, one with a higher salary but longer commute, and
another with a lower salary but shorter commute. The person is attracted to the higher salary but averse to
the longer commute, while attracted to the shorter commute but averse to the lower salary.
 Anxiety is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve it. It is also called neurotic fear. It could
be tense, it could be low and can be a motivating force (Coleman, 1980). The feeling of worry, nervousness or
unease, typically about something with an uncertain outcome.
 Stress is the process of adjusting to or dealing with circumstances that disrupts, or threatens to disrupt a
person’s physical or psychological functioning (Bernstein, et al, 1991).
The Ego Defense Mechanisms

The defense mechanisms are the unconscious techniques used to prevent a person’s self-image from being damaged.
When stress becomes quite strong, an individual strives to protect his self-esteem, avoiding defeat. We all use ego
defense mechanisms to protect us from anxiety and maintain our feeling of personal worth. We consider them normal
adjusted reaction when they are used to excess and threaten self-integrity (Bernstein, et al, 1991).
Example:
 Denial of reality- protection of oneself from unpleasant reality by refusal to perceive or face it. Simply by
avoiding something that is unpleasant.
 Fantasy- the gratification of frustration desires in imaginary achievement. Paying attention not to what is going
on around him but rather to what is taking place in his thoughts.
Perspective on the Causes of Criminal Behavior

1. Anxiety (Psychological Perspective)- stressful situations that when become extreme may result to maladaptive
behavior.
2. Faulty Learning (Behavior Perspective)- the failure to learn the necessary adaptive behavior due to wrongful
development. This usually results to delinquent behavior based on the failure to learn the necessary social
values and norms.
3. Blocked of Distorted Personal Growth (Humanistic Perspective)- presumably, human nature tends towards
cooperation and constructive activities, however, if we show aggression, cruelty or other violent behavior, the
result will be an unfavourable environment.
4. Unsatisfactory Interpersonal Relationship- self-concept in early childhood by over critical parents or by rigid
socialization measures usually causes deviant behavior among individuals because they are not contented and
even unhappy among individuals because to the kind of social dealings they are facing.
5. Pathological Social Conditions- poverty, social discrimination and destructive violence always results to deviant
behavior.
33 | P a g e
GROUP 7
1.MONTON
PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR.

Neurotic or Psychoneurotic Patterns- are groups of mild functional personality disorders in which there is no
gross personality disorganized, the individual does not lose contact with reality and hospitalization is not required.
Anxiety Disorders- are commonly known as “neurotic fear”. When it is occasional but intense, it is called
“panic”. When it is mild but continuous, it is called “worry” which is usually accompanied by psychological symptoms
such as sustained muscular tension, increased blood pressure, insomnia, etc. They are considered as the central feature
of all neurotic patterns. These disorders are characterized by mild depressions, fear and tensions, and mild stresses.
Classification of Anxiety Disorders

1. Obsessive-compulsive Disorders- obsessions usually centered on fear that one will submit to an uncontrollable
impulse to do something wrong. Compulsion on the other hand resulted from repetitive acts (Wicks, 1974). An
obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by the following: When an individual is compelled to think about
something that he do not want to think about or carry some actions against his will and the experience of
persistent thoughts that we cannot seem to get out of our minds such as thoughts about haunting situations.
2. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia)- an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic mental and physical fatigue
and various aches and pains. Symptoms include spending too much sleep to avoid fatigue but to no avail, even
feel worse upon awake, headaches, indigestions, back pains and dizziness.
3. Phobic Disorders- these refer to the persistent fear on some objects or situation that present no actual danger
to the person.
Examples of Phobia:
 Acrophobia- fear of itching or of insects causing itching
 Acrophobia- fear of heights
 Aerophobia- fear of flying or draughts
 Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces
 Agliophobia- fear of crossing busy streets
 Aichmophobia- fear of sharp or pointed objects
 Ailurophobia- fear of cats
 Algophobia- fear of pain
 Amathophobia- fear of dust
 Amaxophobia- fear of riding in a car
 Ablutophobia- fear of walking
4. Somatoform Disorders- complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical problem but no
organic basis can be found. The individual is pre-occupied with his state of health or diseases.
34 | P a g e
 Hypochondriasis- this refers to the excessive concern about state of health or physical condition
(multiplicity about illness).
 Psychogenic Pain Disorders- it is characterized by the report of severe and lasting pain. Either no
physical basis is apparent, reaction greatly in excess of what would be expected from the physical
abnormality.
 Conversion Disorder (Hysteria)- it is a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some physical malfunction
or loss of control without any underlying organic abnormality. A condition in which a person experiences
physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, deafness or seizure, with no
underlying neurologic pathology. And it is because of significant stress or emotional or physical trauma.
5. Dissociative Disorders- a response to obvious stress characterized by amnesia, multiple personality malfunction
or loss of control without any underlying organic abnormality.
 Amnesia- the partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences following a traumatic
incident.
o Brain pathology amnesia- total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved by simple means. It
requires long period of medication.
o Psychogenic amnesia- failure to recall stored information and still they are beneath the level of
consciousness but “forgotten material”.
 Multiple Personality – it is also called “dual personalities”. The reason manifests two or more symptoms
of personality usually dramatically different.
 Depersonalization- the loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body experience. There is a feeling of
detachment from one’s mental processes or body or being in a dream state. Cases of somnambulism
(sleep walking) may full under this disorder.
2.BOBIHIS
6. Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders)- often referred to as affective disorders, however, the critical pathology in
these disorders is one of which is the eternal state of a person and not to affect, the external expression of
emotional content (Manual of Mental Disorder).
 Depressive Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder)- patients with depressed mood have a loss of energy
and interest, feeling of guilt, difficulty in concentrating, loss of appetite, and thoughts of death or
suicide, they are not affected with manic episodes.
 Dysthymic Disorder- a mild form of major depressive disorder
 Bipolar Disorder- those experienced by patients with both manic and depressive episodes.
 Cyclothymic Disorder- a less severe form of bipolar disorder.
35 | P a g e
7. Psychopathic Patterns- group of abnormal behaviors, which typically stemmed from immature and distorted
personality development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking. They are generally
called “personality or character disorder”. These groups of disorders are composed of the following:
 Personality disorders- the person is characterized as a “problematic” without psychosis. This disorder is
characterized by disrupted personal relationship, dependent or passive aggressive behavior.
 Paranoid Personality Disorder- it is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity,

excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and tendency to blame others of one’s own mistakes.
 Schizoid Personality Disorder- this is characterized by the inability to for social relationship and lack of
interest in doing so. The person seems to express their feelings, they lack social skills. They are so-called
“loners”.
 Schizotypal Personality Disorders- it is characterized by exclusiveness, over sensitivity, avoidance of

communication and superstitious thinking is common.
 Histrionic Personality Disorders- it is characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional instability and

self-dramatization.
 Narcissistic Personality Disorder- it is characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and

pre-occupation with receiving attention. The person usually expects and demands special treatment
from others and disregarding the rights and feelings of others.
 Borderline Personality Disorders- it is characterized by instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and
behavior problems. The person usually displays intense anger outburst with little provocation and he is
impulsive, unpredictable and periodically unstable.
3.RUELAN
 Avoidant Personality Disorder- it is characterized hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive

alertness to any sign of social derogation. Person is reluctant to enter into social interaction.
 Dependent Personality Disorder- it is characterized by extreme dependence on other people- there is

acute discomfort and even panic to be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels helpless.
 Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder- it is characterized by being hostile expressed in indirect and

non-violent ways. They are so called “stubborn”. Also called as negativistic personality disorder, is
characterized by covert obstructionism, inefficiency and procrastination.
36 | P a g e
 Compulsive Personality Disorder- it is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order and
efficiency that everyone does things their way and an ability to express warm feeling. The person is over
conscientious, serious and with difficulty in doing things for relaxation.
 Anti-social Personality Disorder- it is characterized by continuing violation of the rights of others

through aggressive, anti-social behavior without remorse or loyalty to anyone.
8. Psychotic Patterns- are group of disorders involving gross structural defects in the brain tissue, severe
disorientation of the mind, thus, it involves loss of contact with reality.
 Organic Mental Disorders- a diagnosis of organic mental disorder is associated with a specific, identified
organic cause, such as abnormalities of the brain structure. These are mental disorder that occurs when
brain has been damage resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.
1. Acute brain disorder- caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function. Its symptoms range
from mild mood changes to acute delirium.
2. Chronic brain disorder- the brain disorder that result from injuries, diseases, drugs and a variety of
other conditions. Its symptoms include impairment of orientation (time, place and person),
impairment of memory, learning comprehension and judgment, emotion and self-control.
Groups of Organic Mental Disorders

1. Delirium- the severe impairment of information process in the brain affecting the basic process of attention,
perception, memory and thinking.
2. Dementia- deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain maturation. The defect in the
process of acquiring knowledge or skill, problem solving and judgment.
3. Amnestic Syndrome- the inability to remember on going events more than a few minutes after they have
taken place.
4.DUEÑAS
4. Hallucinosis- the persistent occurrence of hallucinations, the false perception that arise in full wakefulness
state. This includes hallucinations on visual and hearing or both.
5. Organic Delusional Syndrome- the false belief arising in a setting of known or suspected brain damage
37 | P a g e
6. Organic Affective Syndrome- the extreme/severe manic or depressive state with the impairment of the
cerebral function.
7. Organic Personality Syndrome- the general personality changes following brain damage.
8. General Paresis- also called “dementia paralytica”, a syphilitic infection of the brain and involving
impairment of the Central Nervous System.
 Disorders involving Brain Tumor- a tumor is a new growth involving abnormal enlargement of body
tissue. Brain tumor can cause a variety of personality alterations, and it may lead to any neurotic
behavior and consequently psychotic behavior.
 Disorders involving Head Injury- injury to the as a result of falls, blows and accidents causing sensory
and motor disorders.
 Mental retardation- mental retardation is a mental disorder characterized by sub-average general

functioning existing concurrency with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common mental disorder
before the age of 18. The person is suffering from low IQ, difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency
in fast learning.
 Schizophrenia and Paranoia- Schizophrenia refers to the group of psychotic disorders characterized by
gross distortions of reality, withdrawal of social interaction, such as “mental deterioration”, “demetia
praecox”, or “split mind”. Paranoia is a psychosis characterized by a systematized delusional system. A
delusion is a firm belief opposed to reality but maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary. It
is also a psychosis characterized by delusion of apprehension following a failure or frustration.
GROUP 8
9. Addictive Behavioral Patterns- psychoactive substance-use disorders such as alcoholism affects millions of
people. Addiction and psychological dependence on these substances create disastrous personal and social
problems (Bernstein, 1991).
10. Sexual Dysfunctional Patterns- sexual deviations to the impairment to either the desire for sexual
gratification or the inability to achieve it (Coleman, 1980).
 Those affecting Males

1. Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency)- it is a sexual disorder characterized by the inability to achieve
or maintain erection for successful intercourse.
2. Pre-mature Ejaculation- it is the unsatisfactory brief period of sexual stimulation that result to
the failure of the female partner to achieve satisfaction.
38 | P a g e
3. Retarded Ejaculation- it is the inability to ejaculate during intercourse- resulting to worry
between partners.
 Those Affecting Women

1. Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity)- a sexual disorder characterized by partial or complete failure to
attaint eh lubrication or swelling response of sexual excitement by the female partner.
2. Orgasmic Dysfunction- a sexual disorder characterized by the difficulty in achieving orgasm.
3. Vaginismus- the involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the vagina that prevent
penetration of the male sex organ.
4. Dyspareunia- it is called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in women.
Sexual Behaviors leading to Sex Crimes

 As to Sexual Reversals
 Homosexuality- it is a sexual behavior directed towards the same sex. It is called
“lesbianism/tribadism” for female relationship.
 Transvestism- refers to the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a member of the
opposite sex such as man who wears female apparel.
 Fetishism- sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body parts, underwear of the
opposite sex or other objects associated with the opposite sex.
 As to the Choice of Partner
 Pedophilia- a sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive desire to have sexual
intercourse with a child of either sex.
 Bestiality- the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse with animals.
 Auto-sexual (self- gratification/masturbation)- it is also called “self-abuse”, sexual
satisfaction is carried out without the cooperation of another.
 Gerontophilia- is a sexual desire with an elder person.
 Necrophilia- an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse.
 Incest- a sexual relation between people who, by reason of blood relationship cannot legally
marry.
 As to Sexual Urge
 Satyriasis- an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men to have sexual intercourse.
 Nymphomania- a strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive sexual urge.
 As Mode of Sexual Expression

 Oralism- it is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction
o Fellatio- male sex organ is inserted to the mouth of the women coupled with the act
of sucking that initiates orgasm.
o Cunnilingus- sexual gratification is attained by licking the external female genitalia.
o Anilism (Annilingus)- licking the anus of the sexual partner.
 Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia)- pain/cruelty for sexual gratification.

o Sadism- achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification through the infliction of
physical pain on the sexual partner. It may also be associated with animals or
objects instead of human beings.
o Masochism- infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasure.
39 | P a g e
 As to Part of the Body
 Sodomy- is a sexual act through the anus of the sexual partner.
 Uranism- this refers to the attainment of sexual gratification b fingering, fondling with the
breast, licking parts of the body, etc.
 Frottage- it is a form of sexual gratification characterized by the compulsive desire of a
person to rub his sex organ against some parts of the body of another.
 Partialism- it is a form of sexual deviation wherein a person has special affinity to certain
parts of the female body. Sexual libido may develop in the breast, buttock, foot, leg, etc. of
women.
 As to Visual Stimulus
 Voyeurism- it is a form of sexual perversion characterized by a compulsion to peep to see
persons undress or perform other personal activities. The offender is called “Peeping Tom”.
Usually, after peeping, the person masturbates in excess.
 Mixoscopia (Scoptophilia)- it refers to a perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attained by
watching couple undress or during sex intimacies
 As to Number of Participants
 Triolism (from French word, trios which means three)- it is a form of sexual perversion in
which three persons are participating in the sexual orgies.
 Pluralism- group of people in sexual orgies such as couple to couple sexual relations. It is
also called “sexual festival”.
 Other Sexual Abnormalities

 Exhibitionism- it is called “indecent exposure”, intentional exposure of genitals to members
of the opposite sex under inappropriate conditions.
 Coprolalia- the use of obscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction.
 Don Juanism- the act of seducing a woman as a career without permanency of sexual
partner or companion.
40 | P a g e

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PHILIPPINE COLLEGE FOUNDATION

TIME FRAME: One Semester, (1 month module)

A. Nature and Purposes of the Study of Criminology

 Disciplines involved in Criminology:

2. Criminal Epidemiology- study of the relationship between environment and criminality;

3. Criminal Ecology- study of criminality in relation to special distribution in a community;

5. Criminal Psychology- study of human behavior in relation to criminality; and

6. Victimology- study of the role of the victim in the commission of crime.

7. Criminal Psychiatry- study of human mind in relation to criminality.

A. The Making of Laws

B. The Breaking of Laws

C. Reaction towards the Breaking of Laws

Crime may be defined as:

2. According to Manner of committing a crime.

3. According to the stages in the commission

Redusion perpetna - 12yrs 1 day to 40 yrs

6. According to the nature of act

Development of Criminal Law and Crime

2. Mosaic Code of the Israelites (1200 B.C)

3. Roman law contained in the Twelve Tables (451 B.C.)

4. The Common Law

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

4. According to place or location:

5. According to the use of mental faculties:

6. According to the type of offender:`

Classification of Crimes According to the PNP

Legal Classification of Crimes

 Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nations

Based on Legal Point of View

2. According to the type of offender

3. According to Criminal Activities

4. Based on Mental Attitudes

Criminology in the Philippines

Scientific Studies in the Philippine Criminology

II. LEARNING PLAN

APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY

PRE-TWENTIETH CENTURY THEORIES (18th C- 1738- 1798)

1. The Classical School of Criminology

2. The Neo-Classical School of Criminology

3. The Positivist/Italian School (1838-1909)

Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909)- the Italian leader of the positivist school

Classification of Criminals by Lombroso

Raffaele Garofalo (1852-1934)- another follower of Lombroso, an Italian nobleman,

Types of criminals by Garofalo

The Holy three in Criminology are:

The Classical and Positivist School Compared

 Legal definition of crime  No to legal definition

EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY THEORIES

-Anomie theory is a theory that attempts to explain deviant or criminal behavior as a

2. Sigmund Freud (1856-1969)- he advocated the Psychoanalytic theory which view as

Freud divided personality into:

MIDDLE TWENTIETH CENTURY

a. Asthenic- lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders.

2. William H. Sheldon (1898-1977)- Sheldon is influenced of the Somatotype School of

Classification of Body Physique by Sheldon

3. Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950)- Sutherland has been referred to as “the most

LATE 20TH CENTURY: THE CONTEMPORARY PIONEERS

2. Albert Cohen (1918)- he advocated the Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency. Cohen

3. Earnest Hooton’s Theory (1887-1954)- an Anthropologist who re-examined the

4. Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)- Qutelet was a Belgian Statistician who pioneered