4

Chemical Bonding and

Molecular Structure
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Q. 1 Isostructural species are those which have the same shape and
hybridisation. Among the given species identify the isostructural pairs.
(a) [NF3 and BF3 ] (b) [BF4- and NH+
4]
(c) [BCl3 and BrCl3 ] (d) [NH3 andNO3- ]
Ans. (b)
(a) NF3 is pyramidal whereas BF3 is planar triangular.
(b) BF4- and NH+4 ion both are tetrahedral and sp3 hybridisation.
(c) BCl 3 is triangular planar whereas BrCl 3 is T shaped.
(d) NH3 is pyramidal whereas NO -3 is triangular planar.

Q. 2 Polarity in a molecule and hence the dipole moment depends primarily

on electronegativity of the constituent atoms and shape of a molecule.
Which of the following has the highest dipole moment?
(a) CO2 (b) HI (c) H2O (d) SO2
Ans. (c) CO 2 being symmetrical has zero dipole moment
O ¾ C¾ O
m=0
Among HI, SO 2 and H2O dipole moment is highest for H2O as in it the central atom
contains 2 lone pairs.

H—I O S
m= 0.38D H H O O

m= 1.84 D m= 1.62 D
Q. 3 The types of hybrid orbitals of nitrogen in NO +2 , NO –3 and NH +4
respectively are expected to be
(a) sp, sp3 and sp 2 (b) sp, sp 2 and sp3
(c) sp 2, sp and sp3 (d) sp 2, sp3 and sp
Ans. (b) The type of hybrid orbitals of nitrogen can be decided by using VSEPR theory counting
bp and as lp in
NO +2 = 2 bp + 0 lp = linear = sp hybridised
NO -3 = 3 bp + 0 lp Þ sp2 hybridised
NH+4 = 4 bp + 0 lp Þ sp3 hybridised

Q. 4 Hydrogen bonds are formed in many compounds e.g., H 2O, HF, NH 3 .

The boiling point of such compounds depends to a extent on the
strength of hydrogen bond and the number of hydrogen bonds. The
correct decreasing order of the boiling points above compounds is
(a) HF > H2O>NH3 (b) H2O > HF > NH3
(c) NH3 > HF > H2O (d) NH3 > H2O > HF
Ans. (b) Strength of H-bond is in the order H....F > H.....O > H.....N.
But each H2O molecule is linked to four other H2O molecules through H-bonds whereas
each HF molecule is linked only to two other HF molecules.
Hence, b.p of H2O >b.p of HF > b.p. of NH3

Q. 5 In PO 3-
4 ion the formal charge on the oxygen atom of P—O bond is
(a) + 1 (b) - 1 (c) - 0.75 (d) + 0.75
Ans. (c) In PO 3-
4 ion, formal charge on each O-atom of P—O bond
total charge 3
= = - = - 075
.
Noumber of O-atom 4

Q. 6 In NO -3 ion, the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on

nitrogen atom are
(a) 2, 2 (b) 3, 1 (c) 1, 3 (d) 4, 0
K Thinking Process
To solve this question, we must know the structure of NO3- ion i.e.,
O == N—O

O
Then, count the bond pairs and lone pairs of electron on nitrogen.
Ans. (d) In N-atom, number of valence electrons = 5
Due to the presence of one negative charge, number of valence electrons = 5 + 1 = 6
one O-atom forms two bond (= bond) and two O-atom shared with two electrons of
N-atom
Thus, 3 O-atoms shared with 8 electrons of N-atom.
\ Number of bond pairs (or shared pairs) = 4
Number of lone pairs = 0
Q. 7 Which of the following species has tetrahedral geometry?
(a) BH-4 (b) NH-2 (c) CO32- (d) H3 O+
Ans. (a) BH-4 Þ 4 bond pairs + 0 lone pair Þ sp3 hybridised = tetrahedral geometry
NH-2 = V - shape
CO 2-
3 = triangular planar

H3O+ = pyramidal

Q. 8 Number of p bonds and s bonds in the following structure is

H H
H H

H H

H H
Biphenyl

(a) 6, 19 (b) 4, 20 (c) 5, 19 (d) 5, 20

Ans. (c) The given compound will have the correct structure as
H H

H H

H H

H H

There are 5 p-bonds and 8 C ¾ H + 11C ¾ C s-bonds, i.e., 19 s-bonds are present in
the above molecule.

Q. 9 Which molecule/ion out of the following does not contain unpaired

electrons?
(a) N+
2 (b) O2 (c) O22- (d) B2
Ans. (c) The electronic configuration of the given molecules are
N+2 = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , p2 px2 = p py2 , s2 p1z
It has one unpaired electron.
O 2 = s1s 2 , s*1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , p * 2 p1x » p * 2 p1y
O 2 has two unpaired electrons.

O 22 - = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , p * 2 px2 » p * 2 py2

Thus, O 2-
2 has no unpaired electrons.

B 2 = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , p2 p1x » p 2 p1y

Thus, B 2 has two unpaired electrons.
Q. 10 In which of the following molecule/ion all the bonds are not equal?
(a) XeF4 (b) BF4- (c) C2H4 (d) SiF4
Ans. (c) XeF4 Þ 4 bp + 2 lp Þ square planar Þ all bonds are equal
BF4- Þ 4 bp + 0 lp Þ tetrahedral (all bonds are equal)
H H
C 2H4 Þ C¾ C Þ C == C bond is not equal to C—H bond
H H
SiF4 Þ 4 bp + 0 lp Þ tetrahedral (all bonds are equal)
Thus, in C 2H4 all the bonds are not equal.

Q. 11 In which of the following substances will hydrogen bond be strongest?

(a) HCl (b) H2O (c) HI (d) H2S
Ans. (b) HCl, HI and H2S do not from H-bonds. Only H2O forms hydrogen bonds. One H2O
molecule forms four H-bonding.
H
H
O O
H H H
H
O

H H H H
O O

Q. 12 If the electronic configuration of an element is

1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 2 4 s 2 , the four electrons involved in chemical bond
formation will be
(a) 3p 6 (b) 3p 6, 4s2 (c) 3p 6 , 3d 2 (d) 3d 2, 4s2
Ans. (d) The given electronic configuration shows that an element is vanadium (Z=22). It
belongs to d-block of the periodic table. In transition elements i.e., d-block elements,
electrons of ns and (n - 1) d subshell take part in bond formation.

Q. 13 Which of the following angle corresponds to sp 2 hybridisation?

(a) 90° (b) 120° (c) 180° (d) 109°
2
Ans. (b) For sp hybridisation, the geometry is generally triangular planar.
Y

120°
X

Y Y
Thus, bond angle is 120°.
Direction (Q. Nos. 14-17) The electronic configurations of the elements A, B and C are
given below. Answer the questions from 14 to 17 on the basis of these configurations.
A 1s 2 2 s2 2p6
2 2
B 1s 2s 2p6 3s 2 3p3
C 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p5

Q. 14 Stable form of A may be represented by the formula

(a) A (b) A2 (c) A3 (d) A4
Ans. (a) The given electronic configuration shows that A represents noble gas because the
octet is complete. A is neon which has 10 atomic number.

Q. 15 Stable form of C may be represented by the formula

(a) C (b) C 2 (c) C3 (d) C 4

Ans. (b) The electronic configuration of C represent chlorine. Its stable form is dichlorine (Cl 2 )
i.e., C 2 .

Q. 16 The molecular formula of the compound formed from B and C will be

(a) BC (b) B2 C (c) BC 2 (d) BC3

Ans. (d) The electronic configuration show that B represents phosphorus and C represents
chlorine. The stable compound formed is PCl 3 i.e., BC 3 .

Q. 17 The bond between B and C will be

(a) ionic (b) covalent (c) hydrogen (d) coordinate
Ans. (b) The bond between B and C will be covalent. Both B and C are non-metal atoms.
B represents phosphorus and C represent chlorine.

Q. 18 Which of the following order of energies of molecular orbitals of N 2 is

correct?
(a) ( p2py ) < ( s2pz) < ( p*2px ) » ( p*2py )
(b) (p2py ) > ( s2pz) > ( p*2px ) » ( p*2py )
(c) (p2py ) < ( s2pz) < ( p*2px ) » ( p*2py )
(d) (p2py ) > ( s2pz) < ( p*2px ) » ( p*2py )
Ans. (a) The correct increasing order of energies of molecular orbitals of N2 is given below
s1s < s*1s < s2 s < s* 2 s < (p2 px » p 2 py ) < s2 pz < (p* 2 px ~ * *
- p 2 py ) < s 2 pz

Q. 19 Which of the following statement is not correct from the view point of
molecular orbital theory?
(a) Be2 is not a stable molecule
(b) He2 is not stable but He+
2 is expected to exist.
(c) Bond strength of N2 is maximum amongst the homonuclear diatomic molecules
belonging to the second period.
(d) The order of energies of molecular orbitals in N2 molecule is
s2s < s*2s < s2pz < (p2px ~ *
- p2py ) < (p 2px~
* *
- p 2py ) < s 2pz
Ans. (d) Existance of molecule, bonding nature and energy order of molecular orbitals can be
explained on the basis of molecular orbital theory as follows
(i) Molecules having zero bond order never exists while molecular having non-zero
bond order is either exists or expected to exist.
(ii) Higher the value of bond order, higher will be its bond strength.
Electrons present in bonding molecular orbital are known as bonding electrons
(Nb) and electrons present on anti-bonding molecular orbital are known as
anti-bonding electrons (Na) and half of their difference is known as bond order
i.e.,
(a) Be 2 (4 + 4 = 8) = s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s1s 2 , s* 2 s 2
1
Bond order (BO)=
2
[Number of bonding electrons (Nb) - Number of anti-bonding electrons Na]
4-4
= =0
2
Here, bond order of Be 2 is zero. Thus, it does not exist.
(b) He 2 (2 + 2 = 4) = s1s 2 , s* 1s 2
2 -2
BO = =0
2
Here, bond order of Be 2 is zero. Hence, it does not exist.
He+2 (2 + 2 - 1 = 3) = s1s 2 , s* 1s1
2 -1
BO = = 0.5
2
Since, the bond order is not zero, this molecule is expected to exist.
(c) N2 (7 + 7 = 14) = s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , p2 pX2 » p2 py2 , s2 pz2
10 - 4
BO = =3
2
Thus, dinitrogen (N2 ) molecule contain triple bond and no any molecule of
second period have more than double bond. Hence, bond strength of N2 is
maximum amongst the homonuclear diatomic molecules belonging to the
second period.
(d) It is incorrect. The correct order of energies of molecular orbitals in N2
molecule is
s2 s < s * 2 s < (p 2 px ~
- p 2 py ) < s2 pz < p * 2 px » p * 2 py < s * 2 pz

Q. 20 Which of the following options represents the correct bond order?

(a) O-2 > O2 > O2+ (b) O-2 < O2 < O2+ (c) O-2 > O2 < O2+ (d) O-2 < O2 > O2+
K Thinking Process
To calculate bond order, write the molecular orbital configuration of particular species
and afterwards using the formula.
1
Bond order = [Number of bonding electrons (N b )– Number of anti-bonding electrons
2
(Na) ]
Ans. (b) Electronic configuration of O 2 (16 electrons)
= s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , p* 2 p1x » p* 2 p1y
1 1
Bond order = (N - Na ) = (10 - 6) = 2
2 b 2
 Electronic confiquration of O+2 (15 electrons)
= s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , p* 2 p1x » p* 2 py0
1 1
Bond order = (Nb - Na ) = (10 - 5) = 2.5
2 2
Electronic confiquration of O –2 (17 electrons)
= s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , p* 2 px2 » p* 2 p1y
1 1
Bond order = (N - Na ) = (10 - 7 ) = 15 .
2 b 2
Thus, the order of bond order is O -2 < O 2 < O 2+

Q. 21 The electronic configuration of the outer most shell of the most

electronegative elements is
(a) 2s22p5 (b) 3s23p5
(c) 4s24p5 (d) 5s25p5
Ans. (a) The electronic configuration represents
2 s 2 2 p5 = fluorine = most electronegative element
3s 2 3 p5 = chlorine
4s 2 4 p5 = bromine
5s 2 5 p5 = iodine

Q. 22 Amongst the following elements whose electronic configuration are

given below, the one having the highest ionisation enthaply is
(a) [Ne]3s23p1 (b) [Ne]3s23p3
(c) [Ne]3s23p 2 (d) [Ar]3d 10 4s2 4p3
Ans. (b) The electronic configuration of options (b) and (d) have exactly half-filled 3p orbitals (b)
represents phosphorus and (c) represents arsenic but (b) is smaller in size than (d).
Hence, (b) has highest ionisation enthalpy. Ionisation enthalpy increases left to right in
the periodic table as the size decreases.

Multiple Choice Questions (More Than One Options)

Q. 23 Which of the following have identical bond order?
(a) CN- (b) NO+ (c) O-2 (d) O2-
2

Ans. (a, b)
CN- (number of electrons = 6 + 7 + 1 = 14)
NO + (number of electrons = 7 + 8 - 1 = 14)
O -2 (number of electrons = 8 + 8 + 1 = 17 )
O 2-
2 (number of electrons = 8 + 8 + 2 = 18)
Thus, CN- and NO + because of the presence of same number of electrons, have same
bond order.
Q. 24 Which of the following attain the linear structure?
(a) BeCl2 (b) NCO+ (c) NO2 (d) CS2
Ans. (a, d)
BeCl 2 (Cl — Be — Cl) and CS 2 (S == C == S) both are linear. NCO + is non-linear. However,
[remember that - NCO ( - N == C == O) is linear because it is isoelectronic with CO 2 ]. NO 2 is
°
angular with bond angle 132° and each O — N bond length of 1.20 A (intermediate between
single and double bond).

Q. 25 CO is isoelectronic with
(a) NO+ (b) N2 (c) SnCl2 (d) NO-2
K Thinking Process
Isoelectronic species are those species have same number of electrons but different
nuclear charge.
Ans. (a, b)
Electrons present in CO = 6 + 8 = 14
Then, In NO+ = 7 + 8 - 1 = 14
In N2 = 7 + 7 = 14
In SnCl 2 = (very high) 50 + 17 ´ 2 = 50 + 34 = 84.
In NO -2 = 7 + 16 + 1 = 24

Q. 26 Which of the following species have the same shape?

(a) CO2 (b) CCl4 (c) O3 (d) NO-2
Ans. (c, d)
The shape of following species are
CO 2 = linear
CCl 4 = tetrahedral
O 3 = bent
NO -2 = bent

Q. 27 Which of the following statements are correct about CO 2-

3 ?
(a) The hybridisation of central atom is sp3
(b) Its resonance structure has one C—O single bond and two C == O double bonds
(c) The average formal charge on each oxygen atom is 0.67 units
(d) All C—O bond lengths are equal
Ans. (c, d)
The hybridisation of central atom in CO 2- 2
3 is sp . Hence, (a) is wrong.

O– O––
–
O

C C C
O– –
–
–O O– O O O
Due to resonance all C—O bond lengths are equal.
total charge -2
Formal charge on each O-atom = = = - 0.67 units.
Number of O - atoms 3
All C—O bond lengths are equal as mentioned above.
Q. 28 Diamagnetic species are those which contain no unpaired electrons.
Which among the following are diamagnetic?
(a) N2 (b) N2-
2
(c) O2 (d) O2-
2
Ans. (a, d)
(a) Electronic configuration of N2 = s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s*2 s 2 , p2 px 2 » p2 py 2 , s2 pz 2 .
It has no unpaired electron indicates diamagnetic species.
(b) Electronic configuration of N2- 2 * 2 2 * 2 2 2 2
2 ion = s1s , s 1s , s2 s , s 2 s , p2 px » ppy , s2 pz ,

p* 2 p1x » p* 2 p1y
It has two unpaired electrons, paramagnetic in nature.
(c) Electronic configuration of O 2 = s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 ,

p* 2 p1x » p* 2 p1y
The presence of two unpaired electrons shows its paramagnetic nature.
(d) Electronic configuration of O 2- 2 * 2 2 2 2 2
2 ion = s1s , s 1s , s2 s , s2 pz , p2 px » p2 py ,

p* 2 px2 » p* 2 py2
It contains no unpaired electron, therefore, it is diamagnetic in nature.

Q. 29 Species having same bond order are

(a) N2 (b) N-2 (c) F2+ (d) O-2
Ans. (c, d)
Bond order of the following species are calculated using molecular orbital electronic
configuration and found as
N2 = 3,
N-2 = 2.5
F2+ = 1.5,
O -2 = 1.5

Q. 30 Which of the following statements are not correct?

(a) NaCl being an ionic compound is a good conductor of electricity in the solid
state
(b) In canonical structure there is a difference in the arrangement of atoms
(c) Hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds than pure orbitals
(d) VSEPR theory can explain the square planar geometry of XeF4
Ans. (a, b)
(a) NaCl is a bad conductor of electricity in solid due to the absence of free ions.
(b) Canonical structures differ in the arrangement of electrons, not in the arrangement of
atoms.
Short Answer Type Questions
Q. 31 Explain the non-linear shape of H 2S and non-planar shape of PCl 3
using valence shell electron pair repulsion theory.
Ans. Central atom of H2 is S. There are 6 electrons in its valence shell (16 S = 2, 8, 6). Two
electrons are shared with two H-atoms and the remaining four electrons are present as two
lone pairs.

S
H H
Hence, total pairs of electrons are four (2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs). Due to the presence
of 2 lone pairs the shape becomes distorted tetrahedral or angular or bent (non-linear).

P
Cl Cl
Cl
PCl3 –Central atom is phosphorus. There are 5 electrons in its valence shell (15 P = 2, 8, 5).
Three electrons are shared with three Cl-atoms and the remaining two electrons are present
as one lone pair.
Hence, total pairs of electrons are four (1 lone pair and 3 bond pairs). Due to the presence
of one lone pair, the shape becomes pyramidal (non-planar).

Q. 32 Using molecular orbital theory, compare the bond energy and

magnetic character of O +2 and O -2 species.
Ans. According to molecular orbital theory electronic configurations of O+2 and O -2 species are
as follows
O +2 : (s1s )2 (s * 1s )2 (s2 s )2 (s * 2 s )2 (s2 pz )2 (p2 px2 , p2 py2 ) (p * 2 p1x )
10 - 5 5
Bond order of O +2 = = = 2.5
2 2
O -2 : (s1s )2 (s * 1s 2 )(s2 s 2 )(s * 2 s 2 )(s2 pz )2 (p2 px2 , p2 py2 )(p * 2 px2 , p* 2 p1y )
10 - 7 3
Bond order of O -2 = = = 1.5
2 2
Higher bond order of O +2 shows that it is more stable than O -2 . Both the species have
unpaired electrons. So, both are paramagnetic in nature.

Q. 33 Explain the shape of BrF5 .

Ans. The central atom Br has seven electrons in the valence shell. Five of these will form bonds
with five fluorine atoms and the remaining two electrons are present as one lone pair.
F
F F
Br
F F

Hence, total pairs of electrons are six (5 bond pairs and 1 lone pair). To minimize repulsion
between lone pairs and bond pairs, the shape becomes square pyramidal.
Q. 34 Structures of molecules of two compounds are given below.
–
O O
O N

N
O–
(I) (II)
H
O

OH
(a) Which of the two compounds will have intermolecular hydrogen
bonding and which compound is expected to show intramolecular
hydrogen bonding?
(b) The melting point of compound depends on, among other things,
the extent of hydrogen bonding. On this basis explain which of the
above two compounds will show higher melting point?
(c) Solubility of compounds in water depends on power to form
hydrogen bonds with water. Which of the above compounds will
form hydrogen bond with easily and be more soluble in it?
Ans. (a) Compound (I) will form intramolecular H-bonding. Intramolecular H-bonding is formed
when H-atom, in between the two highly electronegative atoms, is present within the
same molecule. In ortho-nitrophenol (compound I), H-atom is in between the two
oxygen atoms.
O

N
O–
(I) H-bond
H
O
Compound (II) forms intermolecular H-bonding. In para-nitrophenol (II) there is a gap
between NO 2 and OH group. So, H-bond exists between H-atom of one molecule and
O-atom of another molecule as depicted below.
–
O
O H
N O

(II)

O N
H O
O–
(b) Compound (II) will have higher melting point because large number of molecules are
joined together by H-bonds.
(c) Due to intramolecular H-bonding, compound (I) is not able to form H-bond with water,
so it is less soluble in water. While molecules of compound II form H-bonding with H2O
easily, so it is soluble in water.
Q. 35 Why does type of overlap given in the following figure not result in
bond formation?

+ + ×
(I) + Z (II) Z
– –

–
Py
Px Px
Ans. In the figure (I), area of ++ overlap is equal to + - overlap, so net overlap is zero, while in
figure (II), there is no overlap due to different symmetry.

Q. 36 Explain why PCl 5 is trigonal bipyramidal whereas IF5 is square

pyramidal.
Ans. PCl 5 –The ground state and the excited state outer electronic configurations of phosphorus
(Z = 15) are represented below
P(ground state)
3s 3p 3d

P(excited state)

sp3d
Cl
Cl

P Cl
Cl
Cl

In PCl 5 , P is sp3d hybridised, therefore, its shape is trigonal bipyramidal.

IF5 –The ground state and the excited state outer electronic configurations of iodine (Z = 53)
are represented below.

I(ground state)
5s 5p 5d

I(excited state)

sp3d2

F F
I
F F
F
In IF5 , I is sp3d 2 hybridised, therefore, shape of IF5 is square pyramidal.
 ··
Q. 37 In both water and dimethyl ether (CH 3 ¾ ·O· ¾ CH 3 ), oxygen atom is
central atom, and has the same hybridisation, yet they have different
bond angles. Which one has greater bond angle? Give reason.
Ans. Dimethyl ether has greater bond angle than that of water, however in both the molecules
central atom oxygen is sp3 hybridised with two lone pairs. In dimethyl ether, bond angle is
greater (111.7°) due to the greater repulsive interaction between the two bulky alkyl
(methyl) groups than that between two H-atoms.
H s O H O
C 111.7° C H 104.5° H
H H
H Water
H
Dimethyl ether
Actually C of CH3 group is attached to three H-atoms through s-bonds. These three C—H
bond pair of electrons increases the electronic charge density on carbon atom.

Q. 38 Write Lewis structure of the following compounds and show formal

charge on each atom.
HNO 3 , NO 2 , H 2SO 4
Ans. The Lewis structure of the following compounds and formal charge on each atom are as
(i) HNO3 + O (2)

H—O—N
(1) O –(3)
Formal charge on an atom in a Lewis structure
= [total number of valence electrons in free atom]
– [total number of non-bonding (lone pairs) electrons]
1
- [total number of bonding or shared electrons]
2
1
Formal charge on H = 1 - 0 - ´ 2 = 0
2
1
Formal charge on N = 5 - 0 - ´ 8 = 1
2
1
Formal charge on O(1) = 6 - 4 - ´ 4 = 0
2
1
Formal charge on O(2) = 6 - 4 - ´ 4 = 0
2
1
Formal charge on O(3) = 6 - 6 - ´ 2 = - 1
2
(ii) NO2 +
N
–
O O
(1) (2)
1
Formal charge on O(1) = 6 - 4 - ´ 4= 0
2
1
Formal charge on N = 5 - 1 - ´ 6= + 1
2
1
Formal charge on O(2) = 6 - 6 - ´ 2 = - 1
2
 (iii) H2 SO4 –
O (2)
2+
H—O—S — O—H
(1) (1) (3) (2)
O
–
(4)

1
Formal charge on H(1) or H(2 ) = 1 - 0 - ´2 = 0
2
1
Formal charge on O(1) or O(3) = 6 - 4 - ´ 4 = 0
2
1
Formal charge on O (2 ) or O (4) = 6 - 6 - ´ 2 = - 1
2
1
Formal charge on S = 6 - 0 - ´ 8 = + 2
2

Q. 39 The energy of s2p z molecular orbital is greater than p2p x and p2p y
molecular orbitals in nitrogen molecule. Write the complete sequence
of energy levels in the increasing order of energy in the molecule.
Compare the relative stability and the magnetic behaviour of the
following species.
N 2 , N +2 , N -2 , N 2+
2

Ans. Electronic configuration of N-atom (Z = 7 ) is 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p1x 2 p1y 2 p1z . Total number of electrons
present in N2 molecule is 14, 7 from each N-atom. From the view of various rules for filling
of molecular orbitals, the electronic configuration of N2 molecule will be
s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , s2 pz2
Comparative study of the relative stability and the magnetic behaviour of the following species
(i) N 2 molecule s1s 2 , s* s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , ppx2 » p2 py2 , s2 pz2
Here, Nb = 10, Na = 4.
1 1
Hence, Bond order = (N - Na ) = (10 - 4) = 3
2 b 2
Hence, presence of no unpaired electron indicates it to be diamagnetic.
(ii) N 2+ ions s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , s2 p1z
1 5
Here, Nb = 9, Na = 4 so that BO = (9 - 4) = = 2.5
2 2
Further, as N+2 ion has one unpaired electron in the s( 2 p2 ) orbital, therefore, it is
paramagnetic in nature.
(iii) N2- ions s1s 2 , s* s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , s2 pz2 , p* 2 p1x
1 5
Here, Nb = 10, Na = 5 so that BO = (10 - 5) = = 2.5
2 2
Again, as it has one unpaired electron in the p* (2 px ) orbital, therefore, it is paramagnetic.
(iv) N 22 + ions s1s 2 , s* 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s* 2 s 2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2
1
Here, Nb = 8, Na = 4. Hence, BO = (8 - 4) = 2
2
Presence of no unpaired electron indicates it to be diamagnetic in nature.
 As bond dissociation energies are directly proportional to the bond orders, therefore, the
dissociation energies of these molecular species in the order.
N2 > N2- = N2+ > N22 +
As greater the bond dissociation energy, greater is the stability, the stability of these
species is also in the above order.

Q. 40 What is the effect of the following processes on the bond order in N 2

and O 2 ?
(a) N 2 ¾® N +2 + e - (b) O 2 ¾® O +2 + e -
Ans. According to molecular orbital theory, electronic configurations and bond order of
N2 , N+2 , O 2 and O +2 species are as follows
N2 (14e - ) = s1s 2 , *s1s 2 , s2 s 2 , *s2 s 2 , (p 2 px2 » p2 py2 ), s2 pz2
1 1
Bond order = [Nb - Na ] = (10 - 4) = 3
2 2
N+2 (13e - ) = s1s 2 , *s1s 2 , s2 s 2 , *s2 s 2 , (p 2 px2 » p2 py2 ) s2 p1z
1 1
Bond order = [Nb - Na ] = (9 - 4) = 2.5
2 2
O 2 (16e - ) = s1s 2 , *s1s 2 , s2 s 2 , *s2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , (p2 px2 » p2 py2 ), (*p 2 p1x » *p 2 p1y )
1 1
Bond order = [Nb - Na ] = (10 - 6) = 2
2 2
O +2 (15e - ) = s1s 2 , *s1s 2 , s2 s 2 , *s2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , (p2 px2 » p2 py2 ), (*p 2 p1x » *p 2 py )
1 1
Bond order = [Nb - Na ] = (10 - 5) = 2.5
2 2
(a) N2 ¾® N2+ + e-
B.O. = 3 B.O. = 2.5
Thus, bond order decreases.
(b) O2 ¾® O+2 + e-
B.O = 2 B.O = 2.5
Thus, bond order increases.

Q. 41 Give reason for the following.

(a) Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are
non-directional.
(b) Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule
is linear.
(c) Ethyne molecule is linear.
Ans. (a) A covalent bond is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. The direction of
overlapping gives the direction of bond. In ionic bond, the electrostatic field of an ion is
non-directional.
Each positive ion is surrounded by a number of anions in any direction depending upon
its size and vice-versa. That’s why covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic
bonds are non-directional.
 (b) In H2O, oxygen atom is sp3 hybridised with two lone pairs. The four sp3 hybridised
orbitals acquire a tetrahedral geometry with two corners occupied by hydrogen atoms
while other two by the lone pairs.
The bond angle is reduced to 104.5° from 109.5° due to greater repulsive forces between
lp - lp and the molecule thus acquires a V-shape or bent structure (angular structure).

O
H 104.5° H
In CO 2 molecule, carbon atom is sp-hybridised. The two sp hybrid orbitals are oriented
in opposite direction forming an angle of 180°.
p p
O == C == O
s s

That’s why H2O molecule has bent structure whereas CO 2 molecule is linear.
(c) In ethyne molecule, both the carbon atoms are sp hybridised, having two unhybridised
orbitals, i.e., 2 px and 2 py . The two sp hybrid orbitals of both the carbon atoms are
oriented in opposite direction forming an angle of 180°.
s
H ¾ C ºº C ¾ H
2p-bond
That’s why ethyne molecule is linear.

Q. 42 What is an ionic bond? With two suitable examples the difference

between an ionic and a covalent bond?
Ans. Ionic bond The bond formed, as a result of the electrostatic attraction between the positive
and negative ions was termed as the electrovalent bond or ionic bond. e.g., the formation
of NaCl from sodium and chlorine can be explained as
Na ¾¾® Na ++ e –
[Ne]3 s1 [Ne]

Cl + e ¾¾® Cl -
[Ne]3 s2 3 p 5 [Ne]3 s2 3 p 6 or [Ar]

Na + + Cl - ¾¾® NaCl or Na +Cl -

Similarly, the formation of CaF2 may be shown as
Ca ¾¾® Ca 2+ + 2e -
[Ar]4 s2 [Ar]
-
F + e ¾¾® F-
[He] 2 s2 2 p 5 [He] 2 s2 2 p 6 or [Ne]

Ca 2+ + 2F - ¾¾® CaF2 or Ca 2+(F - )2

Covalent bond The bond formed between the two atoms by mutual sharing of electrons
between them is called covalent bond. e.g., the formation of chlorine molecule can be
explained as

Cl • + •Cl Cl Cl or Cl ¾ Cl
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 7
Shared pair

Similarly, in the formation of HCl

H • + •Cl H Cl or H—Cl
1 2, 8, 7
Q. 43 Arrange the following bonds in order of increasing ionic character
giving reason.
N—H, F—H, C—H and O—H
Ans. Greater is the electronegativity difference between the two bonded atoms, greater is the
ionic character.

Bond N—H F—H C—H O—H

Electronegativity
(3.0 – 2.1) = 0.9 (4.0 – 2.1) = 1.9 (2.5 – 2.1) = 0.4 (3.5 – 2.1) = 1.4
difference

Therefore, increasing order of ionic character of the given bonds is as follows

C—H < N—H < O—H < F—H

Q. 44 Explain why CO2- 3 ion cannot be represented by a single Lewis

structure. How can it be best represented?
Ans. A single Lewis structure of CO 2-
3 ion cannot explain all the properties of this ion. It can be
represented as a resonance hybrid of the following structures
O O– O– O

C C C C
–O O– O O– –
O O O O
I II III Resonance
hybrid
If, it were represented only by one structure, there should be two types of bonds, i.e., C == O
double bond and C ¾ O single bonds but actually all bonds are found to be identical with
same bond length and same bond strength.

Q. 45 Predict the hybridisation of each carbon in the molecule of organic

compound given below. Also indicate the total number of sigma and
pi-bonds in this molecule.
O
½½ O
CH º C ¾ C ¾ CH 2 ¾ C
OH
Ans. The hybridisation and type of bondsOof each
H Ocarbon in the molecule given below
s p s s p
—
—
—

s p s s-bonds = 11
H— C p s C —C— s C— s C—
s O—
sH
p-bonds = 4
—

s
2
H 2
sp sp sp sp
sp3

Q. 46 Group the following as linear and non-linear molecules.

H 2O, HOCl, BeCl 2 , Cl 2O
Ans. The structure of the given molecules are
O O Cl—Be—Cl O
H HH H Cl Cl
Therefore, only BeCl 2 is linear and rest of the molecules are non-linear.
Q. 47 Elements X, Y and Z have 4, 5 and 7 valence electrons respectively.
(a) Write the molecular formula of the compounds formed by these
elements individually with hydrogen.
(b) Which of these compounds will have the highest dipole moment?
Ans. (a) H H
H
X Y —H X
H H H H H H—Z

H H H H—Z

.XH4 XY5 .XH3

(b) Z has seven electrons in its valence shell. It is the most electronegative element.
Therefore, HZ will have the highest dipole moment.

Q. 48 Draw the resonating structure of

(a) ozone molecule
(b) nitrate ion
Ans. (a) The resonating structure of ozone molecule may be written as
O O ºº O
O O O O O O

(b) The resonating structure of nitrate ion (NO -3 ) is

O – O O

N N N
O O – –
O O O O

Q. 49 Predict the shapes of the following molecules on the basis of

hybridisation.
BCl 3 , CH 4 , CO 2 , NH 3
Ans. In BCl 3 , the geometry is trigonal planar is due to sp2 hybridisation.
x

–
–
–
+ z + s
+ s
–
+
– – + + –
+
(s+py+pz) + s BCl
3

–
+
+
120° +
Planar
2
sp hybrids
 The shape of CH4 is tetrahedral due to sp3 hybridisation.
x

+
y 109.5°
+
+
– z + +
+ +
+
–
sp3 hybrids
s+px+py py
H
+s
+
s
s C +
H ++ +H
+
s +
CH4
CO 2 show linear shape because of sp hybridisation.
× ×
·· ··
·
·O == C == O ··
The geometry of NH3 is pyramidal shape and has sp3 hybridisation.
Ip

N
H H

H
Ammonia, NH3

Q. 50 All the C—O bonds in carbonate ion (CO2-

3 ) are equal in length.
Explain.
K Thinking Process
To explain the reason of equal in length of C—O bonds, it should keep in mind about
the resonance. As a result of resonance, the bond length in a molecule become equal.
Ans. Carbonate ion (CO 2-
3 ) = 3 bond pair + 1 lone pair Þ trigonal planar

O–
O O
O

C C C C
–
O O– –
O O O O– O O
Due to resonance all C—O bond length are equal.

Q. 51 What is meant by the term average bond enthalpy? Why is there

difference in bond enthalpy of O—H bond in ethanol (C 2H 5OH) and
water?
Ans. All the similar bonds in a molecule do not have the same bond enthalpies. e.g., in
H2O(H — O — H) molecule after the breaking of first O—H bond, the second O—H bond
undergoes some change because of changed chemical environment.
 Therefore, in polyatomic molecules the term mean or average bond enthalpy is used. It is
obtained by dividing total bond dissociation enthalpy by the number of bonds broken.
e.g., H2O(g ) ¾® H(g ) + OH(g );
D a H1° = 502 kJ mol -1 OH(g ) ¾® H + O(g );
D a H2° = 427 kJ mol -1
502 + 427
Average O—H bond enthalpy = = 464.5 kJ mol -1
2
The bond enthalpies of O—H bond in C 2H5OH and H2O are different because of the different
chemical (electronic) environment around oxygen atom.
H H
½ ½
H¾ C ¾ C ¾ O ¾ H , H ¾O ¾H
½ ½
H H
(C 2H5OH) (H2O)

Matching The Columns

Q. 52 Match the species in Column I with the type of hybrid orbitals in Column
II.
Column I Column II
A. SF4 1. sp3 d2
B. IF5 2. d2 sp3
C. NO2+ 3. sp3 d
D. NH+4 4. sp3
5. sp

Ans. A. ® (3) B. ® (1) C. ® (5) D. ® (4)

A. SF4 = number of bp (4) + number of lp (1)
= sp3d hybridisation
B. IF5 = number of bp (5) + number of lp (1)
= sp3d 2 hybridisation
C. NO +2 = number of bp (2) + number of lp (0)
= sp hybridisation
D. NH+4 = number of bp (4) + number of lp (0)
= sp3 hybridisation.

Q. 53 Match the species in Column I with the geometry/shape in Column II.

Column I Column II
A. H3 O + 1. Linear
B. HC º CH 2. Angular
C. ClO2- 3. Tetrahedral
D. NH+4 4. Trigonal bipyramidal
5. Pyramidal
Ans. A. ® (5) B. ® (1) C. ® (2) D ® (3)
A. H3O + = 3 bp + 1lp pyramidal shape
B. HC ºº CH Þ linear as sp hybridised shape
C. ClO -2 = 2 bp + 2 lpÞ angular shape
D. NH+4 = 4 bp + 0 lpÞ tetrahedral shape

Q. 54 Match the species in Column I with the bond order in Column II.
Column I Column II
A. NO 1. 1.5
B. CO 2. 2.0
C. O2- 3. 2.5
D. O2 4. 3.0

Ans. A. ® (3) B. ® (4) C. ® (1) D. ® (2)

A. NO (7 + 8 = 15) = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , p * 2 p1x
1 10 - 5
Bond order = (N - Na ) = = 2.5
2 b 2

B. CO (6 + 8 = 14) = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 p 2z , p2 px2 ~ 2

- p2 py

10 - 4
Bond order = =3
2

C. O -2 (8 + 8 + 1 = 17 ) = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , p * 2 px2 ~ 1

- p * 2 py

10 - 7
Bond order = = 15
.
2

D. O 2 (8 + 8 = 16) = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2 » p2 py2 , p * 2 p1x ~ 1

- p * 2 py

10 - 6
Bond order = =2
2

Q. 55 Match the items given in Column I with examples given in Column II.
Column I Column II
A. Hydrogen bond 1. C
B. Resonance 2. LiF
C. Ionic solid 3. H2
D. Covalent solid 4. HF
5. O3
Ans. A. ® (4) B. ® (5) C. ® (2) D. ® (1)
A. Hydrogen bond ® HF B. Resonance ®O 3
C. Ionic bond ®LiF D. Covalent solid ® C
Q. 56 Match the shape of molecules in Column I with the type of
hybridisation in Column II.
Column I Column II
A. Tetrahedral 1. sp2
B. Trigonal 2. sp
C. Linear 3. sp3

Ans. A. ® (3) B. ® (1) C. ® (2)

A. Tetrahedral shape – sp3 hybridisation
B. Trigonal shape – sp2 hybridisation
C. Linear shape – sp hybridisation

Assertion and Reason

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a
statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices
given below in each question.

Q. 57 Assertion (A) Sodium chloride formed by the action of chlorine gas on

sodium metal is a stable compound.
Reason (R) This is because sodium and chloride ions acquire octet in
sodium chloride formation.
(a) A and R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A and R both are false
Ans. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
Na + Cl ¾® NaCl
( 2, 8, 1) ( 2, 8, 7) ( 2, 8 )
( 2, 8, 8 )
+ -
Here both Na and Cl have complete octet hence NaCl is stable.

Q. 58 Assertion (A) Though the central atom of both NH 3 and H 2O molecules

are sp 3 hybridised, yet H–N–H bond angle is greater than that of
H—O—H.
Reason (R) This is because nitrogen atom has one lone pair and
oxygen atom has two lone pairs.
(a) A and R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) A and R both are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A and R both are false
Ans. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
O N
H 104.5° H H H
107°
H
sp3–hybridised sp3–hybridised
Q. 59 Assertion (A) Among the two O¾H bonds in H 2O molecule, the
energy required to break the first O¾H bond and the other O¾H
bond is the same.
Reason (R) This is because the electronic environment around oxygen
is the same even after breakage of one O¾H bond.
(a) A and R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A and R both are false
Ans. (d) Correct assertion The bond enthalpies of the two O¾ H bonds in H¾ O¾ H are not
equal.
Correct reason This is because electronic environment around O is not same after
breakage of one O¾ H bond.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q. 60 (a) Discuss the significance/applications of dipole moment.
(b) Represent diagrammatically the bond moments and the resultant
dipole moment in CO 2 , NF3 and CHCl 3 .
Ans. (a) The applications of dipole moment are
(i) The dipole moment helps to predict whether a molecule is polar or non-polar. As
m = q ´ d, greater is the magnitude of dipole moment, higher will be the polarity of
the bond. For non-polar molecules, the dipole moment is zero.
(ii) The percentage of ionic character can be calculated as
m
Percentage of ionic character = observed ´ 100
m ionic
(iii) Symmetrical molecules have zero dipole moment although they have two or more
polar bonds (in determination of symmetry).
(iv) It helps to distinguish between cis and trans isomers. Usually cis-isomer has higher
dipole moment than trans isomer.
(v) It helps to distinguish between ortho, meta and para isomers. Dipole moment of para
isomer is zero. Dipole moment of ortho isomer is greater than that of meta isomer.
(b) H
—

O — C —O
m=0 N C
F F Cl
Cl
F Cl
m = 0.24 D m = 1.03 D
Q. 61 Use the molecular orbital energy level diagram to show that N 2 would
be expected to have a triple bond. F2 , a single bond and Ne 2 , no bond.
Ans. Formation of N2 molecule Electronic configuration of N- atom 7N = 1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p1x , 2 p1y , 2 p1z
N2 molecule = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , p2 px 2 » p2 py 2 , s2 p2z

s2pz

p 2 px = p 2 py
2p 2p

p 2 px = p 2 py

s2pz

s2s
2s 2s

s2s

s1s
Atomic Atomic
orbital orbitals
of F-atom of F-atom
s1s
Molecular orbitals
of F2 molecule

s1s
Atomic Atomic
orbitals orbitals
of N-atom of N-atom
s1s
Molecular orbitals
of N2 molecule
1 1
Bond order = [N - Na ] = (10 - 4) = 3.
2 b 2
Bond order value of 3 means that N2 contains a triple bond.
Formation of F2 molecule, 9 F = 1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 px2 , 2 py2 , 2 p1z
F2 molecule = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz 2 , p2 px 2 » p2 p y 2, p * 2 p2 x » p * 2 p2 y

s2pz

p2 px = p2 py
2p 2p

p2 px = p2 py

s2pz

s2s
2s 2s

s2s

s1s
Atomic Atomic
orbital orbitals
of F-atom of F-atom
s1s
Molecular orbitals
of F2 molecule
1 1
Bond order = [N - Na ] = (10 - 8) = 1
2 b 2
Bond order value 1 means that F2 contains single bond.
Formation of Ne2 molecule 10 Ne = 1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 px2 , 2 py2 , 2 pz2
Ne 2 molecule = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz 2 , p2 px 2 » p2 py 2 , p * 2 p2 x
» p * 2 p2 y , s * 2 pz 2

s2pz

p 2 px = p2 py
2p 2p

p 2 p x = p 2 py

s2pz

s2s
2s 2s

s2s

s1s
1s Atomic
Atomic orbitals
orbitals of Ne-atom
of Ne-atom s1s
Molecular orbitals of Ne2 molecule
 1 1
Bond order = [N - Na ] = (10 - 10) = 0
2 b 2
Bond order value zero means that there is no formation of bond between two Ne-atoms.
Hence, Ne 2 molecule does not exist.

Q. 62.Briefly describe the valence bond theory of covalent bond formation

by taking an example of hydrogen. How can you interpret energy
changes taking place in the formation of dihydrogen?
Ans. Valence bond theory (VBT) was introduced by Heitler and London (1927) and developed
further by Pauling and other. VBT is based on the knowledge of atomic orbitals, electronic
configurations of elements, the overlap criteria of atomic orbitals, the hybridisation of
atomic orbitals and the principles of variation and superposition.
Consider two hydrogen atoms A and B approaching each other having nuclei NA and NB
and electrons present in them are represented by e A and e B . When the two atoms are at
large distance from each other, there is no interaction between them.
As these two atoms approach each other, new attractive and repulsive forces begin to
operate.
Attractive forces arise between
(i) nucleus of one atom and its own electron
i.e., NA - e A and NB - e B
(ii) nucleus of one atom and electron of other atom
i.e., NA - e B , NB - e A
Similarly, repulsive forces arise between
(i) electrons of two atoms like e A - e B
(ii) nuclei of two atoms like NA - NB
Attractive forces tend to bring the two atoms close to each other whereas repulsive forces
tend to push them apart.
Experimentally, we have been found that the magnitude of new attractive force is more than
the new repulsive forces. As a result two atoms approach each other and potential energy
decreases.
Hence, a stage is reached where the net force of attraction balances the force of repulsion
and system acquires minimum energy. At this stage, two H-atoms are said to be bonded
together to form a stable molecule having the bond length of 74 pm.
– eA
– eA

HA + + HB A + + B
HA HB

– eB
old forces
–
eB new forces
Repulsive forces
Attractive forces
H2
Since, the energy gets released when the bond is formed between two hydrogen atoms, the
hydrogen molecule is more stable than that of isolated hydrogen atoms.
 The energy so released is called as bond enthalpy, which is corresponding to minimum in
the curve depicted in the given figure. Conversely 435.8 kJ of energy is required to
dissociate one mole of H2 molecule.
H2 (g ) + 435.8kJ mol -1 ¾® H(g ) + H(g )

Energy (1kJ/mol)

0
Distance of
separation
Bond energy
435.8 Bond length Internuclear
74 pm distance

The potential energy curve for the formation of H2 molecule as a function of internuclear
distance of the H-atoms. The minimum in the curve corresponds to the most stable state or H2 .

Q. 63 Describe hybridisation in the case of PCl 5 and SF6 . The axial bonds are
longer as compared to equatorial bonds in PCl 5 whereas in SF6 both
axial bonds and equatorial bonds have the same bond length. Explain.
Ans. Formation of PCl5
Electronic configuration
of 15P(ground state)
3s 3p 3d
Electronic configuration
of 15P(excited state)
sp3d hybridisation
In PCl 5 , phosphorus is sp d hybridised to produce a set of five sp3d hybrid orbitals which
3

are directed towards the five corners of a trigonal bipyramidal. These five sp3d hybrid
orbitals overlap with singly occupied p-orbitals of Cl-atoms to form five P—Cl sigma bonds.
Cl
Cl
P—Cl
Cl
Cl
(Trigonal bipyramidal)
PCl5
Three P—Cl bonds lie in one plane and make an angle of 120° with each other. These
bonds are called equatorial bonds. The remaining two P—Cl bonds one lying above and
other lying below the plane make an angle of 90° with the equatorial plane.
These bonds are called axial bonds. Axial bonds are slightly longer than equatorial bonds
because axial bond pairs suffer more repulsive interaction from the equatorial bond pairs.
Formation of SF6
Electronic configuration
of 16S(ground state) 3s 3p 3d
S(excited state)

sp3d 2 hybridisation
 In SF6 , sulphur is sp3d 2 hybridised to produce a set of six sp3d 2 hybrid orbitals which are
directed towards the six corners of a regular octahedron. These six sp3d 2 hybrid orbitals
overlap with singly occupied orbitals of fluorine atoms to form six S—F sigma bonds.
Thus, SF6 molecule has a regular octahedral geometry and all S—F bonds have same bond
length.

Q. 64 (a) Discuss the concept of hybridisation. What are its different types in
a carbon atom?
(b) What is the type of hybridisation of carbon atoms marked with star?
O
||
(i) C H2 ¾
* ¾ CH ¾ * C ¾ O ¾ H (ii) CH3 ¾ *
C H2 ¾ OH

O
||
(iii) CH3 ¾ CH2 ¾ C*¾ H C H3 ¾ CH ¾
(iv) * ¾ CH ¾ CH3

(v) CH3 ¾ *
C ºº CH
Ans. Hybridisation It can be defined as the process of intermixing of the orbitals of slightly
different energy or of same energy to produce entirely new orbitals of equivalent energy,
identical shapes and symmetrically disposed in plane. New orbitals formed are called
hybrid orbitals.
Only the orbitals of an isolated single atom can undergo hybridisation. The hybrid orbitals
generated are equal in number to that of the pure atomic orbitals which mix up.
Hybrid orbitals do not make p, pi-bonds. If there are p-bonds, equal number of atomic
orbitals must be left unhybridised for p-bonding.
Like atomic orbitals, hybrid orbitals cannot have more than two electrons of opposite spins.
Types of hybridisation in carbon atoms
(a) (i) Diagonal or sp-hybridisation All compounds of carbon containing C ºº C triple bond
like ethyne (C 2H2 ).
(ii) Trigonal or sp2 -hybridisation All compounds of carbon containing C ==C (double
bond) like ethene (C 2H4 ).
(iii) Tetrahedral or sp3 -hybridisation All compounds of carbon containing C -- C single
bonds only like ethane (C 2H6 ).
O
||
*
(b) (i) CH2 == CH ¾ C * ¾ O ¾ H
sp 2 sp 2
( 3 s) ( 3 s)
O
||
* OH
(ii) CH3 CH (iii) CH3 ¾ CH2 ¾ C * ¾ H
2
sp 3 sp 2
( 3s )
(4 s)
* ¾ CH ¾
(iv) CH ¾ CH ¾ CH3 * ºº CH
(v) CH3 ¾ C
3
sp
sp 3
( 2s)
(4s)
Direction (Q. Nos. 65-68) Comprehension given below is followed by some multiple
choice questions. Each question has one correct option. Choose the correct option .
Molecular orbitals are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. Two atomic orbitals combine
to form two molecular orbitals called bonding molecular orbital (BMO) and anti-bonding
molecular orbital (ABMO). Energy of anti-bonding orbital is raised above the parent atomic
orbitals that have combined and the energy of the bonding orbital is lowered than the parent
atomic orbitals.
Energies of various molecular orbitals for elements hydrogen to nitrogen increase in the order
s1s < s* 1s < s2 s < s* 2 s < (p2 px » p2 py ) < s2 pz < (p* 2 px » p* 2 py ) < s* 2 pz and
For oxygen and fluorine order of energy of molecular orbitals is given below
s1s < s* 1s < s2 s < s* 2 s < s pz < (p2 px » p2 py ) < (p* 2 px » p* 2 py ) < s* 2 pz
Different atomic orbitals of one atom combine with those atomic orbitals of the second atom
which have comparable energies and proper orientation.
Further, if the overlapping is head on, the molecular orbital is called ‘sigma’, (s) and if the
overlap is lateral, the molecular orbital is called ‘pi’, (p ). The molecular orbitals are filled with
electrons according to the same rules as followed for filling of atomic orbitals.
However, the order for filling is not the same for all molecules or their ions. Bond order is one
of the most important parameters to compare the strength of bonds.

Q. 65 Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) In the formation of dioxygen from oxygen atoms 10 molecular
orbitals will be formed
(b) All the molecular orbitals in the dioxygen will be completely filled
(c) Total number of bonding molecular orbitals will not be same as total
number of anti-bonding orbitals in dioxygen
(d) Number of filled bonding orbitals will be same as number of filled
anti-bonding orbitals
Ans. (a) In the formation of dioxygen from oxygen atoms, ten molecular orbitals will be formed.
2 * 1
s1s 2 s* 1s 2 s2 s 2 s* 2 s 2 s2 pz2 p2 px2 p2 py p* 2 p1x p 2 py s* 2 pz0
O2 =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Q. 66 Which of the following molecular orbitals has maximum number of

nodal planes?
(a) s * 1s (b) s *2p z
(c) p2p x (d) p*2p y
Ans. (d) Nodal plane are s* 1s = 1, s* 2 pz = 1, p2 px = 1, p* 2 py = 2

+ – + –
• • • •

1s 1s By subtraction

+• •–

s* (1s)
Anti-bonding molecular orbital
 The molecular orbitals whose number of nodal planes are as
– + – +
2pz 2pz

– + – +

By subtraction
Nodal plane
– +
s* (2pz )

+ + ++
+

–
– – – – Nodal
p(2px )
plane
2px 2px

+ – +– × –

– + – + – +
2py 2py By Nodal
subtraction planes
p* (2py)

Q. 67 Which of the following pair is expected to have the same bond order?
(a) O 2 , N 2 (b) O2+ , N -2
(c) O2- , N 2+ (d) O2- , N 2-
Ans. (b) On the basec of molecular orbetal therory we can calculate bond order of molecules
ions as
1
BO =
(N - Na )
2 b
Molecular orbital electronic configuration (MOEC) of N2 is
s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , p2 px2 ~ p2 p2y , s2 p 2x
-
1
Bond order of N2 = (10 - 4) = 3
2
MOEC of N2 + = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , p2 px2~p2 py2 , s2 p2
-
+ 1
BO of N2 = (9 - 4) = 2.5
2
MOEC of N2 - = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , p2 px2~p2 py2 , s2 pz2 , p * 2 p1x~p * 2 py
- -
- 1
BO of N2 = (10 - 5) = 2.5
2
MOEC of O 2 = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2~p2 py 2 , p * 2 p1x~p * 2 p1y
- -
1
BO of O 2 = (10 - 6) = 2
2
 MOEC of O -2 = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2~p2 py2 , p * 2 px2~p * 2 p1y
- -
- 1
BO of O 2 = (10 - 7 ) = 15 .
2
MOEC of O +2 = s1s 2 , s * 1s 2 , s2 s 2 , s * 2 s 2 , s2 pz2 , p2 px2~p2 py2 , p * 2 px2~p * 2 py
- -
1
BO of O +2 = (10 - 5) = 2.5
2
(a) Bond order of O 2 and N2 are 2 and 3, respectively.
(b) Bond order of both O +2 and N-2 are 2.5.
(c) Bond order of O -2 and N+2 are 1.5 and 2.5, respectively.
(d) Bond order of O -2 and N-2 are 1.5 and 2.5 respectively.

Q. 68 In which of the following molecules, s2p z molecular orbital is filled

after p2p x and p2p y molecular orbitals?
(a) O2 (b) Ne 2
(c) N 2 (d) F2
Ans. (c) Total number of electrons present in N2 molecule is 14.
The electronic configuration of N2 molecule will be
s1s 2 s* 1s 2 s2 s 2 s* 2 s 2 p2 px2 » p2 py2 s2 pz2
Note The increasing order of energies of various molecular orbitals for O2 and F2 is given
below s1s < s*1s < s2 s < s*2 s < s2 pz < (p2 px » p2 py ) < (p*2 px » p*2 py ) < s*2 pz
However, this sequence of energy levels of MO is not correct for the remaining
molecules such as Li2, Be2, B2, C2 and N2. For these molecules, the increasing order of
energies of various MO is
s1s < s*1s < s2 s < s*2 s < (p2 px » p2 py ) < s2 pz < (p*2 px » p*2 py ) < s*2 pz