Eng Energy & Environment

Combustion
 Technologies of combustion

Carla Silva (Teóricas e práticas) /Theory and practice

[email protected]

Thursday
• Watch recorded
9h-12h 6.2.44 lessons

• Doubts, experiments

4 assignements + oral evaluation

Carla Silva [email protected] 4

 Technologies of combustion
Program
Content
Introduction to combustion, definition, applications, world fuels and projections, problems
of combustion
Thermochemistry: stoichiometry, chemical reactions, mass and molar concentrations, CO2
emissions estimation
Thermochemistry: Heating value, chemical equilibrium, flame temperature
Fuels and properties, examples
Ignition- spontaneous and forced, examples Internal combustion engine
Flame types: pre-mixture, diffusion , laminar and turbulent, examples Internal combustion
engine
Liquid fuel and solid fuel combustion, examples internal combustion engine, power plants
Pollutant control/standards
Pollutant control/standards
Pollutant formation and estimation
Pollutant formation and estimation
Internal combustion engine
Biomass/Coal/combined cycle natural gas Power plant
Biogas Power plant
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 Technologies of combustion

At the end you should:

✓ Know the contribution of combustion to world energy generatiom

and its contribution to emissions;
✓ Distinguish between local and global emissions;
✓ Know typical values of energy efficiency and typical emission
factors e.g. g/(kWhelectricity); g/km; g/MJheat;
✓ Know the main combustion technologies, advantages and
disadvantages and potential for improvement;
✓ Know how internal combustion engines work;
✓ Know how a gas turbine work;
✓ Estimate emissions from thermoeletric powerplant and compare
with regulation;
✓ Propose measures to minimize emissions.

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 Technologies of combustion
Literature

1. Pedro Coelho e Mario costa. Combustão. 2012.Edições Orion.

2. Stephen R. Turns. An introduction to combustion. Concepts and applications. 1996.
McGraw-Hill.
3. EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2013. European Environmnent
Agency.
4. John Heywood. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. 1988. McGraw-Hill.
5. M.K. Gajendra Babu,K.A. Subramanian. Alternative Transportation Fuels: Utilisation in
Combustion Engines. 2013. CRC Press.

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 Technologies of combustion
Literature
Stephen R. Turns. An introduction to combustion. Concepts and applications. 1996.
McGraw-Hill.

Main chapters 1, 2, 5, 15 (importance of

combustion, thermochemistry, mass
balances, energy balances, GHG emissions
and pollutants)

And some notions of 10, 14 (solid and

liquid burning)

Diesel, Gasoline, jetfuel, Coal, natural gas,

biogas, biocoal, biomass

Pdf available

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 Technologies of combustion
Literature
Pedro Coelho e Mario costa. Combustão. 2012.Edições Orion.

Main chapters 1, 2, 5, 12

And some notions of 6,10

(gas, solid and liquid burning)

Diesel, Gasoline, jetfuel, Coal, natural gas, biogas,

biocoal, biomass

Pdf available

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 Technologies of combustion
Importance

Why “controlled” combustion is important????

HEAT

MECHANICAL
ENERGY

ELECTRICITY

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 Technologies of combustion
Literature
John Heywood. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. 1988. McGraw-Hill.

Technology to transform
chemical energy into
mechanical energy and heat

Pdf available

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 Technologies of combustion
Candle (birthday, sent, etc)

Glass limiting

Moisture in the candle wick vs no moisture

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 Technologies of combustion
Candle (birthday, sent, etc)
Magic/Trick candles, how?

magnesium powder is incorporated into the

candle's wick

It produces sparks at 430 ºC

Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide.

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

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 Technologies of combustion
Candle (birthday, sent, etc)
Different container materials, the red can burn but not aluminium or glass, why?

Aluminum Glass Plastic

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 Technologies of combustion
Candle (birthday, sent, etc)
Different container materials, the red can burn but not aluminium or glass, why?

Aluminum Plastic
(C2H4)n,
Melts at Polyethylene
660 ºC 120 ºC

Glass melts at
1700 ºC

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 Technologies of combustion
Candle (birthday, sent, etc)
Flame colour, wick colour

Dark wick, why?

Wick is an absorbent and wax is the absorbate

the liquid which gets absorbed. It goes black
because it is mainly fixed carbon (char)

The candle paraffin: CnH2n+2

melting point  60 ºC

Liquid vaporizes and burn at 310 ºC

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 Technologies of combustion
Combustion

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 Technologies of combustion
1st assignment
Retrive the coal, natural gas and crude oil consumption in Portugal in the years 2017 to 2023. (DGEG -
https://www.dgeg.gov.pt/pt/estatistica/energia/petroleo-e-derivados/vendas-mensais/
https://www.dgeg.gov.pt/pt/estatistica/energia/gas-natural/consumos/
https://www.dgeg.gov.pt/pt/estatistica/energia/carvao/consumos/)

i. Represent each fossil fuel consumption troughout time.

ii. Coal, natural gas and crude oil is mainly used where and involves combustion or not?
iii. Coment COVID-19 impact, coal powerplant deactivation and decarbonization targets effect on the
evolution of fossil fuel consumption.
iv. Look to a household “Consumo médio anual total de energia por alojamento”, and “Consumo médio
anual de energia em meios de transporte por alojamento“ in 2010 and 2020, tep/alojamento, and
discuss if the energy is obtained from combustion.
https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes&PUBLICACOEStipo=ea&PUBLICACOES
coleccao=59553032&selTab=tab0&xlang=pt
excel and pdf until 6 March
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Thanks