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Junior Form Mathematics in Action 1A01 Basic Mathematics
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501 views41 pagesJunior Form Mathematics in Action 1A01 Basic Mathematics
Junior Form Mathematics in Action 1A01 Basic Mathematics
Uploaded by
kobe BryantCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 41
af 1 Basic Mathematics
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SEAS 36 32 38 9
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Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action What a coincidence!
Will we meet here
again after some days?
An unexpected encounter in a shopping mall
In the above situation, Harry comes across Amy and Ivan in a shopping mall on a certain day. Itis
known that Harry goes to the mall once at noon every 6 days, Amy goes to the mall once at noon
every 8 days and Ivan goes to the mall once at noon every 9 days. Do you know when they will
come across each other in the mall again?
We can answer this problem by finding the least common multiple (LC.M,) of the three numbers
6, 8 and 9. Besides listing out their multiples, there are two faster methods to find the LCM. of these
three numbers, which will be taught in this chapter.
12 a Basic Mathematics a
e
e ea More about H.C.F. and L.c.M. @ @
Concept of Power
‘When a number is multiplied by itself more than one time, like the
expression 6 x 6X6 X 6X6, we can use a simpler Way to represent the
6X6X6K6x6= 65
Stimes:
6° is read as ‘the Sth power of 6 or 6 to the power 5".
This kind of expression is called the index notation, Let us see more
examples.
Expression Index notation Word phrase
6x6 e the square of 6 464602
2times or 6 to the power 2
6x 6x6 é the cube of 6
Stimes or 6 tothe power3
6X 6x6x6 6 the 4th power of 6
ines or 6 tothe power 4
6X6X6x6x6 é the Sth power of 6
Stimes or 6 tothe power S
Note:
1. In6°, 6 is called the base and 5 is called the index
index or exponent
or exponent, 5”
2. 66X66 6 is called the expanded form of 6°. base 6 =6x6X6x6X6
3. 6! is always written as 6. ‘expanded form
Powe S/R peexnoiaion MAEM equa FH oie Wi base
index fi exponont ARB expanded form St Pe a Number and Algebra
1. _Ineach of the following, write down the expanded form of the expression and find its value.
(1(a) has been done for you as an example.)
2 4
@ ¥=
(a) 2% =2x2xK2x2
@ 5
Find the value of each of the following expressions.
@) 4+7 (b) 2'x3?
=4x4x447X7 =
© Prime Numbers and Prime Factors
Prime numbers and composite numbers
Ifa natural number (except 1) has only | and itself as its factors, then it
is called a prime number. On the other hand, if a natural number
(except 1) has factor(s) other than | and itself, then it is called a
composite number. 4 Wecan aso say that if natural number @xoept I) snot 8
‘rime number, then tsa composite number.
For example: Oana
Determine whether each of
the following must be true.
(a) The product of two
prime numbers isa
‘composite number.
() The product of two
‘composite numbers isa
‘composite number,
1x2 The factors of 2 are | and 2 only.
So, 2is a prime number.
=1x3 ‘The factors of 3 are | and 3 only,
So, 3 is a prime number,
4=1x4 The factors of 4 are 1, 2 and 4
=2x2 So, 4 is a composite number.
S=1x5 ‘The factors of 5 are I and 5 only.
So, Sis a prime number.
1x6 ‘The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.
2«3 So, 6 is a composite number.
T=1x7 ‘The factors of 7 are I and 7 only.
So, 7is a prime number.
Note: (i) Prime numbers have only 2 factors. Composite numbers
have 3 or more factors.
Gi) Lis neither a prime number nor a composite number.
Drive nanber Hi composts ruber BAA
1.4
The concepts of prime numbers
and composite numbers are
included in the revised primary GD bssic mathemati re
Circle all prime numbers in the table below. (The first four prime numbers are circled as examples.)
T7OlO]* O° ]@|*]°]»
i 12 13 cy 15 16 17 18 9 20
2 2 23 Pay 25 26 27 28 29 30
x |] 3 | fas }ae] 7) ae] | wo
a [az | 43 | aa | 4s | 46 | 47 | 48 | a9
8
si | 52 | 33 | sa | ss | 56 | 57 | 38 | 59 | 60
61 | 62 | 6 | «4 | 6s | 6 | 67 | o | | 70
nu | 2 | 73 | m [| 75 | 7% | 7 | 7 | 79 | 80
si | 82 | 83 | sa | ss | 86 | 97 | ss | 89 | 90
a | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100
Prime factors
Consider the factors of 20. They are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20. Among these 420=1 20
six factors, 2 and 5 are prime numbers. Therefore, 2 and 5 are called the 2x10
=4xs
prime factors of 20.
In fact, every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime
factors. We can find out all the prime factors of a number by short
division,
Short division
divisor ® 4 )87 dividend
Md
ak
quotient mainder
For example, consider a composite number 84.
By short division, ———
2) 84 4eh- 2x42
oo Divide 84 by a prime number
2) 42 cere each time until the quoti
ere ime until the quotient is
3) 21 also a prime number,
7 4 The quotient 7s a prime number. ;
84=2%2X3%7 << Thesymbol”"means ‘therefore.
Px3XT &
The process of finding this product of prime factors is called prime
factorization,
rime factor BIRR shor ivsion SERRE prime factorzation MIB
1s a Number and Algebra
Note: To obtain the product of prime factors, the prime factors in
short division can be selected in any order and it is not necessary
to start from the smallest prime factor.
eg. 3) 84
7) 28
2) 4
w 84=3x7x2x2
2x2%3%7
Px3x7 4 We get the same result as page LS
Express a number as a product of prime factors
using index notation.
Sea ng Example
(a) Express 81 as a product of prime factors.
(b) Express 300 as a product of prime factors.
Solution
(a) By short division,
3st
3) 27 iain
ayo
3
81=3x3x3x3
“4 We usually use index notation to express the answer.
(b) By short division,
2) 300 4300 = 2150
2) 150 x2x75
x23 x25
3) 75 1x3 x5x5
5) 25
5
300 =2x2x3x5x5
Quick Practice 1.1
(a) Express 45 asa product of prime factors.
(b) Express 756 as a product of prime factors © veasic mathematics o
Finding the H.C.F. of two
H.C.F. (Highest Common Factor) @ 4 numbers by iting metod and
short division are included in
the revised primary curriculum,
In the primary school, we have learnt how to find the highest common
factor (H.C.F.) of a group of numbers by listing out their factors. “ALC. can ako be called greatest
common divisor (32d),
For example, we can find the H.C.F. of 56 and 84 as follows:
Factors of 56 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56
Factors of 84 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7, 12, 14, 21, 28, 42, 84
So, the H.C.F. of 56 and 84 is 28. 4 Among the common factors, 28 isthe largest.
However, sometimes, it is time-consuming to list out all the factors. In
fact, there are 2 faster methods to find the H.C.F.
Find the H.C.F. by short division
The following steps show how to find the H.C.F. of 56 and 84 by short
division.
Tofind the H.C. of a
‘group of numbers by
2) 56 84 short division, we usually
i Pr
2)28 42 | oa tech mumtertyhircommon itr | sania
7)i4 21 until the two quotients do not have any v
2 3 common factor other than |.
x2x7
Step2 Multiply all the divisors, and the product
is the required H.C.F.
Find the H.C.F. of each of the following pairs of numbers by short division. (1-2)
1, 42.and 70 8 2 45 and 135
a -
HCP. = HGF. =
17 a Number and Algebra
The way to find the H.C.F. of 3 or more numbers by short division is
similar to that of 2 numbers. Let us see the following example.
Example EE)
Find the H.C.F. of 54, 90 and 108 by short division,
Find the H.C.F. of 3 numbers by short division
Solution
2)54 90 108
3)27 45 54
3) 9 15 8
305 6 44 Tre common factor of 3, Sand 6 can
only be 1, s0 we stop dividing.
H.CF.=2x3x3
= 18
Quick Practice 1.2 @
Find the H.C.
division.
(a) 12,20 and 28
(b) 48,72. and 120
of each of the following groups of numbers by short
‘ind the H.C.F. by prime factorization
We can find the H.C.F. of two numbers by first expressing them as
products of prime factors.
For example, the following steps show how to find the H.C.F. of 60
and 72 by prime factorization.
] Step?
is the required H.C.
We can also use index notation to express the above prime
factorization,
@=2 x3 x5 Foreachcommon prime factor,
42-2
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