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The Conic Sections

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14 views13 pages

The Conic Sections

Uploaded by

Gladys Perez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE CONIC SECTIONS

The General Equation of the Second Degree (Quadratic Equation)


2 2
Ax + Bxy+Cy + Dx+ Ey + F=0

where A , B . … , F are constants and A , B ,C are not all zero.

In this lecture we will only consider the case where B=0 , hence the
equation
2 2
Ax +Cy + Dx + Ey+ F=0

We use the solid called the double-napped cone to generate the conic
sections.

The Double-Napped Cone

The double-napped one is actually a right circular cone of two nappes,


each extending indefinitely far.

How is the double-napped cone generated?

1|Calculus with Analytical Geometry


When the line rotates around the fixed vertical line so that the angle
remains the same, we get a double-napped right circular cone. Napped is the
lateral surface or the round surface of the cone. The cone above the vertex is
called the Upper Napped and the cone below the vertex is called the Lower
Napped.

Conic Sections or simply Conics are four shapes, parabolas, circles,


ellipses, and hyperbolas, created from the intersection of a plane with a cone
or two cones.

Circle – when the plane is horizontal to form a bounded curve.

2|Calculus with Analytical Geometry


Ellipse – when the (tilted) plane intersects only one cone to form a bounded
curve.

Hyperbola – when the plane (not necessarily vertical) intersects both cones
to form two unbounded curves (each called a branch of the hyperbola).

3|Calculus with Analytical Geometry


Parabola – when the plane intersects only one cone to form an unbounded
curve.

There are other ways for a plane and the cones to intersect to form what are
referred to as degenerate conics: a point, a line, and two lines.

A point A line
Two lines

4|Calculus with Analytical Geometry


The Circle

A circle is the set of all points in a plane whose distance from a fixed point is
a constant. The fixed point is called the center of the circle and the constant
is called the radius of the circle.

The equation of the circle is given by

where is the center and is the radius of the circle.

Example: Find the equation of the circle where the center is at with
radius of 5 units. Sketch the graph

5|Calculus with Analytical Geometry


Example: Find the equation of the circle where the center is at with a
radius of units.

Example: Find the equation of the circle where the center is at and

passes through the point .

Example: Find the equation of a circle with center at the intersection of the
lines and with a radius of 7 units.

6|Calculus with Analytical Geometry


General Equation to Standard Equation

To express the general equation to standard equation of a circle, apply the


following steps:

1. Put related terms together and related terms together. Transpose the
constant term to the other side of the equation.

2. Perform completing the square for related terms together and related
terms together.

3. Express the perfect square trinomials as the square of binomials.

Example: Find the radius and the center of the circle defined by the equation
.

Example: Find the equation of the line tangent to the circle at

the point .

THE PARABOLA

7|Calculus with Analytical Geometry


A parabola is the set of all points in a plane equidistant from a fixed
point F called the focusand a fixed line L(not containing the focus) called the
directrix.

The vertex V is the midpoint betyween the focus and the directrix.

The line through the focus F perpendicular to the directrix L is called


the axis of symmetry of the parabola.

The latus rectum of a parabola is the line segment connecting two


points of the parabola, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry and passing
through the focus. The length of the latus rectum is 4 a , where a is the
focal distance (the distance from the vertex to the focus).

EQUATIONS OF A PARABOLA

A. Standard Form

8|Calculus with Analytical Geometry


Example: Find the equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and the

focus at .

Example: Find the equation of a parabola with vertex at the point of origin
and the equation of the directrix is .

9|Calculus with Analytical Geometry


Find the equations of two parabolas passing through the point with

vertex at

Express the standard equation of the parabola defined by


. Identify the coordinates of the vertex, foci, endpoints of the latus rectum,
and the equation of the directrix.

Solution:

10 | C a l c u l u s w i t h A n a l y t i c a l G e o m e t r y
Arranging the equation,

Then, by completing the square to convert the equation into standard form ,

Now, we can rewrite the equation into the form of so we


have

Therefore, and the vertex is at .

Since the parabola is opening to the right, the focus is

Also, since the length of the latus rectum is , then the length of the latus
rectum is equal to 12. Note that the one half of the latus rectum is from
focus up to its endpoints in the upper part of the
parabola. and the other half is from focus up to
its endpoints in the lower part of the parabola.

*see picture for reference

Therefore, to find the coordinates of the


endpoints of the latus rectum we will add and
subtract 6 units on the - coordinate of the focus. We have

11 | C a l c u l u s w i t h A n a l y t i c a l G e o m e t r y
For the equation of directrix,

The graph will be

College of Teacher Education


Med 212 – Calculus 1 with Analytic
Geometry
Activity 2
Name:

12 | C a l c u l u s w i t h A n a l y t i c a l G e o m e t r y
Section:

1. Find the general equation and the standard equation of the circle given

the center at and radius of units. Graph the circle.

2. Find the general equation and the standard equation of the circle given
the center at the intersection of the lines and and
radius of units. Graph the circle.

3. Find the area of a circle defined by .

4. Find the equation of the circle with center at and is tangent to the
line .

5. Find the standard equation of the parabola with vertex at and with

endpoints of the latus rectum at and .

6. Find the general equation of the parabola with vertex at and which
length of the latus rectum is 8 units. The axis of symmetry is parallel to the y
– axis and the parabola opens upward.

7. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at and focus at


(−4 ,−2 ).

8. Transform the equation to standard form and then


determine the vertex, focus, endpoints of the latus rectum and directrix.

13 | C a l c u l u s w i t h A n a l y t i c a l G e o m e t r y

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