ACADEMIC WINDOW

GRADE 10-PHYSICS
2024-25

LIGHT- REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

 Reflection of light at curved surfaces, Images

formed by spherical mirrors, centre of curvature,
principal axis, principal focus, and focal length

 Mirror Formula (Derivation not required), Magnification

 Refraction: Laws of refraction, refractive index

 Refraction of light by spherical lens, Image formed

by spherical lenses, Lens formula (Derivation not
required), Magnification

 Power of a lens: Functioning of a lens in human

eye, problems of vision and remedies, applications
of spherical mirrors and lenses
7
MIRROR
FORMULA

MAGNIFICATION
FOR MIRRORS

IMAGE
FORMATION BY
CONCAVE
MIRROR

IMAGE
FORMATION BY
CONVEX
MIRROR

8
RULES OF Rule 1
REFRACTION
When a ray of light goes from an optically rarer medium
OF LIGHT
to an optically denser medium, it bends towards the
normal.

Rule 2

When a ray of light goes from an optically denser

medium to an optically rarer medium, it bends away from
the normal.

Snell’s la w. The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of

angle of refraction is constant for a given pair of media.

= Constant
Summary of S Position of Position of Size of Nature of
Image Formed No. Object Image Image Image
Highly
by a Convex Le Real and
1. At infinity At the focus diminished,
inverted
ns Point sized
Between the
focus and Real and
2. Beyond 2F Diminished
centre of inverted
curvature
At the
Real and
3. At 2F centre of Same size
inverted
9
curvature
 Beyond the
Between F Real and
4. centre of Enlarged
and 2F inverted
curvature
At the focus Highly Real and
5. At infinity
F enlarged inverted
Between the
focus F and Behind the Virtual
6. Enlarged
optical object and erect
centre C
Summary of SNo Position of Position of Size of Nature of
. Object Image Image Image
Image Formed
Highly
by a Concave Le Virtual
1. At infinity At the focus diminished,
and erect
ns Point sized
Between the Between
infinity and focus and Virtual
2. Diminished
optical optical and erect
LENS FORMULA centre centre

Where, v = Distance of image from optical centre of

lens
u = Distance of object from optical centre of lens
and f = Focal length of lens

The lens formula is applicable both in convex lenses

and concave lenses

MAGNIFICATION height of image (image size)

OF A LENS
height of object (object size)

=v/u

10
POWER OF A Power=1/f
LENS
where, p = power of the lens
f = focal length of the lens in meter s

SIGN
CONVENTION

11
 LIGHT: REFLECTION AND
REFRACTION

 Light: It is a form of electromagnetic radiation which is considered as waves.

These waves are electromagnetic and non-mechanical that do notrequire any
material medium for propagation
 Speed of light: The speed of light depends upon the nature of the medium
it is traveling. In space or vacuum its speed is 3x108m/s.
 Real image: The image is said to be real if the rays actually meet. A real image
can be obtained on the screen.
 Virtual image. The image is said to be virtual when rays do not actually
meet, but appear to meet when produced backward.
 Reflection of light: When light traveling from one medium falls on the
surface of another medium, a portion of the incident light is turned back
into the first medium. This is called reflection of light.
 Laws of reflection of light:
 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
 The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror at the
point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
 Terms related to Spherical Mirrors
 Spherical mirror: It is a mirror whose reflecting surface forms a part of
a hollow sphere
 Concave mirror: It is the spherical mirror in which the reflection of light
takes place from the inner hollow surface
 Convex mirror. It is the spherical mirror in which the reflection of light
takes place from the outer bulged surface
 Pole (P). It is the middle point of the spherical mirror.
 Centre of curvature(C). It is the centre of the sphere of which the
mirror forms a part.
 Radius of curvature(R). It is the radius of the sphere of which the
mirror forms a part.

13
 
Principal axis. The line passing through the pole and the centre of
curvature of the mirror is called its radius of curvature
 Principal focus (F). It is the point on the principal axis where a beam
parallel to the principal axis either actually converges to or appears to
diverge from, after reflection from the mirror
 Focal length ( f ). It is the distance between the focus and the pole of
the mirror.
 Plane mirrors form images which are virtual, erect, same sized and
laterally inverted
 Convex mirrors form images which are virtual diminished and erect.
 Concave mirrors form images which can be real / virtual, inverted /
erect, and diminished / same sized / enlarged depending upon the
position the object
 Reflection by spherical Mirrors
The position of the image formed by spherical mirrors can be studied by
considering any two of the following rays of light coming from a point on
the object
 The ray parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus F of a
concave mirror after reflection .Whereas it appears to pass through the
principal focus of a convex mirror
 A ray passing through the principal focus in a concave mirror or a ray
which is directed towards it (in a convex mirror) is reflected parallel to
the principal axis.
 A ray passing through the centre of curvature falls on the concave or
convex is reflected back along its own path.
 Image formed by Concave mirror
 The nature, size and the position of the image formed by a concave
mirror changes with the distance of the object from the mirror.
 If the object is beyond C, the image is always diminished and for object
within C the image is always enlarged.
 If the object is at C, the image of the same size is obtained. In this case
u = v = R = 2f
 Virtual and erect image is obtained only when the object b/w F and P.
 Convex mirrors are used as shaving mirrors, used in search lights, torch
lights and car head lights. Used to concentrate heat radiations from sun
in solar furnaces
 Image formed by Convex mirror
 Only virtual, erect and diminished images can be formed by the convex
mirror.

14
  Concave mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles.
 Lens. It is the portion of a transparent medium bounded by two surfaces,
at least one of which is a curved surface
 Concave lens. It is thicker at the centre than at the edges. It converges
a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. It has a real focus
 Concave lens. It is thinner at the centre than at the edges. It diverges
a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. It has a virtual focus
 Centre of curvature (C. It is the centre of the sphere of which it forms
a part. Because a lens has two surfaces, so it has two centre of curvature
 Radius of curvature(R) The radius of curvature of the surface of a lens
is the radius of the sphere of which the surface forms a part.
 Optical centre(O) It is a point situated within the lens through which a
ray of light passes undeviated
 Focal length(f) I t is the distance between the principal focus and the
optical centre of the lens
 Aperture. I t is the diameter of the circular boundary of the lens.

 Image formed by a convex lens

 The nature, size and the position of the image formed by a convex lens
changes with the distance of the object from the lens
 If the object is beyond 2F, the image is always diminished and for object
within 2F the image is always enlarged.
 If the object is at 2F, the image of the same size is obtained. In this case
u = v = R = 2f
 Virtual and erect image is obtained only when the object b/w F and O.
 Image formed by Concave lens
 Only virtual, erect and diminished images can be formed by the convex
mirror.
Note: The focal length of a concave lens is positive and that of a convex lens
negative.

 Dioptre: The S.I unit of power of a lens is Dioptre denoted by the symbol
D. One dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 meter.
 Refraction of light: When light passes from one transparent medium to
another, the ray of light changes its path. This phenomenon is called
refraction of light .It is due to the change in speed of light in going from one
medium to another. Some phenomena observed in day today life due
refraction are
 When a thick glass slab is placed over some printed matter the letters
appear raised when viewed through the glass slab.

15
  A pencil partly immersed in water appears to be bent at the interface of
water and air.
 Lateral shift or displacement depends on the refractive index of the
glass, the angle of incidence and the thickness of the glass slab.
 Refractive index: The refractive index of the second medium is equal
to speed of light in the first medium divided by speed of light in thesecond
medium
speed of light in the first medium v
 2
v1
n21 = speed of light in the sec ond medium

 Absolute refractive index: When the first medium is vacuum, then the
refractive index of the second medium with respect to vacuum(known
as absolute refractive index of the medium) is n

speedof lightinvacuum c

speedof lightinthemedium v
Refractive index =

16
 ASSIGNMENT – LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

Class Work Homework Evaluation

LEGENDS

TWO MARK QUESTIONS – 1, 2,4

1. THREE MARK QUESTIONS – 2, 4, 5
Class Work FIVE MARK QUESTIONS – 1

TWO MARK QUESTIONS – 3, 5

2. THREE MARK QUESTIONS – 1, 3
Homework FIVE MARK QUESTIONS – 2

3.

Evaluation
The heat produced at a point due to concentration of sunlight by a convex lens burns a
paper.
1 (2
mark) (a) Explain why it happens.
(b) Name the term (in the context of the lens used) given to the point at which the paper
starts burning. What does the bright spot formed on the paper represent
5 (2 A mirror forms a virtual, erect, and dimished image of an object. Identify the type of this
mark) mirror. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
1 (3 a) Complete the following ray diagram to show the formation of image:
mark)
 b) Mention the nature, position and size of the image formed in this case.
c) State the sign of the image distance in this case using the Cartesian sign convention.
A student has focused the image of an object of height 3 cm on a white screen using a
concave mirror of focal length 12 cm. If the distance of the object from the mirror is 18
3 (3
cm, find the values of the following:
mark)
a) Distance of the image from the mirror.
b) Height of the image.
a) Upper half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Draw a ray diagram to show
the formation of image of an object placed at a distance of 2F from such a lens. Mention
the position and nature of the image formed. State the observable difference in the image
2 (5
mark) obtained if the lens is uncovered. Give reason to justify your answer.
b) An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from the optical centre of a concave lens of
focal length 15 cm. Use lens formula to determine the distance of the image from the
optical centre of the lens.
 LIGHT
A. MCQ
1) How will the image formed by a convex lens be affected, if the upper half of the lens is wrapped
with a black paper?
a. The size of the image formed will be one- b. The image of upper half of the object
half of the size of the image due to will not be formed.
complete lens.
c. The brightness of the image will reduce d. The lower half of the inverted image will
not be formed
2) The colour of light for which the refractive index of glass is minimum, is:
a. Red b. Green
c. Yellow d. Violet
3) At what distance from a convex lens should an object be placed to get an image of the same size
as that of the object on a screen?
a. Beyond twice the focal length of the lens b. At the principal focus of the lens
c. At twice the focal length of the lens d. Between the optical centre of the lens
and its principal focus
4) When an object is placed beyond 2F of a convex lens, the nature of the image formed is:
a. Real, inverted, and diminished b. Real, erect, and magnified
c. Virtual, erect, and magnified d. Real, inverted and magnified
5) The following diagram shows the use of an optical device to perform an experiment of light. As
per the arrangement shown, the optical device is likely to be a:

a. Concave mirror b. Concave lens

c. Convex mirror d. Convex lens
6) If a lens can converge the sun rays at a point 20 cm, away from its optical centre, the power of
this lens is-
a. +2D b. -2D
c. +5D d. -5D
7) A real image is formed by the light rays after reflection or refraction when they:
A. Actually, meet or intersect with each other.
B. Actually, converge at a point.
C. Appear to meet when they are produced in the backward direction.
D. Appear to diverge from a point.
Which of the above statements are correct?
a. A and D b. B and D
c. A and B d. B and C
8) A student obtains a blurred image of a distant object on a screen using a convex lens. To obtain a distinct
image on the screen he should move the lens
a. away from the screen b. towards the screen
c. to a position very far away from the screen d. either towards or away from the screen
depending upon the position of the object
9) A student has focused on the screen a distant building using a convex lens. If he has selected a blue
coloured building as object, select from the following options the one which gives the correct
characteristics of the image formed on the screen.
a. Virtual, erect, diminished, and green shade b. Real, inverted, diminished and in violet
shade
c. Real, inverted, diminished and in blue shade d. Virtual, inverted, diminished and in blue
shade
10) The image formed by a plane mirror is
a. Virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged b. Virtual, behind the mirror and of the
same size as the object
c. Real, at the surface of the mirror and d. Real, behind the mirror and of the same
enlarged size as the object
11) An object is placed infront of a convex mirror at infinity. According to the New Cartesian Sign
Convention, the sign of the focal length and the sign of the image in this case are respectively:
a. +, - b. -, +
c. -,- d. +, +
12) In torches, search lights and headlights of vehicles the bulb is placed
a. between the pole and the focus of the b. between the focus and centre of
reflector curvature of the reflector
c. very near to the focus of the reflector d. at the centre of curvature of the reflector
13) To obtain a magnification of +2 with a concave mirror of radius of curvature 60 cm the object
distance must be
a. -90 cm b. -45 cm
c. -30 cm d. -15 cm
14) A student wants to obtain an erect image of an object using a concave mirror of 10 cm focal
length. What will be the distance of the object from mirror?
a. Less than 10 cm b. 10 cm
c. Between 10 cm and 20 cm d. More than 20 cm
15) In which of the following is a concave mirror used?
a. A solar cooker b. A rear-view mirror vehicle
c. A safety mirror in shopping malls d. In viewing full size image of distant tall
buildings
16) Which of the following statements is not true in reference to the diagram shown above?

a. Image formed is real b. Image formed is enlarged

c. Image is formed at a distance equal to d. Image formed is inverted
double the focal length
17) Three students A, B and C focused a distant building on a screen with the help of a concave mirror. To
determine focal length of the concave mirror they measured the distances as given below:
Student A: From mirror to the screen
Student B: From building to the screen
Student C: From building to the mirror
Who measured the focal length correctly:
a. Only A b. Only B
c. A and B d. B and C
18) To determine the approximate value of the focal length of a given concave mirror, you focus the
image of a distant object formed by the mirror on a screen. The image obtained on the screen,
as compared to the object is always:
a. Laterally inverted and diminished b. Erect and diminished
 c. Inverted and diminished d. Erect and highly diminished
19) A student very cautiously traces the path of a ray through a glass slab for different values of the angle of
incidence ( i). He then measures the corresponding values of the angle of refraction ( r) and the angle
of emergence ( e) for every value of the angle of incidence. On analyzing these measurements of
angles, his conclusion would be
a. 𝑖 = 𝑒 < 𝑟 b. 𝑖 > 𝑒 > 𝑟
c. 𝑖 < 𝑒 < 𝑟 d. 𝑖 = 𝑒 > 𝑟
20) The correct sequencing of angle of incidence, angle of emergence, angle of refraction and lateral
displacement shown in the following diagram by digits 1, 2, 3 and 4 is :

a. 2, 4, 1, 3 b. 2, 1, 4, 3
c. 1, 2, 4, 3 d. 2, 1, 3, 4

B. ASSERTION AND REASON

1) Assertion(A): A concave lens of very short focal length causes higher divergence than
one with a longer focal length.
Reason (R): The power of a lens is directly proportional to its focal length.
2) Assertion(A): The SI unit of power of lens is ‘dioptre’.
Reason (R): The power of concave lens is positive and that of a convex lens is negative.
3) Assertion(A): ENT specialists use a concave mirror as a head mirror to concentrate light on
the body parts like eye, ear, nose etc.
Reason (R): A concave mirror is more effective and easily available.
4) Assertion(A): Keeping a point object fixed, if a plane mirror is moved, the image will also move.
Reason (R): In case of a plane mirror, distance of object and its image is equal from any point
on the mirror.
5) Assertion(A): Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar
cookers.
Reason (R): Concave mirror converges the light rays falling on it a point.
6) Assertion(A): When a concave mirror is held under water, its focal length will increase.
Reason (R): The focal length of a concave mirror is independent of the medium in which it is
placed.
7) Assertion(A): The value of F in a concave mirror is taken as negative and in a convex mirror is
taken as positive.
Reason (R): All distances measured to the right of the origin are taken as positive and those
measured along the left of the origin are taken as negative.
8) Assertion(A): Higher is the refractive index of a medium or denser is the medium, lesser is the
velocity of light in that medium.
Reason (R): Refractive index is inversely proportional to velocity.
9) Assertion(A): A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror after
reflection, is reflected back along the same path.
Reason (R): The incident rays fall on the mirror along the normal to the reflecting surface.
10) Assertion(A): A ray of light travelling from a rarer medium to a denser medium slows
down and bends away from the normal. When it travels from a denser medium to a rarer
medium, it speeds up and bends towards the normal.
Reason (R): The speed of light is higher in a rarer medium than a denser medium.

C. TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1) The heat produced at a point due to concentration of sunlight by a convex lens burns a paper.
(a) Explain why it happens.
(b) Name the term (in the context of the lens used) given to the point at which the paper starts
burning. What does the bright spot formed on the paper represent
2) “The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is +3”. Based on this statement answer
the following questions:
a) What is the type of mirror?
b) Where is the object located?
c) List two properties of the image formed (other than the size/magnification).
3) An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the
position of the image formed by the mirror.
4) A ray of light falls making an angle of incidence θ on the surface of a glass slab. Draw a labelled
ray diagram to show its path. Also mark lateral displacement on it.
5) A mirror forms a virtual, erect, and dimished image of an object. Identify the type of this mirror.
Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.

D. THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1) a) Complete the following ray diagram to show the formation of image:

b) Mention the nature, position and size of the image formed in this case.
c) State the sign of the image distance in this case using the Cartesian sign convention.
2) A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on a screen 60 cm in front of a mirror by
keeping the candle at a distance of 15 cm from its pole.
a) Name the type of mirror used.
b) Also calculate:
(i) Magnification of the image produced.
(ii) Distance between object and its image.
c) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation.
3) A student has focused the image of an object of height 3 cm on a white screen using a concave
mirror of focal length 12 cm. If the distance of the object from the mirror is 18 cm, find the values
of the following:
a) Distance of the image from the mirror.
b) Height of the image.
4) The magnification produced when an object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a spherical
mirror is +1/2. Where should the object be placed to reduce the magnification to +1/3.
5) Draw ray diagram in each of the following cases to show what happens after reflection to the
incident ray when
a) It is parallel to its principal axis and falling on a convex mirror.
b) It is falling on a concave mirror while passing through its principal focus.
 c) It is coming oblique to the principal axis and falling on the pole of a convex mirror.

E. FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1) a) Upper half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Draw a ray diagram to show the
formation of image of an object placed at a distance of 2F from such a lens. Mention the position
and nature of the image formed. State the observable difference in the image obtained if the lens
is uncovered. Give reason to justify your answer.
b) An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from the optical centre of a concave lens of focal
length 15 cm. Use lens formula to determine the distance of the image from the optical centre of
the lens.
2) a) State laws of reflection of light.
b) An object of height 5 cm is placed at 15 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10
cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed, so that a focussed image is
obtained on it? Find the height of the image.

F. CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

1) A highly polished surface such as a mirror reflects most of the light falling on it. In our daily life
we use two types of mirrors – plane and spherical. The reflecting surface of a spherical mirrors
may be curved inwards or outwards. In concave mirrors, reflection takes place from the inner
surface, while in convex mirrors reflection takes place from the outer surface.
a) Define the principal axis of a concave mirror.
b) A ray of light is incident on a concave mirror, parallel to its principal axis. If this ray after
reflection from the mirrror passes through the principal axis from a point at a distance of 10 cm
from the pole of the mirror, find the radius of curavture of the mirror.
c) An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from the pole of a convex mirror of focal length 15
cm. Find the position of the image.
OR
c) A mirror forms a virtual, erect and dimished image of an object. Identify the type of this mirror.
Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
2) A compound microscope is an instrument which consists of two lenses L 1 and L2. The lens L1
called objective, forms a real, inverted, and magnified image of the given object. This serves as
 the object for the second lens L2, the eye piece. The eye piece functions like a simple microscope
or magnifier. It produces the final image, which is inverted with respect to the original object,
enlarged and virtual.
i. What types of lenses must be L1 and L2 ?
a. Both concave b. Both convex
c. L1 – concave and L2 – convex d. L1 – convex and L2 – concave
ii. What is the value and sign of magnification (according to the new Cartesian sign convention) of
the image formed by L1?
a. Value = Less than 1 and Sign = Positive b. Value = More than 1 and Sign = Positive
c. Value = Less than 1 and Sign = Negative d. Value = More than 1 and Sign =
Negative
iii. What is the value and sign of magnification (according to the new Cartesian sign convention) of
the image formed by L2?
a. Value = Less than 1 and Sign = Positive b. Value = More than 1 and Sign = Positive
c. Value = Less than 1 and Sign = Negative d. Value = More than 1 and Sign =
Negative
iv. If power of the eyepiece (L2) is 5 diopters and it forms an image at a distance of 80 cm from its
optical centre, at what distance should the object be?
a. 12 cm b. 16 cm
c. 18 cm d. 20 cm
OR
iv. You are provided with two lenses of focal length 20 cm and 40 cm, respectively. Which lens will
you use to obtain more convergent light?
a. 20 cm b. 40 cm
c. Both d. None of these
 ANSWERS
A. MCQ
1) (C) The brightness of the image will reduce
2) (A) Red
3) (C) The brightness of the image will reduce
4) (A) Real, inverted, and diminished
5) (B) Concave lens
6) (C) +5D
7) (C) A and B
8) (D) either towards or away from the screen depending upon the position of the object
9) (C) Real, inverted, diminished and in blue shade
10) (B) Virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object
11) (D) +, +
12) (C) very near to the focus of the reflector
13) (D) -15 cm
14) (A) Less than 10 cm
15) (A) A solar cooker
16) (B) Image formed is enlarged
17) (A) Only A
18) (C) Inverted and diminished
19) (A) 𝑖 = 𝑒 < 𝑟
20) (B) 2, 1, 4, 3
B. ASSERTION AND REASON
1) A is true but R is false
2) A is true but R is false
3) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
4) A is false, but R is true
5) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion
6) A is false, but R is true
7) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion
8) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion
9) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion
10) A is false, but R is true
 F. CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
1) a) The straight line passing through the center of curvature and pole of concave mirror is called
its principal axis.
b) 20 cm.
c) 6 cm.
OR
c) Convex mirror. Drawing ray diagram.
2) i. (B) Both convex
ii. (D) Value = More than 1 and Sign = Negative
iii. (B) Value = More than 1 and Sign = Positive
iv. (B) 16 cm
OR
iv. (A) 20 cm
Summary