APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: [email protected]

HCMC — 2024.
Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 1 / 79
 OUTLINE

1 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 2 / 79
 OUTLINE

1 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

2 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 2 / 79
 OUTLINE

1 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

2 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

3 TAYLOR - MACLAURIN APPROXIMATIONS

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 2 / 79
 OUTLINE

1 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

2 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

3 TAYLOR - MACLAURIN APPROXIMATIONS

4 MATL AB

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 2 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule

INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

L’ Hospital’s rule is applied to the following

indeterminate forms
7 indeterminate forms

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 3 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule

INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

L’ Hospital’s rule is applied to the following

indeterminate forms
7 indeterminate forms
∞
∞

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 3 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule

INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

L’ Hospital’s rule is applied to the following

indeterminate forms
7 indeterminate forms
∞ 0
,
∞ 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 3 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule

INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

L’ Hospital’s rule is applied to the following

indeterminate forms
7 indeterminate forms
∞ 0
, , ∞−∞
∞ 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 3 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule

INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

L’ Hospital’s rule is applied to the following

indeterminate forms
7 indeterminate forms
∞ 0
, , ∞ − ∞ , 0.∞
∞ 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 3 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule

INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

L’ Hospital’s rule is applied to the following

indeterminate forms
7 indeterminate forms
∞ 0
, , ∞ − ∞ , 0.∞ ,1∞
∞ 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 3 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule

INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

L’ Hospital’s rule is applied to the following

indeterminate forms
7 indeterminate forms
∞ 0
, , ∞ − ∞ , 0.∞ ,1∞ , ∞0
∞ 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 3 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule

INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

L’ Hospital’s rule is applied to the following

indeterminate forms
7 indeterminate forms
∞ 0
, , ∞ − ∞ , 0.∞ ,1∞ , ∞0 , 00
∞ 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 3 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

0
INDETERMINATE FORM OF TYPE
0

DEFINITION 1.1
f (x)
Evaluate lim , where lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0.
x→a g (x) x→a x→a
This kind of limit is called an indeterminate form of
0
0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 4 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.1
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 5 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.1
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)
2
lim f (x) = 0, lim g (x) = 0
x→a x→a

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 5 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.1
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)
2
lim f (x) = 0, lim g (x) = 0
x→a x→a
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval (a, b] and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 5 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.1
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)
2
lim f (x) = 0, lim g (x) = 0
x→a x→a
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval (a, b] and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0
f ′ (x)
4
lim = K (K may be a real number or infinity)
x→a g ′ (x)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 5 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.1
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)
2
lim f (x) = 0, lim g (x) = 0
x→a x→a
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval (a, b] and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0
f ′ (x)
4
lim = K (K may be a real number or infinity)
x→a g ′ (x)

f (x)
Then lim =K
x→a g (x)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 5 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

EXAMPLE 1.1
tan x − x
Evaluate I = lim
x→0 x − sin x

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 6 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

EXAMPLE 1.1
tan x − x
Evaluate I = lim
x→0 x − sin x

SOLUTION
1
(tan x − x)′ cos2 x
−1
I = lim = lim =
x→0 (x − sin x)′ x→0 1 − cos x

(1 − cos x)(1 + cos x) 1 + cos x 2

= lim = lim = =2
x→0 cos2 x(1 − cos x) x→0 cos2 x 1

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 6 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.2
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 7 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.2
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = 0
x→+∞ x→+∞

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 7 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.2
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = 0
x→+∞ x→+∞
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval [c, +∞) and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 7 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.2
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = 0
x→+∞ x→+∞
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval [c, +∞) and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0
f ′ (x)
4
lim = K (K may be a real number or
x→+∞ g ′ (x)
infinity)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 7 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

THEOREM 1.2
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = 0
x→+∞ x→+∞
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval [c, +∞) and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0
f ′ (x)
4
lim = K (K may be a real number or
x→+∞ g ′ (x)
infinity)
f (x)
Then lim =K.
x→+∞ g (x)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 7 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

EXAMPLE 1.2
1
e x −1
Evaluate I = lim 1
x→+∞
x

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 8 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

EXAMPLE 1.2
1
e x −1
Evaluate I = lim 1
x→+∞
x

SOLUTION
³ 1 ´′
1
e x −1 e x .(− x12 ) 1
I = lim ¡ 1 ¢′ = lim 1
= lim e x = 1
x→+∞ x→+∞ − x2 x→+∞
x

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 8 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

0
BASIC INDETERMINATE FORM OF TYPE I
0
sin x
1
lim =1
x→0 x
l og a (1 + x) 1
2
lim = l og a e = , (a > 0, a ̸= 1)
x→0 x ln a
ln(1 + x)
3
lim =1
x→0 x
ax − 1
4
lim = ln a, (a > 0, a ̸= 1)
x→0 x
ex − 1
5
lim =1
x→0 x
(1 + x)α − 1
6
lim = α, (α ∈ R)
x→0 x
Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 9 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type 00

0
BASIC INDETERMINATE FORM OF TYPE II
0

pn
1+x −1 1
7
lim = , (n ∈ N)
x→0
p x n
1+x −1 1
8
lim =
x→0 x 2
arcsin x arctan x
9
lim = 1, lim =1
x→0 x x→0 x
sinh x cosh x − 1 1
10
lim = 1, lim =
x→0 x x→0 x2 2

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 10 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

DEFINITION 1.2
f (x)
Evaluate lim , where lim f (x) = +∞ and
x→a g (x) x→a
lim g (x) = +∞. This kind of limit is called an
x→a
∞
indeterminate form of
∞

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 11 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.3
Suppose
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 12 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.3
Suppose
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = +∞
x→a x→a

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 12 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.3
Suppose
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = +∞
x→a x→a
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval (a, b] and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 12 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.3
Suppose
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = +∞
x→a x→a
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval (a, b] and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0
f ′ (x)
4
lim = K (K may be a real number or infinity)
x→a g ′ (x)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 12 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.3
Suppose
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval
(a, b](a < b)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = +∞
x→a x→a
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval (a, b] and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0
f ′ (x)
4
lim = K (K may be a real number or infinity)
x→a g ′ (x)

f (x)
Then lim =K
x→a g (x)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 12 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

EXAMPLE 1.3
ln x
Evaluate I = lim+ 1
x→0
x

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 13 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

EXAMPLE 1.3
ln x
Evaluate I = lim+ 1
x→0
x

SOLUTION
1
(ln x)′ x
I = lim+ ¡ 1 ¢′ = lim+ = lim+ (−x) = 0
x→0 x→0 − 12 x→0
x x

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 13 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.4
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 14 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.4
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = +∞
x→+∞ x→+∞

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 14 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.4
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = +∞
x→+∞ x→+∞
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval [c, +∞) and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 14 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.4
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = +∞
x→+∞ x→+∞
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval [c, +∞) and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0
f ′ (x)
4
lim = K (K may be a real number or
x→+∞ g ′ (x)
infinity)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 14 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

THEOREM 1.4
Suppose that
1
f (x) and g (x) are defined on the interval [c, +∞)
2
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = +∞
x→+∞ x→+∞
′ ′
3
f (x) and g (x) exist on the interval [c, +∞) and
g ′ (x) ̸= 0
f ′ (x)
4
lim = K (K may be a real number or
x→+∞ g ′ (x)
infinity)
f (x)
Then lim =K.
x→+∞ g (x)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 14 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

EXAMPLE 1.4
x
Evaluate I = lim
x→+∞ 2x

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 15 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

EXAMPLE 1.4
x
Evaluate I = lim
x→+∞ 2x

SOLUTION
x (x)′ 1
I = lim x = lim = lim =0
x→+∞ 2 x→+∞ (2x )′ x→+∞ 2x ln 2

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 15 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Indeterminate form of type ∞
∞

∞
BASIC INDETERMINATE FORM OF TYPE
∞

xα
1
lim = 0 (a > 1)
x→+∞ a x
lnα x
2
lim = 0 (∀α > 0, β > 0)
x→+∞ x β

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 16 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE PRODUCTS 0.∞

DEFINITION 1.3
i h
Evaluate lim f (x).g (x) , where lim f (x) = 0 and
x→a x→a
lim g (x) = ∞. This kind of limit is called an
x→a
indeterminate form of 0.∞.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 17 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE PRODUCTS 0.∞

DEFINITION 1.3
i h
Evaluate lim f (x).g (x) , where lim f (x) = 0 and
x→a x→a
lim g (x) = ∞. This kind of limit is called an
x→a
indeterminate form of 0.∞.
We can deal with it by writing the product f .g as a
quotient
f (x) g (x)
f (x).g (x) = 1
= 1
g (x) f (x)
This converts the given limit into an indeterminate
0 ∞
form of type or so we can use L’Hospital’s rule.
0 ∞
Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 17 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

EXAMPLE 1.5
³ ´
Evaluate I = lim+ x. ln x
x→0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 18 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

EXAMPLE 1.5
³ ´
Evaluate I = lim+ x. ln x
x→0

SOLUTION
1
ln x (ln x)′
I = lim+ −1 = lim+ −1 ′ = lim+ x −2 = lim+ (−x) = 0
x→0 x x→0 (x ) x→0 −x x→0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 18 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE FORM OF TYPE ∞ − ∞

DEFINITION 1.4
If lim f (x) = lim g (x) = ∞, then the limit
x→a
h x→ai
lim f (x) − g (x) is called an indeterminate form of
x→a
type ∞ − ∞

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 19 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE FORM OF TYPE ∞ − ∞

DEFINITION 1.4
If lim f (x) = lim g (x) = ∞, then the limit
x→a
h x→ai
lim f (x) − g (x) is called an indeterminate form of
x→a
type ∞ − ∞
We try to convert the difference into quotient (for
instance, by using a common denominator, or
rationalization, or factoring out a common factor) so
that we have an indeterminate form of type 00 or ∞∞
.
1 1
1 1 g (x)
− f (x)
f (x) − g (x) = 1
− 1
= 1
f (x) g (x)
. 1
f (x) g (x)
Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 19 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

EXAMPLE 1.6
µ ¶
1
Evaluate I = lim − tan x
x→π/2 cos x

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 20 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

EXAMPLE 1.6
µ ¶
1
Evaluate I = lim − tan x
x→π/2 cos x

SOLUTION
1 − sin x
µ ¶
1
I = lim − tan x = lim =
x→π/2 cos x x→π/2 cos x

(1 − sin x)′ − cos x

= lim = lim = 0.
x→π/2 (cos x)′ x→π/2 − sin x

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 20 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE POWERS 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
Several indeterminate forms arise from the
lim [ f (x)]g (x)
x→a

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 21 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE POWERS 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
Several indeterminate forms arise from the
lim [ f (x)]g (x)
x→a
1
lim f (x) = 1 and lim g (x) = ∞ type 1∞
x→a x→a

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 21 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE POWERS 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
Several indeterminate forms arise from the
lim [ f (x)]g (x)
x→a
1
lim f (x) = 1 and lim g (x) = ∞ type 1∞
x→a x→a
2
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0 type 00
x→a x→a

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 21 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE POWERS 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
Several indeterminate forms arise from the
lim [ f (x)]g (x)
x→a
1
lim f (x) = 1 and lim g (x) = ∞ type 1∞
x→a x→a
2
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0 type 00
x→a x→a
3
lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g (x) = 0 type ∞0
x→a x→a

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 21 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE POWERS 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
Several indeterminate forms arise from the
lim [ f (x)]g (x)
x→a
1
lim f (x) = 1 and lim g (x) = ∞ type 1∞
x→a x→a
2
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0 type 00
x→a x→a
3
lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g (x) = 0 type ∞0
x→a x→a
g (x)
Let y = f (x) , then ln y = g (x) ln f (x).
1
If lim ln y = K ∈ R then lim f (x)g (x) = e K
x→a x→a

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 21 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE POWERS 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
Several indeterminate forms arise from the
lim [ f (x)]g (x)
x→a
1
lim f (x) = 1 and lim g (x) = ∞ type 1∞
x→a x→a
2
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0 type 00
x→a x→a
3
lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g (x) = 0 type ∞0
x→a x→a
g (x)
Let y = f (x) , then ln y = g (x) ln f (x).
1
If lim ln y = K ∈ R then lim f (x)g (x) = e K
x→a x→a
2
If lim ln y = +∞ then lim f (x)g (x) = +∞.
x→a x→a

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 21 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE POWERS 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
Several indeterminate forms arise from the
lim [ f (x)]g (x)
x→a
1
lim f (x) = 1 and lim g (x) = ∞ type 1∞
x→a x→a
2
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0 type 00
x→a x→a
3
lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g (x) = 0 type ∞0
x→a x→a
g (x)
Let y = f (x) , then ln y = g (x) ln f (x).
1
If lim ln y = K ∈ R then lim f (x)g (x) = e K
x→a x→a
2
If lim ln y = +∞ then lim f (x)g (x) = +∞.
x→a x→a
3
If lim ln y = −∞ then lim f (x)g (x) = 0.
x→a x→a
Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 21 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

INDETERMINATE POWERS 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
Several indeterminate forms arise from the
lim [ f (x)]g (x)
x→a
1
lim f (x) = 1 and lim g (x) = ∞ type 1∞
x→a x→a
2
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0 type 00
x→a x→a
3
lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g (x) = 0 type ∞0
x→a x→a
g (x)
Let y = f (x) , then ln y = g (x) ln f (x).
1
If lim ln y = K ∈ R then lim f (x)g (x) = e K
x→a x→a
2
If lim ln y = +∞ then lim f (x)g (x) = +∞.
x→a x→a
3
If lim ln y = −∞ then lim f (x)g (x) = 0.
x→a x→a
Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 21 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

EXAMPLE 1.7
Evaluate I = lim(1 + sin 4x)cot x
x→0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 22 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

EXAMPLE 1.7
Evaluate I = lim(1 + sin 4x)cot x
x→0

SOLUTION As x → 0, we have 1 + sin 4x → 1 and

cot x → ∞, so the given limit is indeterminate form
type 1∞ . Let y = (1 + sin 4x)cot x then
ln y = ln(1 + sin 4x)cot x = cot x ln(1 + sin 4x), so
L’Hospital’s rule gives
4 cos 4x
ln(1 + sin 4x)
lim ln y = lim = lim 1+sin
1
4x
=
x→0 x→0 tan x x→0
cos2 x

4 cos 4x. cos2 x 4

= lim = = 4 ⇒ lim y = lim e ln y = e 4 .
x→0 1 + sin 4x 1 x→0 x→0
Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 22 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

EXAMPLE 1.8
Evaluate I = lim+ x x
x→0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 23 / 79
 Indeterminate forms and L’ Hospital’s rule Another indeterminate forms

EXAMPLE 1.8
Evaluate I = lim+ x x
x→0

SOLUTION

I = lim+ x x (type 00 ) = lim+ e x ln x = e 0 = 1

x→0 x→0

since
ln x ∞
lim+ x ln x (type 0.∞) = lim+ 1
(type )=
x→0 x→0
x
∞
1
(ln x)′ x
= lim+ ¡ 1 ¢′ = lim+ = lim+ (−x) = 0.
x→0 x→0 − 12 x→0
x x

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 23 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Global maximum, global minimum

GLOBAL MAXIMUM, GLOBAL MINIMUM

DEFINITION 2.1
Let c be a number in the domain D of a function f .
Then f (c) is the
1
global (absolute) maximum value of f on D if
f (c) Ê f (x) for all x ∈ D.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 24 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Global maximum, global minimum

GLOBAL MAXIMUM, GLOBAL MINIMUM

DEFINITION 2.1
Let c be a number in the domain D of a function f .
Then f (c) is the
1
global (absolute) maximum value of f on D if
f (c) Ê f (x) for all x ∈ D.
2
global (absolute) minimum value of f on D if
f (c) É f (x) for all x ∈ D.
3
The global maximum and global minumum
values of f are called extreme values of f

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 24 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Global maximum, global minimum

THEOREM 2.1 (THE EXTREME VALUE THEOREM.)

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f
attains a global maximum value f (c) and a global
minimum value f (d ) at some numbers c and d in
[a, b].

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 25 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Global maximum, global minimum

THEOREM 2.1 (THE EXTREME VALUE THEOREM.)

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f
attains a global maximum value f (c) and a global
minimum value f (d ) at some numbers c and d in
[a, b].

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 25 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Global maximum, global minimum

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 26 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

LOCAL EXTREMA

DEFINITION 2.2
The number f (c) is a
1
local maximum value of f on D if f (c) Ê f (x)
when x is near c

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 27 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

LOCAL EXTREMA

DEFINITION 2.2
The number f (c) is a
1
local maximum value of f on D if f (c) Ê f (x)
when x is near c
2
local minimum value of f on D if f (c) É f (x)
when x is near c

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 27 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

LOCAL EXTREMA

DEFINITION 2.2
The number f (c) is a
1
local maximum value of f on D if f (c) Ê f (x)
when x is near c
2
local minimum value of f on D if f (c) É f (x)
when x is near c
3
The local maximum and local minumum values
of f are called local extreme values of f

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 27 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

EXAMPLE 2.1
If f (x) = x 2 , then f (x) Ê f (0) because x 2 Ê 0 for all x.
Therefore f (0) = 0 is the global minimum and local
minimum value of f .

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 28 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

EXAMPLE 2.1
If f (x) = x 2 , then f (x) Ê f (0) because x 2 Ê 0 for all x.
Therefore f (0) = 0 is the global minimum and local
minimum value of f . This function has no maximum
value.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 28 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

EXAMPLE 2.1
If f (x) = x 2 , then f (x) Ê f (0) because x 2 Ê 0 for all x.
Therefore f (0) = 0 is the global minimum and local
minimum value of f . This function has no maximum
value.
EXAMPLE 2.2
Function f (x) = x 3 has neither a global maximum
value nor a global mininum value.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 28 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

EXAMPLE 2.1
If f (x) = x 2 , then f (x) Ê f (0) because x 2 Ê 0 for all x.
Therefore f (0) = 0 is the global minimum and local
minimum value of f . This function has no maximum
value.
EXAMPLE 2.2
Function f (x) = x 3 has neither a global maximum
value nor a global mininum value. In fact, it has no
local extreme values either.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 28 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

EXAMPLE 2.1
If f (x) = x 2 , then f (x) Ê f (0) because x 2 Ê 0 for all x.
Therefore f (0) = 0 is the global minimum and local
minimum value of f . This function has no maximum
value.
EXAMPLE 2.2
Function f (x) = x 3 has neither a global maximum
value nor a global mininum value. In fact, it has no
local extreme values either.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 28 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

THEOREM 2.2 (FERMAT ’S THEOREM.)

If
1
f (x) has a local maximum or local minimum at c,

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 29 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

THEOREM 2.2 (FERMAT ’S THEOREM.)

If
1
f (x) has a local maximum or local minimum at c,
2
and if f ′ (c) exists,
then
f ′ (c) = 0 (1)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 29 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

THEOREM 2.2 (FERMAT ’S THEOREM.)

If
1
f (x) has a local maximum or local minimum at c,
2
and if f ′ (c) exists,
then
f ′ (c) = 0 (1)

Geometric meaning: at the local maximum and local

minimum points the tangent lines of function
y = f (x) are horizontal and therefore each has slope
0.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 29 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 30 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

We can’t expect to locate extreme values simply by

setting f ′ (x) = 0 and solving for x.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 31 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

We can’t expect to locate extreme values simply by

setting f ′ (x) = 0 and solving for x.
EXAMPLE 2.3
If f (x) = x 3 , then f ′ (x) = 3x 2 , so f ′ (0) = 0. But f has no
local maximum or minimum at 0.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 31 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

We can’t expect to locate extreme values simply by

setting f ′ (x) = 0 and solving for x.
EXAMPLE 2.3
If f (x) = x 3 , then f ′ (x) = 3x 2 , so f ′ (0) = 0. But f has no
local maximum or minimum at 0.The fact that
f ′ (0) = 0 simply means that the curve y = x 3 has a
horizontal tangent at (0, 0).

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 31 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

We can’t expect to locate extreme values simply by

setting f ′ (x) = 0 and solving for x.
EXAMPLE 2.3
If f (x) = x 3 , then f ′ (x) = 3x 2 , so f ′ (0) = 0. But f has no
local maximum or minimum at 0.The fact that
f ′ (0) = 0 simply means that the curve y = x 3 has a
horizontal tangent at (0, 0).

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 31 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

EXAMPLE 2.4
The function f (x) = |x| has its local minimum value
at 0, but that value can’t be found by setting f ′ (x) = 0,
because f ′ (0) does not exist

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 32 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Local extrema

EXAMPLE 2.4
The function f (x) = |x| has its local minimum value
at 0, but that value can’t be found by setting f ′ (x) = 0,
because f ′ (0) does not exist

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 32 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Critical number

We should at least start looking for extreme values of

f at the numbers c where f ′ (c) = 0 or where f ′ (c) does
not exist.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 33 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Critical number

We should at least start looking for extreme values of

f at the numbers c where f ′ (c) = 0 or where f ′ (c) does
not exist.
DEFINITION 2.3
A critical number of a function f (x) is a number c in
the domain of f such that
1
either f ′ (c) = 0

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 33 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Critical number

We should at least start looking for extreme values of

f at the numbers c where f ′ (c) = 0 or where f ′ (c) does
not exist.
DEFINITION 2.3
A critical number of a function f (x) is a number c in
the domain of f such that
1
either f ′ (c) = 0
2
or f ′ (c) does not exist.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 33 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Critical number

EXAMPLE 2.5
Find the critical numbers of f (x) = x 3/5 (4 − x)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 34 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Critical number

EXAMPLE 2.5
Find the critical numbers of f (x) = x 3/5 (4 − x)

SOLUTION
3 3(4 − x)
f ′ (x) = x −2/5 (4 − x) + x 3/5 (−1) = 2/5
− x 3/5 =
5 5x
−5x + 3(4 − x) 12 − 8x
= =
5x 2/5 5x 2/5

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 34 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Critical number

EXAMPLE 2.5
Find the critical numbers of f (x) = x 3/5 (4 − x)

SOLUTION
3 3(4 − x)
f ′ (x) = x −2/5 (4 − x) + x 3/5 (−1) = 2/5
− x 3/5 =
5 5x
−5x + 3(4 − x) 12 − 8x
= =
5x 2/5 5x 2/5

3
1
f ′ (x) = 0 ⇔ 12 − 8x = 0 ⇔ x =
2

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 34 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Critical number

EXAMPLE 2.5
Find the critical numbers of f (x) = x 3/5 (4 − x)

SOLUTION
3 3(4 − x)
f ′ (x) = x −2/5 (4 − x) + x 3/5 (−1) = 2/5
− x 3/5 =
5 5x
−5x + 3(4 − x) 12 − 8x
= =
5x 2/5 5x 2/5

3
1
f ′ (x) = 0 ⇔ 12 − 8x = 0 ⇔ x =
2
2
f ′ (x) does not exist when x = 0.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 34 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Critical number

EXAMPLE 2.5
Find the critical numbers of f (x) = x 3/5 (4 − x)

SOLUTION
3 3(4 − x)
f ′ (x) = x −2/5 (4 − x) + x 3/5 (−1) = 2/5
− x 3/5 =
5 5x
−5x + 3(4 − x) 12 − 8x
= =
5x 2/5 5x 2/5

3
1
f ′ (x) = 0 ⇔ 12 − 8x = 0 ⇔ x =
2
2
f ′ (x) does not exist when x = 0.
3
Thus the critical numbers are and 0.
2
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 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

THEOREM 2.3 (ROLLE’S THEOREM.)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following three
hypotheses:
1
f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 35 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

THEOREM 2.3 (ROLLE’S THEOREM.)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following three
hypotheses:
1
f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
2
f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 35 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

THEOREM 2.3 (ROLLE’S THEOREM.)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following three
hypotheses:
1
f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
2
f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b)
3
f (a) = f (b)

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 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

THEOREM 2.3 (ROLLE’S THEOREM.)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following three
hypotheses:
1
f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
2
f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b)
3
f (a) = f (b)
Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that

f ′ (c) = 0. (2)

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 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 36 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

THEOREM 2.4 (THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM.)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following
hypotheses:

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 37 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

THEOREM 2.4 (THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM.)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following
hypotheses:
1
f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 37 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

THEOREM 2.4 (THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM.)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following
hypotheses:
1
f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
2
f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 37 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

THEOREM 2.4 (THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM.)

Let f be a function that satisfies the following
hypotheses:
1
f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
2
f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b)
Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that

f (b) − f (a)
f ′ (c) = (3)
b−a

or, equivalently,

f (b) − f (a) = f ′ (c)(b − a) (4)

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 Applications of Differentiation The mean value theorem

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 Applications of Differentiation Monotonicity

THEOREM 2.5 (INCREASING-DECREASING TEST.)

1
If f ′ (x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on
that interval.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 39 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Monotonicity

THEOREM 2.5 (INCREASING-DECREASING TEST.)

1
If f ′ (x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on
that interval.
2
If f ′ (x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on
that interval.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 39 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Monotonicity

THEOREM 2.5 (INCREASING-DECREASING TEST.)

1
If f ′ (x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on
that interval.
2
If f ′ (x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on
that interval.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 39 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Monotonicity

EXAMPLE 2.6
9
Find where the function f (x) = x 3 − x 2 + 6x is
2
increasing and where it is decreasing

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 40 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Monotonicity

EXAMPLE 2.6
9
Find where the function f (x) = x 3 − x 2 + 6x is
2
increasing and where it is decreasing

SOLUTION
Function f is defined at all value x ∈ R

f ′ (x) = 3x 2 − 9x + 6 = 3(x − 1)(x − 2)

½ ′
f (x) > 0, ∀x ∈ (−∞, 1) ∪ (2, +∞)
⇒
f ′ (x) < 0, ∀x ∈ (1, 2)
Therefore, f is increasing on the intervals (−∞, 1)
and (2, +∞); is decreasing on the interval (1, 2).
Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 40 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

How to find the local maximum and minimum

1
Find domain of function f (x)
2
Find f ′ (x)
3
Find x i (i = 1, 2, . . .) where f ′ (x i ) = 0 or does not
exist
4
Establish the table of trend
If f ′ changes from positive to negative at x i and f (x i )
is defined, then f has a local maximum at x i
 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

How to find the local maximum and minimum

1
Find domain of function f (x)
2
Find f ′ (x)
3
Find x i (i = 1, 2, . . .) where f ′ (x i ) = 0 or does not
exist
4
Establish the table of trend
If f ′ changes from positive to negative at x i and f (x i )
is defined, then f has a local maximum at x i
If f ′ changes from negative to positive at x i and f (x i )
is defined, then f has a local minimum at x i
 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

How to find the local maximum and minimum

1
Find domain of function f (x)
2
Find f ′ (x)
3
Find x i (i = 1, 2, . . .) where f ′ (x i ) = 0 or does not
exist
4
Establish the table of trend
If f ′ changes from positive to negative at x i and f (x i )
is defined, then f has a local maximum at x i
If f ′ changes from negative to positive at x i and f (x i )
is defined, then f has a local minimum at x i
If f ′ does not change sign at x i (for example, if f ′ is
positive on both sides of x i or negative on both sides),
then f has no local maximum or minimum at x i .

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 41 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

EXAMPLE 2.7
Find the local extrema of function y = |x 2 − 2x| + 3

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

EXAMPLE 2.7
Find the local extrema of function y = |x 2 − 2x| + 3

SOLUTION
Domain D =R
x 2 − 2x + 3, if x 2 − 2x Ê 0
½
y= 2 2
 + 2x + 3, if x − 2x < 0
−x

 2x − 2, if x 2 − 2x > 0
⇒ y′ = −2x + 2, if x 2 − 2x < 0
 does not exist, if x 2 − 2x = 0


⇒ y ′ = 0 ⇔ x = 1.
So the critical numbers are x = 0, x = 1, x = 2

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

EXAMPLE 2.8
p
3
Find the local extrema of function y = (1 − x)(x − 2)2

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

EXAMPLE 2.8
p
3
Find the local extrema of function y = (1 − x)(x − 2)2

SOLUTION
Domain D = R
4 − 3x 4
y′ = p ⇒ y ′
= 0 ⇔ x = ·
3
3 (1 − x)2 (x − 2) 3
4
So the critical numbers are x = , x = 1, x = 2
3

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the local maximum and minimum

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

HOW TO FIND THE GLOBAL MAXIMUM, GLOBAL

MINIMUM

1
y = f (x) is continuous on the open interval (a, b)
(a -may be −∞, b may be +∞) ⇒ Establish table of
trend ⇒ Conclusion

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

HOW TO FIND THE GLOBAL MAXIMUM, GLOBAL

MINIMUM

1
y = f (x) is continuous on the open interval (a, b)
(a -may be −∞, b may be +∞) ⇒ Establish table of
trend ⇒ Conclusion
2
y = f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
Find f ′ (x) ⇒ find the critical numbers x i (it means f ′ (x i ) = 0
or f ′ (x i ) does not exist)

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

HOW TO FIND THE GLOBAL MAXIMUM, GLOBAL

MINIMUM

1
y = f (x) is continuous on the open interval (a, b)
(a -may be −∞, b may be +∞) ⇒ Establish table of
trend ⇒ Conclusion
2
y = f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
Find f ′ (x) ⇒ find the critical numbers x i (it means f ′ (x i ) = 0
or f ′ (x i ) does not exist)
Exclude x i ∉ [a, b]. Find the values of f at the critical
numbers x i ∈ [a, b]

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

HOW TO FIND THE GLOBAL MAXIMUM, GLOBAL

MINIMUM

1
y = f (x) is continuous on the open interval (a, b)
(a -may be −∞, b may be +∞) ⇒ Establish table of
trend ⇒ Conclusion
2
y = f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
Find f ′ (x) ⇒ find the critical numbers x i (it means f ′ (x i ) = 0
or f ′ (x i ) does not exist)
Exclude x i ∉ [a, b]. Find the values of f at the critical
numbers x i ∈ [a, b]
Find the values of f at the endpoints of the interval:
f (a), f (b)

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 47 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

HOW TO FIND THE GLOBAL MAXIMUM, GLOBAL

MINIMUM

1
y = f (x) is continuous on the open interval (a, b)
(a -may be −∞, b may be +∞) ⇒ Establish table of
trend ⇒ Conclusion
2
y = f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
Find f ′(x) ⇒ find the critical numbers xi (it means f ′(xi ) = 0
or f ′(xi ) does not exist) (Tìm điểm tới hạn trong đoạn [a,b])
Exclude x i ∉ [a, b]. Find the values of f at the critical
numbers x i ∈ [a, b]
Find the values of f at the endpoints of the interval:
f (a), f (b)
Compare f (a), f (b) and f (x i ) where x i ∈ [a, b] ⇒ Global
maximum value, Global minimum value
Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 47 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

EXAMPLE 2.9
Find the global maximum and minimum values of
the function y = (x − 3)e |x+1| on the interval [−2, 6]

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

EXAMPLE 2.9
Find the global maximum and minimum values of
the function y = (x − 3)e |x+1| on the interval [−2, 6]
SOLUTION
(x − 3)e x+1 , x Ê −1
½
y=
(x − 3)e −x−1 , x < −1

x+1
 (x − 2)e , x > −1

⇒ y ′ = (4 − x)e −x−1 , x < −1

 Ø, x = −1

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

EXAMPLE 2.9
Find the global maximum and minimum values of
the function y = (x − 3)e |x+1| on the interval [−2, 6]
SOLUTION
(x − 3)e x+1 , x Ê −1
½
y=
(x − 3)e −x−1 , x < −1

x+1
 (x − 2)e , x > −1

⇒ y ′ = (4 − x)e −x−1 , x < −1

 Ø, x = −1
y′ = 0 ⇔ x = 2

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 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

EXAMPLE 2.9
Find the global maximum and minimum values of
the function y = (x − 3)e |x+1| on the interval [−2, 6]
SOLUTION
(x − 3)e x+1 , x Ê −1
½
y=
(x − 3)e −x−1 , x < −1

x+1
 (x − 2)e , x > −1

⇒ y ′ = (4 − x)e −x−1 , x < −1

 Ø, x = −1
y ′ = 0 ⇔ x = 2 ⇒ f (−2) = −5e, f (6) = 3e 7 , f (2) = −e 3 ,
f (−1) = −4.

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 48 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation How to find the global maximum and minimum

EXAMPLE 2.9
Find the global maximum and minimum values of
the function y = (x − 3)e |x+1| on the interval [−2, 6]
SOLUTION
(x − 3)e x+1 , x Ê −1
½
y=
(x − 3)e −x−1 , x < −1

x+1
 (x − 2)e , x > −1

⇒ y ′ = (4 − x)e −x−1 , x < −1

 Ø, x = −1
y ′ = 0 ⇔ x = 2 ⇒ f (−2) = −5e, f (6) = 3e 7 , f (2) = −e 3 ,
f (−1) = −4. So global maximum is f (6) = 3e 7 , and
global minimum is f (2) = −e 3 .
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 Applications of Differentiation Concavity

DEFINITION 2.4
1
If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on an
interval (a, b), then it is called concave upward on
(a, b).

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 Applications of Differentiation Concavity

DEFINITION 2.4
1
If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on an
interval (a, b), then it is called concave upward on
(a, b).
2
If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents on an
interval (a, b), then it is called concave downward
on (a, b).

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 Applications of Differentiation Concavity

DEFINITION 2.4
1
If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on an
interval (a, b), then it is called concave upward on
(a, b).
2
If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents on an
interval (a, b), then it is called concave downward
on (a, b).

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 Applications of Differentiation Concavity

DEFINITION 2.5
A point P on a curve y = f (x) is called an inflection
point if f is continuous there and the curve changes
from concave upward to concave downward or from
concave downward to concave upward at P.

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 Applications of Differentiation Concavity

DISCUSS THE CURVE y = f (x) WITH RESPECT TO

CONCAVITY, POINTS OF INFLECTION

1
Find domain
2
Find f ′′ (x)
3
Find x i where f ′′ (x i ) = 0 or does not exist
4
Consider the sign of f ′′ (x)
If f ′′ (x) > 0 for all x in interval (a, b), then the
graph of f is concave upward on (a, b).

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 Applications of Differentiation Concavity

DISCUSS THE CURVE y = f (x) WITH RESPECT TO

CONCAVITY, POINTS OF INFLECTION

1
Find domain
2
Find f ′′ (x)
3
Find x i where f ′′ (x i ) = 0 or does not exist
4
Consider the sign of f ′′ (x)
If f ′′ (x) > 0 for all x in interval (a, b), then the
graph of f is concave upward on (a, b).
If f ′′ (x) < 0 for all x in interval (a, b), then the
graph of f is concave downward on (a, b).

Dr. Huyh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION HCMC — 2024. 51 / 79
 Applications of Differentiation Concavity

DISCUSS THE CURVE y = f (x) WITH RESPECT TO

CONCAVITY, POINTS OF INFLECTION

1
Find domain
2
Find f ′′ (x)
3
Find x i where f ′′ (x i ) = 0 or does not exist
4
Consider the sign of f ′′ (x)
If f ′′ (x) > 0 for all x in interval (a, b), then the
graph of f is concave upward on (a, b).
If f ′′ (x) < 0 for all x in interval (a, b), then the
graph of f is concave downward on (a, b).
If f ′′ (x) changes sign at x i and f (x i ) is defined,
then the graph has inflection point at x i
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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

THEOREM 2.6 (THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST.)

Suppose f ′′ is continuous near c
1
If f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) > 0, then f has a local
minimum at c.

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

THEOREM 2.6 (THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST.)

Suppose f ′′ is continuous near c
1
If f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) > 0, then f has a local
minimum at c.
2
If f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) < 0, then f has a local
maximum at c.

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

THEOREM 2.6 (THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST.)

Suppose f ′′ is continuous near c
1
If f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) > 0, then f has a local
minimum at c.
2
If f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) < 0, then f has a local
maximum at c.

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

EXAMPLE 2.10
Use the second derivative test to find the local
extrema of f (x) = x 4 − 8x 2 + 10.

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

EXAMPLE 2.10
Use the second derivative test to find the local
extrema of f (x) = x 4 − 8x 2 + 10.
SOLUTION
f ′ (x) = 4x 3 − 16x = 4x(x 2 − 4) = 4x(x − 2)(x + 2)

x =0
′
⇒ f (x) = 0 ⇔  x = 2

x = −2
Thus, the critical numbers are x = 0, x = 2 and x = −2.
f ′′ (x) = 12x 2 − 16 ⇒ f ′′ (0) = −16 < 0, f ′′ (−2) = 32 > 0,
f ′′ (2) = 32 > 0. So f (0) is a local maximum and
f (−2), f (2) are local minima.
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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

EXAMPLE 2.11
Discuss the curve y = x 3 .e −x with respect to concavity,
points of inflection, local maxima and minima and
asymptotes.

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

EXAMPLE 2.11
Discuss the curve y = x 3 .e −x with respect to concavity,
points of inflection, local maxima and minima and
asymptotes.

Domain D = R
y ′ = 3x 2 .e −x + x 3 .(−e −x ) = (3x 2 − x 3 )e −x .
·
x =0
y′ = 0 ⇔
x =3
2 −x 2 3 3 2
y ′′ = (6x−3x −x −x
 )e +(3xp −x )(−e ) = (x −6x +6x)e .
x = 3+ 3
′′
p
y = 0 ⇔  x = 3− 3

x = 0
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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

1
The function does not have vertical asymptote
because its domain is R.

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

1
The function does not have vertical asymptote
because its domain is R.
x3
2
lim = 0 ⇒ y = 0 is horizontal asymptote from
x→+∞ e x
the right.
x 3 −∞
3
lim = + = −∞ ⇒ The function does not
x→−∞ e x 0
have horizontal asymptote from the left.
4
Slant asymptote: y = mx + b
f (x) x2
m = lim = lim x = +∞
x→−∞ x x→−∞ e

⇒ The function does not have slant asymptote.

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

EXAMPLE 2.12
p
3
Sketch the graph of the function y = 1 − x 3 .

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

EXAMPLE 2.12
p
3
Sketch the graph of the function y = 1 − x 3 .

SOLUTION
Domain D = R
′ x2
y = −p
3
⇒ y ′ = 0 ⇔ x = 0.
(1 − x 3 )2
So the critical numbers are x = 0, x = 1
2x
y ′′ = − p
3
⇒ y ′′ = 0 ⇔ x = 0
(1 − x 3 )5

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

1
The function does not have vertical asymptote
because its domain is R.

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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

1
The function does not have vertical asymptote
because its domain is R.
p
3
2
lim 1 − x 3 = ∞ ⇒ The function does not have
x→∞
horizontal asymptote.
3
Slant asymptote: y = mx + b
p3
f (x) 1 − x3
m = lim = lim = −1
x→∞ x x→∞ x
p3
b = lim [ f (x) − mx] = lim ( 1 − x 3 + x) =
x→∞ x→∞
1
= lim p
3
p
3
= 0.
x→∞
(1 − x 3 )2 − x 1 − x 3 + x 2
⇒ y = −x is slant asymptote.
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 Applications of Differentiation The second derivative test

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations

TAYLOR - MACLAURIN APPROXIMATIONS

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations

Remark:

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations

Remark:
Function y = e x − 1 is approximately equal to
polynomials when x is near 0.

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations

Remark:
Function y = e x − 1 is approximately equal to
polynomials when x is near 0.
Degree of polynomials is higher, the
approximation is better.

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations

Remark:
Function y = e x − 1 is approximately equal to
polynomials when x is near 0.
Degree of polynomials is higher, the
approximation is better.
Application: Approximate a function which is not
a polynomial by a polynomial when x is near x 0 .

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations

Remark:
Function y = e x − 1 is approximately equal to
polynomials when x is near 0.
Degree of polynomials is higher, the
approximation is better.
Application: Approximate a function which is not
a polynomial by a polynomial when x is near x 0 .
Question: How to find the polynomial
approximation to f (x) when x is near x 0 ?

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations

If f has derivatives up to the n th order, then an

n th-degree polynomial given by

P (x) = c 0 + c 1 (x − x 0 ) + c 2 (x − x 0 )2 + · · · + c n (x − x 0 )n

will satisfy the conditions

f (x 0 ) = P (x 0 ), f ′ (x 0 ) = P ′ (x 0 ), f ′′ (x 0 ) = P ′′ (x 0 ),

. . . , f (n) (x 0 ) = P (n) (x 0 )
if we take
f ′′ (x 0 ) f (n) (x 0 )
c 0 = f (x 0 ), c 1 = f ′ (x 0 ), c 2 = , · · · , cn =
2! n!

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Taylor- Maclaurin approximations

TAYLOR APPROXIMATION

THEOREM 3.1 (TAYLOR’S THEOREM.)

Let f (x) be such that f ′ , f ′′ , . . . , f (n−1) exist where x is
near x 0 , and f (n) (x 0 ) exists. Then
f ′ (x 0 ) f ′′ (x 0 )
f (x) = f (x 0 ) + (x − x 0 ) + (x − x 0 )2 + . . .
1! 2!
f (n) (x 0 )
...+ (x − x 0 )n + o((x − x 0 )n ), as x → x 0 .
n!
o((x − x 0 )n )
where lim = 0.
x→x 0 (x − x 0 )n

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Taylor- Maclaurin approximations

MACLAURIN APPROXIMATION

Substituting x 0 = 0, we get formula Maclaurin

n
f (k) (0) k
x + o(x n ), x → 0.
X
f (x) =
k=0 k!

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Taylor- Maclaurin approximations

MACLAURIN APPROXIMATION

Substituting x 0 = 0, we get formula Maclaurin

n
f (k) (0) k
x + o(x n ), x → 0.
X
f (x) =
k=0 k!

n f (2k) (0)
If f (x) is even then f (x) = x 2k + o(x 2n+1 )
1
P
k=0 (2k)!
2
If f (x) is odd then
n
f (2k+1) (0) 2k+1
+ o(x 2n+2 )
X
f (x) = x
k=0 (2k + 1)!

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Taylor- Maclaurin approximations

If x → x 0 , u(x) → 0 then
n
f (k) (0)
(u(x))k + o((u(x))n ).
X
f (u(x)) =
k=0 k!

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

SOME BASIC MACLAURIN APPROXIMATIONS I

x2 xn
1
ex = 1 + x + +...+ + o(x n ).
2! n!
x 2
x 3
(−1)n−1 x n
2
ln(1 + x) = x − + − . . . + + o(x n )
2 3 n
x3 x5 (−1)n x 2n+1
3
sin x = x − + − . . . + + o(x 2n+2 )
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
x2 x4 n x
2n
4
cos x = 1 − + − . . . + (−1) + o(x 2n+1 )
2! 4! (2n)!
α(α − 1) 2
5
(1 + x)α = 1 + αx + x +...+
2!
α(α − 1) . . . (α − (n − 1)) n
x + o(x n )
n!
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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

SOME BASIC MACLAURIN APPROXIMATIONS II

1
6
= 1 − x + x 2 − . . . + (−1)n x n + o(x n )
1+x
1
7
= 1 + x + x 2 + . . . + x n + o(x n )
1−x
x3 x5 x 2n+1
8
sinh x = x + + + . . . + + o(x 2n+2 )
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
2 4
x x x 2n
9
cosh x = 1 + + + . . . + + o(x 2n+1 )
2! 4! (2n)!

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.1
Write down
³ the Maclaurin polynomial of degree n for
´ π
f (x) = sin 2x +
4

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.1
Write down
³ the Maclaurin polynomial of degree n for
´ π
f (x) = sin 2x +
4
SOLUTION

(k) k π π´ ³
f (x) = 2 sin 2x + + k
4 2
hπ i
⇒ f (k) (0) = 2k sin (2k + 1)
4
So
³ π´ X n
2k hπ i
sin 2x + = sin (2k + 1) .x k + o(x n ).
4 k=0 k! 4
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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.2
Write down the Maclaurin polynomial of degree n for
f (x) = e x/2+2

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.2
Write down the Maclaurin polynomial of degree n for
f (x) = e x/2+2

SOLUTION
(x/2)2 (x/2)n
µ
x/2+2 x/2
e 2
= e .e =e 2
1 + x/2 + +...+ + o((x/2)n
2! n!
n
(x/2)k
2
+ o(x n )
X
=e
k=0 k!

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.3
Write down the Maclaurin polynomial of degree n for
1
f (x) =
2x + 3

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.3
Write down the Maclaurin polynomial of degree n for
1
f (x) =
2x + 3
SOLUTION
1 1
= =
2x + 3 3(1 + 2x/3)
1¡
1 − (2x/3) + (2x/3)2 − . . . + (−1)n (2x/3)n + o((2x/3)n ) =
¢
=
3
n µ ¶k
1X k 2
= (−1) x k + o(x n )
3 k=0 3

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.4
Write down the Maclaurin polynomial of degree 4 for
f (x) = e x . ln(1 + x)

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.4
Write down the Maclaurin polynomial of degree 4 for
f (x) = e x . ln(1 + x)

SOLUTION
x2 x3 x4
µ ¶
4
f (x) = 1 + x + + + + o(x ) ×
2! 3! 4!
x2 x3 x4
µ ¶ µ ¶
1
x − + − + o(x ) = x + − + 1 x 2
4
2 3 4 2
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ − + x 3 + − + − + x 4 + o(x 4 ) =
3 2 2 4 3 4 6
1 2 1 3
= x + x + x + o(x 4 )
2 3
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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.5
Write down the Maclaurin polynomial of degree 6 for
x2
f (x) =
1 + sin x

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.5
Write down the Maclaurin polynomial of degree 6 for
x2
f (x) =
1 + sin x
1
The Maclaurin polynomial of degree 4 for is
¶2 µ ¶3 1 + sin x
x3 x3 x3
µ ¶ µ
1
= 1− x − + x− − x− +
1 + sin x 3! 3! 3!
¶4
x3 x 3¶ µ
µ µ ¶
1
x− + o(x 4 ) = 1 − x − + x2 − x4
3! 3! 3
5 2
−x 3 + x 4 + o(x 4 ) = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 + o(x 4 )
6 3
5 2
So f (x) = x 2 − x 3 + x 4 − x 5 + x 6 + o(x 6 ).
6 3
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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.6
Find y (100) (1) if y(x) = ln x.

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.6
Find y (100) (1) if y(x) = ln x.
SOLUTION Let u = x − 1 ⇒ x = u + 1. Then
u2 u 100
y(x) = f (u) = ln(1 + u) = u − + . . . + (−1)99 +....
2 100

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 Taylor - Maclaurin approximations Some basic Maclaurin approximations

EXAMPLE 3.6
Find y (100) (1) if y(x) = ln x.
SOLUTION Let u = x − 1 ⇒ x = u + 1. Then
u2 u 100
y(x) = f (u) = ln(1 + u) = u − + . . . + (−1)99 +....
2 100
According to Maclaurin approximation, we have
1 f (100) (0) 1
− = ⇒ f (100) (0) = − · 100! = −99!
100 100! 100
y ′ (x) = f ′ (u).u ′ (x) = f ′ (u) ⇒ y (100) (x) = f (100) (u)
Substituting x = 1 ⇒ u = 0, we have
y (100) (1) = f (100) (0) = −99!
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 MatLab

MATL AB: TAYLOR-MACLAURIN POLYNOMIAL

1
Maclaurin polynomial of degree n : taylor(f,n).
Example: syms x; taylor(exp(x)*log(1+x),5)
⇒ ans = x ˆ3/3 + x ˆ2/2 + x

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 MatLab

MATL AB: TAYLOR-MACLAURIN POLYNOMIAL

1
Maclaurin polynomial of degree n : taylor(f,n).
Example: syms x; taylor(exp(x)*log(1+x),5)
⇒ ans = x ˆ3/3 + x ˆ2/2 + x
2
Taylor polynomial of degree n when x = x 0 :
taylor(f,n, x 0 ).
Example: syms x; taylor(exp(x+1),5, 1)
⇒ ans = exp(2) + exp(2) ∗ (x − 1)+
(exp(2) ∗ (x − 1)ˆ2)/2 + (exp(2) ∗ (x − 1)ˆ3)/6+
(exp(2) ∗ (x − 1)ˆ4)/24

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 MatLab

MATL AB: SOLVE THE EQUATION

1
solve(f). Example: syms x; solve(x ˆ2 − 1)
⇒ ans = 1; −1

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 MatLab

MATL AB: SKETCH THE GRAPH

1
Sketch the graph of the function y=f(x):
ezplot(f,[a,b]).
Example: syms x; ezplot( x ˆ2 + 1,[0,2])

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 MatLab

MATL AB: SKETCH THE GRAPH

1
Sketch the graph of the function y=f(x):
ezplot(f,[a,b]).
Example: syms x; ezplot( x ˆ2 + 1,[0,2])
2
Sketch the graph of the function y=f(x):
plot(x,y).
Example: x=linspace(0,2,100); y = x.ˆ2 + 1;plot(x,y)

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 MatLab

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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