Values and Different Theories - mastery- total control over the forces of, and

in, nature and the super- natural

Cross-cultural psychology - submission- not exercise control over natural
Two Aims of Cross-cultural Psychology forces but, rather, are subject to the higher
power of these forces
1. to understand the differences between human - harmony- partial but not total control by living
beings who come from different cultural in a balance with the natural forces
backgrounds
2. to understand the similarities between all • How should individuals relate with others
human beings - Hierarchically (Lineal) deferring to higher
Values authority or authorities within the group
- As Equal (Collateral)-consensus within the
- Importance-might give more reliable
extended group of equals
behavioral prediction (Hills)
- Individualistic-Individual or individual families
study change and variation within a culture,
within the group who make decisions
and differences and similarities
independently from others
between.cultures
- central to human thought, emotions and
behavior • What is the prime motivation for behavior
- cross-culturally relevant and valid, and finally, - to express one's self ("Being")-internal
values allow both between- group and within- - to grow ("Being-in-becoming") to develop and
group comparisons grow in abilities which are valued by us
- 36 values held by human beings (Rokeach, - to achieve-motivation is external to us
1979)
- no more than five which are universally held • What is the nature of human nature
(Hofstede, 1980) - good
Values (A is good or important) - bad
Social Axioms (A is related to B) - mixture
Normative Beliefs (We should do C)
Values Orientation Theory (Kluckhohn and • Other values to consider
Strodtbeck's, 1961) - space- There, Here, Far Away
- Work- contribution, achievement, financial
a. all human societies must answer a limited security
number of universal problems - Gender- male, female, both
- value-based solutions are limited in - State-individual relationship- Individual,
number and universally known Nation, Both
o different cultures have different
preferences among them Two Dimensions of orientations possible in
b. humans share biological traits and answering Nature of Human Nature question
characteristics which form the basis for the - Good, bad, or mixed(neither or both)
development of culture - Mutability-born this way and cannot change or
- own cultural beliefs and practices are can learn to change
normal and natural 1. evil/mutable -evil, but can learn to be good;
- others are strange, or even inferior or danger of regression always present
abnormal 2. evil/immutable -evil and incapable of being
changed; requires salvation by an external
Five basic types of problem to be solved by
force
every society by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's
3. mixture/mutable -both good and bad traits;
(1961)
can learn to be either better or worse
• what aspect of time should we primarily focus 4. mixture/immutable -both good and bad traits,
- past- preserving and maintaining traditional and their profile cannot be changed
teachings and beliefs 5. neutral/mutable -neither good nor bad, but
- present- accommodating changes in beliefs can learn both good and bad traits
and traditions 6. neutral/immutable -neither good nor bad,
- future- planning ahead, and seeking new and their profile cannot be changed
ways to replace the old 7. good/mutable -good, but subject to
• what is the relationship between Humanity corruption
and its natural environment 8. good/immutable -good, and will always
remain so
1
Cultural Dimension Theory 6. Security- safety, harmony, and stability of
society, of relationships, and of self
Hofstede: Five Basic Value Dimensions a. the goal of security for self or those with whom
1. Power Distance- Egalitarian vs Hierarchy one identifies. (social order, family security,
2. Uncertainty or Avoidance- Comfortable with national security, clean, reciprocation of favors)
Uncertainty vs Uncomfortable with Uncertainty 7. Self-direction: Independent thought and
3. Individualism- Collectivism vs Individualist action--choosing, creating, exploring
4. Femininity/Masculinity- Nurture important vs a. derives from organismic needs for control and
Power Important mastery and interactional requirements of
5. Short-term vs Long-term Orientation- autonomy and independence
Traditional vs Futuristic 8. Stimulation: excitement, novelty, and
6. Restraint vs Indulgence- Restraint is good challenge in life
vs Satisfaction is good a. derived from the organismic need for variety
and stimulation in order to maintain an optimal,
Schwartz Value Theory (Universal Values) positive, rather than threatening, level of
activation
9. Tradition- respect, commitment, and
acceptance of the customs and ideas that one's
culture or religion provides
a. valued group customs and traditions
b. often take the form of religious rites, beliefs,
and norms of behavior
10. Universalism- understanding, appreciation,
tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all
people and for nature
a. Universalism values derive from survival needs
of individuals and groups
Motivational Emphases of Adjacent Values
a. power and achievement--social
superiority and esteem
1. Achievement- personal success through c. achievement and hedonism--self-centered
demonstrating competence according to social satisfaction;
standards d. hedonism and stimulation-a desire for
a. emphasize demonstrating competence in terms affectively pleasant arousal;
of prevailing cultural standards, thereby obtaining e. stimulation and self-direction--intrinsic interest
social approval in novelty and mastery;
2. Benevolence- preserving and enhancing the f. self-direction and universalism--reliance upon
welfare of those with whom one is in frequent one's own judgment and comfort with the
personal contact diversity of existence;
a. derive from the basic requirement for smooth g. universalism and benevolence-enhancement
group functioning of others and transcendence of selfish
b. need for affiliation interests;
3. Conformity- restraint of actions, inclinations, h. benevolence and tradition--devotion to one's
and impulses likely to upset or harm others and in-group;
violate social expectations or norms i. benevolence and conformity--normative
a. derived from the requirement that individuals behavior that promotes close relationships,
inhibit inclinations that might disrupt and j. conformity and tradition--subordination of self
undermine smooth interaction and group in favor of socially imposed expectations;
functioning k. tradition and security--preserving existing
4. Hedonism- pleasure or sensuous gratification social arrangements that give certainty to life;
for oneself l. conformity and security--protection of order
a. derived from organismic needs and the and harmony in relations;
pleasure associated with satisfying them a. security and power-avoiding or
5. Power- social status and prestige, control or overcoming threats by controlling
dominance over people and resources relationships and resources.
a. emphasize the attainment or preservation of a - the closer they are in the continuum or circle
dominant position within the more general social they are more related; polar opposite means
system more antagonistic

2
Across Culture Values - seen and the unseen
1. Affective Autonomy- affirms that we are Sources of Filipino Transpersonal Worldview
responsible for all of our needs throughout our
lives - vary in different localities of the Philippines

2. Conservatism- commitment to traditional 1. pre-Christian tribal religions

values and ideas with opposition to change or 2. Spanish Catholicism
innovation
3. Kardec spiritualism
3. Egalitarian Commitment- equalizing our
holdings or at least reducing distributive inequality Indigenous Worldview
4. Harmony 1. Coexisting of different "worlds" or state of being
a. invisible world is populated by Bathalang
5. Hierarchy Maykapal- Gods
6. Intellectual Autonomy- equalizing our b. lesser invisibles called diwata and anito-Soul
holdings or at least reducing distributive inequality i. souls of the dead ninuno (ancestors) fall
under the category of anito
7. Mastery-
2. Awareness of the existence of this "worlds"
The Filipino Transpersonal Worldview a. rituals, customs, beliefs
- reality is understood and experienced by
cultures not in an abstract manner 3. asymmetrical compenetration of the invisible
- colored by their belief system that determines and visible worlds
their horizon of meaning or worldview a. invisible worlds have higher power
- worldviews can be dualistic, materialistic or i. structures the hierarchy of dignities and
transpersonal values in both world
• dualistic worldview conceives reality in an b. asymmetry of structure in the hierarchy of
analogical way or dual way dignities engenders in the Filipino psyche
• materialist or materialistic worldview attitudes of fear (takot) and shame (hiya)
conceives reality as the world
- Filipino psyche has always found the harmony Spanish Catholicism
of all creation
- Filipino transpersonal worldview: - Did not remove the animism
- theology on top and the animistic one below
1. There is a reality or realities other than matter, - upper level- is a more explicitly verbalized
such as “spirit” or “spirits.” system including the Apostles Creed, the Ten
2. All reality is somehow or the other all present, Commandments, the Five Precepts of the
at least in God’s mind. Past and future are human Church and a few things about the Mass and
ways of representing reality little by little the Sacraments
o Democracy and science took the upper
3. The world is ultimately run by Spirit (God, mind, level of the nation's consciousness
providence, spirits, the Force). - lower level is that which has been deposited
by life itself, early-life conditionings,
4. The human mind is not limited by the brain and relationships, traditional myths and belief
can even exist outside of it. systems handed down from grandfather to
5. Knowledge can come in an extrasensory way, grandson
mind in direct contact with the objective reality - Faith itself is culture
(e.g., with collective unconscious) o There is no such a thing as a pre-cultural
or de-cultured Christianity
6. The human person is part of a bigger
collectivity and the ego can at times lower its Pagsusuri sa Tindi ng Paglabag at Ugnayan sa
barriers to fuse with the bigger reality Relasyong Panlipunan

Filipino worldview belongs to the animist - lipon ng mga paniniwala sa mga positibo at
model minimithing layunin na siyang ginagagamit
natin bilang batayan sa pagpili at pagtatasa
- sees the material world as "peopled" by a ng mga kilos, lalo't higit sa konteksto ng mga
variety of spirits alanganing sitwasyon (Yacat, 2017)
- conceiving these spirits as living normal
3
- Sampung kategorya ng karaniwang Hanayan 1. Sistema ng Pagpapahalagang Pilipino
negatibong kilos na tinuturing na mga (Enriquez 1992)
relasyonal na paglabag
Jessica Cameron at mga kasama (2002)
1. hindi pagtupad sa pangako
2. malabis na reaksyon sa kilos ng relasyon
3. pagkilos na walang konsiderasyon sa
karelasyon
4. hindi pagrespeto sa antas ng intimacy na URI NG RELASYON BILANG SALIK: ANG
hangad ng karelasyon; PAPEL NG IBANG TAO (IT) AT HINDI IBANG
5. pagpapabaya sa karelasyon; TAO (HIT)
6. pagbabanta ng pangangaliwa - IT at HIT ay pamantayan ng interpersonal na
7. aktwal na pangangaliwa distansya
8. berbal na agresyon laban sa karelasyon - mga konseptong relasyonal o interpersonal
9. walang batayang pakikipagtalo (relational constructs)
10. karahasan laban sa karelasyon. - ang mga reaksyon ng mga tao sa isang
• Dalawang Karaniwang Tugon sa mga paglabag sa konteksto ng isang relasyon ay
ganitong paglabag (John Gottman, 1993) naiimpluwensyahan din ng tipo ng relasyong
1. sama ng loob o hinanakit mayroon: kung IT ba O HIT
2. galit o ngitngit - Type and Level of interactions:
3. Other emotions:
Kategorang IT Kategoryang HIT
o inis
o lungkot Pakikitungo Pakikipaglagayang-loob
o pagkapahiya Pakikisalamuha Pakikisangkot
• Dalawang motibasyon para sa tugon sa isang
Pakikilahok Pakikiisa
pagkakasala (Michael McCullough at mga
kasama, 1998) Pakikibagay

1. Takot at pangamba-pag iwas Pakikisama

2. revenge motivation
- Ibang Tao
a. pag-iwas(Collin Barnes at mga kasama, 2009) • taga labas
• iba sa akin
• Maaring maging batayang din ang - Hindi Ibang Tao
pagpapatuloy ng relasyon
• taga-loob
- Paglayo ng loob
• hindi iba sa akin
- bigat ng paglabag ay isang importanteng salik
sa pagdedesisyon kung ang isang Relevant Studies
pagkakasala ay may malaking negatibong
epekto sa isang relasyon Yacat, 2017
- bigat na posibleng wala itong kapatawaran o assessed lapit ng loob (closeness), gaan ng
ANG TEORYA NG KAPWA AT PAGLABAG SA loob (positive affect), tagal ng pagkakakilala
MGA VALUES (length of relationship), dalas ng pagkikita
(frequency of interactions), at pagkakasundo
- kapwa o pakikipagkapwa bilang sentral na (sharedness)
value-Enriquez (1978) o pinakamatimbang ang lapit ng loob
• core values
- Tatlong Kategorya ng mga Values McCullough at mga kasama (1998)
• Surface Value (accommodative or o pitong dahilan kung bakit mas ninanais ng
confrontive) mga taong manatili at ayusin ang relasyon
• Pivotal Value (pakikiramdam) kaysa iwanan at tuluyang wakasan ito:
• Core Value (Kapwa) 1. Mataas na investment sa relasyon
2. Pananaw sa relasyon bilang matagalang
komitment
3. Mataas na antas ng pagkakatulad ng interes
4. Mas may konsiderasyon sa karelasyon
5. Kahandaang makita ang panig ng karelasyon

4
6. Paniniwala na ang intensyon ng karelasyon ay Konklusyon ng Pag-aaral ni Yacat
para sa ikabubuti ng relasyon
7. Pagiging bukas sa paghingi ng tawad - Napag-alamang may ilang magkahiwalay na
epekto ang uri ng value na nilabag at tipo ng
Pakikipagkapwa tao relasyon sa ilang relasyonal na salik,
- Mas matindi ang pagkapahiya kung ang isang
Enriquez (1990) tao ay naging target ng paglabag ng
- pagkilala sa parehong tao pakikipagkapwa-tao kumpara sa paglabag ng
• pagtrato bilang tao pakikisama
• pagtanggap at pagbigbigay respeto - mas matinding inis naman ang
nararamdaman kung ang paglabag ay
Eric Julian Manalastas (2009) isinagawa ng isang IT kumpara sa HIT.
- Malaki rin ang posibilidad na ang paglabag ng
- tumutukoy sa positibong pagtutunguhan IT ay hahantong sa desisyong wasakan na
kasama na rin ang pagtulong at mahusay na ang relasyon
interpersonal na komunikasyon - Subalit may mga pagkakataong mas higit ang
Pakikiramdam- tentatibong pagkilos na epekto ng uri ng relasyon, pagiging HIT o IT,
naglalayong makaiwas na makapanakit sa ibang kaysa uri ng paglabag
tao Kapwa and The Struggle For Justice,
Pakikisama- smooth interpersonal relations Freedom, and Dignity
The Shared Inner Self
Resulta ng Pananaliksik Kapwa- "fellow being"; unity of self and others
- recognition of shared identity, an inner self
Bigat ng Paglabag
shared with others
- walang tuwirang hiwalay na epekto ang uri ng - Shared Inner Self (SIS) is rooted in the deeper
paglabag at tipo ng relasyon sa pagtatasa ng concept of kapwa and dangal
bigat ng paglabag - kapwa is shared
- nagkaroon ng pagkakaiba sa pagtatasa ng - insider and outsider
mga kalahok sa bigat ng paglabag ng - non-members are still accommodated and fall
pakikipagkapwa-tao depende sa kung aling on ambigouos category
tipo ng relasyon mayroon kay A. Kung ang ▪ saling pusa- enjoys the privileges or
lumabag ng pakikipagkapwa-tao ay IT, special treatments
itinuturing itong mabigat na paglabag kumpara - tayo includes the listener; kami excludes
sa kung ang lumabag nito ay HIT. - Pakikipagkapwa- means accepting and
- Samantala, halos pareho naman ang bigat ng dealing with the person as an equal
paglabag ng pakikisama sa IT at HIT.
- Samakatwid, may pagiiba na dulot ang tipo ng A. Karangalan: Beyond Suferficiality of Hiya
relasyon, kung ito ay HIT o IT, sa pagtingin sa - closest translation is dignity
bigat ng paglabag ng pakikipagkapwa-tao. - Karangalan is about dangal and puri
Puri (praise)
Tindi ng Negatibong Damdamin - external manifestation of karangalan
- given in recognition of accomplishment
- matindi ang negatibong damdaming
Dangal
naranasan ng mga kalahok matapos ang
isang paglabag - recognized through rites or social approval
▪ parangal
- pinakamatindi ang naranasang pagkainis ng
- intrinsic quality of a person that allows one to
mga kalahok dahil sa nangyari
shine despite the grime of their appearance
- Pinakamababa namang mean ang natamo ng
- referred to as honor or self-respect
lungkot para sa mga kalahok
Pagpapanatili ng Relasyon B. Kalayaan: A Matter of Life and Death
- Kalayaan is the freedom and license to do as
- walang kinalaman ang uri ng values na one pleases
nilabag sa desisyon kung mananatili sa - Kalayaan means life itself
relasyon o hindi - the freedom to commit act (life) or the lack of it
- Mas 5agging matingkad ang epekto ng uri ng (death)
relasyon sa pagkakaiba ng desisyon kung ▪ determines whether a community survive
mananatili sa relasyon matapos ang isang or perishes
paglabag - The capacity to enact is not determined by the
parameter but rather by necessity
5
 Pakikiramdam: The Pivotal Aspect of Kapwa
C. Katarungan: In Unity and Beyond - pakikiramdam- feeling for another
- Katarungan-social justice - active process involving great care and
▪ indespensable condtion for peace deliberation manifested in "hesitation to react
- Katarungan is an Indictment that the law is not ▪ If I were in the other's situation how would
always just I feel?
- Elements recognized by Katarungan - seen as a golden rule
▪ Karapatan (rights) The Centrality of Pakikiramdam in Behavioral
▪ Katotohanan (truth) and Interpersonal Domains
▪ Katwiran(reason) ❖ biro-lambing-tampo
▪ Kapayapaan (peace)
▪ Pagkakaisa (unity) -consesus; - Biro (a joke/tease)
accommodative ▪ most relevant to the domain of the surface
D. The Value of Kagandahang Loob: value of hiya
Reciprocity or Nobility - Lambing (sweetness/ fondness)
- Kagandahang Loob ▪ where pakikisama is operative
▪ Shared inner nobility - Tampo
- Manifested through act of generosity; ▪ frequently associated with perceived
kabutihan (external) disregard for utang na loob
- Must be spontaneously out of goodness of ▪ felt in the face of a supposedly
heart; kabaitan (internal) unrecognized or unreciprocated utang na
Beyond Pakikisama: Equity and Fairness loob
- katarungan is fairness (justice) Internality-Externality of Pakikiramdam
- includes the idea of "appropriateness" ▪ paki- a request or plea
- Majority should be heeded instead of the ▪ damdam/ ramdam- to feel
powerful minority ▪ Pakidama- external in character
Katotohanan and Katwiran: Truth and Reason ▪ Damdam- internal-recognition of one's
- Katotohanan shields one from false loob and person's individuality
accusations The Compliant Filipino
▪ untarnished truth - Pakikiramdam forms a triad: Hiya-Utang na
▪ core of katapatan (honesty) Loob-Pakikisama (accommodative values)
- Katwiran implies rights The Moral Dimensions of Hiya
▪ justifies the case - Hiya is a social character (Sibley)
Pagkakaisa: Justice in Unity or Consensus ▪ It does not consider the affixations
- katarungan operates at the highest level of - Internal Aspects:
social interaction ▪ value of karangalan
- pagkakaisa implies consensus or agreement ▪ intensity of personal's emotion of hiya
- normative conditions - External Aspects:
- pakikisama and pakikibagay is the ▪ penetratres pakikisalamuha or pakikitungo
compromised norm ▪ voluntary, conscious, or involuntary
Kapayapaan (Peace): Consequence of
Katarungan as Unity The Filipino Self Image and the Blessings of
- passive acceptance Utang na Loob
▪ Diyos na ang bahala sa kanila - Utang na loob-gratitude
- there are different levels of justice - refers to the value which moves to recognize,
▪ some just nakikibagay with the unjust respect, promote, and, at times, defend the
implementation of the legal system basic dignity of each person
The Filipinization of Personality Theory Elevating the Status of Pakikisama
- Personality vs Pagkatao (Personhood) - pakikisama-companionship/esteem
▪ Pagkataong Filipino-shared humanity and - Smooth interpersonal relationship
the kapwa psychology of the Filpinos - One of the many interpersonal level of
- Due to the colonial mentality, Fillpino Filipinos
language is merely seen as tables ▪ building block for higher interpersonal
- Language has its own logic level
▪ hence it may lead to incorrect
interpretation

6
The Confrontative Filipino Filipino values (4 Categories)
Bahala Na: Determination in the Face of 1. Surface values (Top); can be accommodative
Uncertainty or confrontative
- Fatalism here is being understood as a a. accommodative-hiya, utang na loob,
passive acceptance of life, indicated by a pakikisama
dislike for planning and taking responsibility b. confrontative-bahala na, lakas ng loob,
for one's action pakikibaka
- Bahala na is a combination of both Fatalism 2. Pivotal Values (Middle)-pakikiramdam
and Determination a. biro-lambing-tampo
- it operates in a situation which is full of • tampo only exist on establish or
uncertainty and lack of information thought so to be established
▪ risk taking despite the uncertainty and relationship
possibility of failure • HIT category
- it operates to encourage or rise 3. Core Values (Middle)-Kapwa/Kapwa
determinations Psychology
▪ it spurs inherent abilities to bring about a. concept of shared inner self
needed change 4. Foundation of Human Values (Bottom)- Socio-
- Indications of acceptance and knowing political (a-c) and Inner self (d)
limitations of one's self a. kalayaan
- bahala na reflects the improvisatory b. karangalan
personality of Filipinos c. katarungan
▪ allows one to cope and be comfortable d. kagandahang Loob
amidst the situations
Lakas ng Loob: The Inner Resource for
Change
- rash judgment
- it is among the seven most highly valued
characteristics
- a key factor in realization of pagbabagong
dangal
- It enables one to face difficulty, even death
- It is a damdamin necessary for actualizing the
good
- Hindi lamang sa sarili nakakabuti kundi pati na
rin sa iba
Pakikibaka: Cooperative Resistance
- level of fusion in a common struggle, in face of
injustice and exploitation
- aspect of kapwa-oriented worldview that
awakens the Filipino's consciousness of
present-day realities
- motivates one to struggle and break away
from the injustices and exploitation
- pakikibaka is a valid na aspeto ng
pakikipagkapwa
• pakikisama is taken also as a motive for
pakikibaka
• pakikisama (implies adjusting one's
individuality) = pakikibaka
• it affirms one's conviction as part of one's
beings
• it recognizes meaning of cooperation and
concerned action in resistance