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Quardinate System Lecture-1 EMFT

basics of quardinate system and del operator

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30 views17 pages

Quardinate System Lecture-1 EMFT

basics of quardinate system and del operator

Uploaded by

abhimanyuy694
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 2

Applied Engineering
Electromagnetics: ECE 463
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Distance Vector
• Give mathematical expressions for the vectors R1, R2, and D below.

2
Distance Vector

Unit vectors
Unit vector
• Find the unit vector of D = -2 ax + 2 ay – az

𝒂𝑫 =
𝑫 Bonus question: Draw 𝒂𝑫
𝑫

Magnitude of D:
𝑫 = 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 + 𝐴2𝑧
𝑫 = (−22 ) + (22 ) + (−12 ) 𝒂𝑫
𝑫 =3

−2𝒂𝒙 + 2𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛
𝒂𝑫 =
3

4
Unit vector

• For the E-field vector, E = 3x – 4y (V/m), calculate the magnitude and find the
unit vector. Draw E.

5
Vector Multiplication
• Scalar (or dot) product: 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩
• Vector (or cross) product: 𝑨 × 𝑩

𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝑨 𝑩 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐴𝐵
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝑨 𝑩 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝒂𝑛

7
Vector Multiplication
• Scalar (or dot) product: 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩

𝑨∙𝑩= 𝑨 𝑩 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐴𝐵 B

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz): θAB


A

𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴 𝑧 𝐵𝑧

Why only 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 ….?


8
Problem
Scalar (or dot) product: 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩
Vector (or cross) product: 𝑨 × 𝑩
Given Vectors:
𝑨 = 3𝒂𝑥 + 4𝒂𝑦 + 𝒂𝑧 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐴𝐵
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝒂𝑛
𝑩 = 2𝒂𝑦 − 5𝒂𝑧
1) Find components of both 𝑨 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑩
2) 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩
3) Angle between 𝑨 and 𝑩

9
Problem - continuation

10
Vector Multiplication
• Vector (or cross) product: 𝑨 × 𝑩

𝑨×𝑩= 𝑨 𝑩 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝒂𝑛

𝑨 × 𝑩 results in a vector perpendicular to the plane containing A and B

𝑨×𝑩

𝒂𝑛

𝑨 11
Vector Multiplication
• Using the right-hand rule:

𝒂𝒙 ×
𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒚 ×
𝒂𝒙 = −𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒚 ×
𝒂𝒛 = 𝒂𝒙
𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒙

𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛

𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚

−𝒂𝒛
12
Vector Multiplication
• Vector (or cross) product: 𝑨 × 𝑩

𝑨×𝑩= 𝑨 𝑩 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝒂𝑛

𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

13
Example 1.7
• Show that points P1 (5,2,-4), P2 (1,1,2), and P3 (-3,0,8) all lie on a
straight line.

14
Dot vs Cross
Category Dot Product Cross Product
𝐀×𝐁 ≠𝐁×𝐀
Commutative law 𝐀∙𝐁=𝐁∙𝐀 𝐀 × 𝐁 = −𝐁 × 𝐀
*anticommutative
𝐀 × 𝐁 + 𝑪 = (𝐀 × 𝐁) +(𝐀 × 𝐂)
Distributive law 𝐀∙ 𝐁+𝐂 =𝐀∙𝐁+𝐀∙𝐂 𝐀 × 𝐁 × 𝐂 ≠ (𝐀 × 𝐁) × 𝐂
*not associative
𝐀∙𝐀= 𝐀 2 = 𝐴2 𝐀×𝐀=0
𝒂𝒙 × 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂𝒛
𝒂𝒙 ∙ 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂𝒚 ∙ 𝒂𝒛 = 𝒂𝒛 ∙ 𝒂𝒙 = 0 𝒂𝒚 × 𝒂𝒛 = 𝒂𝒙
𝒂𝒙 × 𝒂𝒛 = −𝒂𝒚
𝒂𝒙 ∙ 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒂𝒚 ∙ 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂𝒛 ∙ 𝒂𝒛 = 1

15
Coordinate Systems and Transformation

• Several types of coordinate systems are used in the study of vector


quantities, the most common being the Cartesian (or rectangular),
cylindrical, and spherical systems
• Cartesian Coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
• Circular Cylindrical Coordinates (𝜌, 𝜑, 𝑧)
• Spherical Coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑)

A particular coordinate system is usually chosen to best suit the geometry of


the problem under consideration
Often the geometry is at the heart of the problem
16
Coordinate Systems and Transformation

• Cartesian coordinates:
-∞ < x < ∞
𝑧
-∞ < y < ∞
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
-∞ < z < ∞
𝑧
𝑦 Vector A in cartesian coordinates can be written
𝑥
𝑥 𝑦 as A=(Ax, Ay, Az) = Ax ax + Ay ay + Az az

17
Coordinate Systems and Transformation

18

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