Exam - Measurement Technique, ELA210, TEN1, 2022-11-02

Please read these instructions carefully!

• Allowed accessories: calculator and the formula collection.

• The solutions should be written neatly and clearly. First the task needs to be described with the given
values written on the paper. Then the whole calculation procedure should be written. Each final result
(or final formula were applicable) needs to be designated with double line below the result or framed
with a square around it so that it stands out from the rest of the text. Solutions not complying with
these requirements will not be examined.
• Results should be correct both in value and unit. The values should be in the required or reasonable
accuracy.

• Both English and Swedish answers are acceptable for questions requiring text answers.

Total number of points is 50. Grades 5: ≥ 42p, 4: ≥ 34p, 3: ≥ 25p

Responsible lecturers: Ivan Tomasic, phone 021-10 15 55

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1. Measurement units:
(a) [2 points] Name all the standard units (SI units) and their associated physical quantities.
(b) [1 point] Define the following standard unit: Ampere.
2. Measurement theory:
(a) [1 point] Draw the probability density function, and corresponding cumulative distribution func-
tion, of a general uniform distribution.
(b) [2 points] Calculate expected value of continuous random variable that has a general uniform dis-
tribution.
(c) [2 points] Measurement of some resistance R has been done in two ways: bridge and UI method.
For both methods calculated are mean values and unreliability: R̄1 = 99.97Ω, sR¯1 = 0.03Ω, R̄2 =
99.93Ω, sR¯2 = 0.05Ω. Calculate the general mean value and the unreliability of the general mean
value.
(d) [3 points] In a practical exercise to determine the freezing point of a metal alloy, the following
measurements of the freezing point temperature were obtained:
519.5 521.7 518.9 520.3 521.4 520.1 519.8 520.2 518.6 521.5
Express the mean value and the error boundaries expressed to (a) 68% confidence limits, (b) 95.4%
confidence limits, and (c) 99.7% confidence limits.
3. The voltage across a resistance R5 in the circuit of Figure 1 is to be measured by a voltmeter connected
across it.
(a) [2 points] If the voltmeter has an internal resistance Rm = 4750V , what is the relative measurement
error?
(b) [1 point] What value would the voltmeter internal resistance need to be in order to reduce the
relative measurement error to 1%?
4. [2 points] Write the Maxwell’s field equations and define all the elements in the equations.

5. [3 points] How are capacitors used to measure position and displacement. For each of the three methods
draw a figure and explain it.
6. A database diagram is given on Figure 2. Assume that for each user (a tuple in relation User), there
are two tuples in relation Measurement, each corresponding to a measurement with a different magnetic
pole. The samples for each of the two measurement sequences are in the relation MagField, whereas
relation MagPole contains 2 tuples each for one of the magnet poles (N and S).
(a) [2 points] What does the term ”relation” mean in the context of relational databases (define what
is a relation)?

Figure 1: Measurement error in measurement of voltage.

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 Figure 2: A database diagram.

Figure 3: A signal.

(b) [1 point] How many relations are presented on Figure 2?

(c) [1 point] Which attributes in relation Measurement are foreign keys and which attributes are they
referencing.
(d) [1 point] Write an SQL statement that shows tuples in relation MagField for the values of attribute
Distance less than 1.
(e) [2 points] Write an SQL statement that, for the user with Username equal to ”User1”, shows all
measurement samples (Distance and Voltage), together with Titles and Comments of the two mea-
surements, Username and magnet pole, ordered by the measurement Title, and Distance descending.
7. For the continuous periodic signal on Figure 3;
(a) [3 points] Calculate Fourier series of the signal.
(b) [1 point] Sketch the magnitude of the spectrum.
(c) [1/2 point] Is the spectrum real or complex?
(d) [1/2 point] Is the spectrum periodic or aperiodic?
(e) [1/2 point] Will the main lobe of the spectrum be wider or narrower if we increase τ ?

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 8. [2 points] With a help of a figure, explain the Integral (Integrating Dual Slope) method of A/D conver-
sion.
9. Instruments:
(a) [1 point] With a help of a figure, explain the hysteresis effect.
(b) [1 point] With a help of a figure, explain the dead space effect.
(c) [3 points] A balloon is equipped with temperature and altitude measuring instruments and has
radio equipment that can transmit the output readings of these instruments back to ground. The
balloon is initially anchored to the ground with the instrument output readings in steady state.
The altitude measuring instrument is approximately zero order and the temperature transducer
first order with a time constant of 15s and static sensitivity equal to 1. The temperature on the
ground, T0 , is 10◦ C and the temperature Tx at an altitude of x meters is given by the relation:

Tx = T0 − 0.01x (1)

If the balloon is released at time zero, and thereafter rises upwards at a velocity of 5m/s, what
temperature does the balloon report at an altitude of 5000m and what is the error of that measure-
ment?
10. Electrical measurements:
(a) [1 point] How and why is the rectification used in measuring alternating voltage?
(b) [1 point] What is the difference between Form factor and Crest factor?
(c) [1/2 point] Draw a figure of an OP-amp used as precision rectifier.
(d) [2 points] With a help of a figure, explain haw a digital wattmeter works.
(e) [2 points] With a help of a figure explain the four-wire method for measuring resistance.
11. A Hays bridge is often used for measuring the inductance of high Q coils (Q = ωL R ) and has the
configuration shown in Figure 4. The inductance and resistance of the coil are represented in the figure
by the symbols L1 and R1 , respectively.
(a) [3 points] Obtain the bridge balance conditions.
(b) [1 point] Show that if the Q value of an unknown inductor coil is high, the expression for the
inductance value when the bridge is balanced is independent of frequency.
(c) [1 point] If the Q value is high, calculate the value of the inductor if the bridge component values
at balance are as follows: R2 = R3 = 1000Ω; C = 0.02µF .

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Figure 4: Circuit for the task 11.

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