BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus
C.P.G. North Avenue, Tagbilaran City, Bohol

College of Engineering, Architecture and Industrial Design

Industrial Design Department

Drawing Techniques for ID 1

Engineering Drawing 1
Handout No. 1

Compiled by:
Jeo Rodel M. Nacorda - Instructor

1. Introduction to Engineering Drawing:

Contents….
1.1) Background………………………………………….…….…… 1
1.2) Use and Application…………………………….…………….. 1
1.3) Basic types of drawings ………………………..……………. 4
1.4) Role in communicating design ideas …..……………….….. 4
1.5) Various Types of Engineering Drawing:……….…………… 5
1.6) Drawing Tips and Tricks ……………….……….…………… 6
1.7) References ………………..…………….……….…………… 6

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1.1 BACKGROUNBD

Engineering Drawing, also known as technical drawing or drafting, is a universal

language and graphical representation used by engineers, architects, designers, and other
professionals to communicate complex ideas, designs, and technical information in a clear,
concise, and standardized format. These drawings serve as a fundamental tool for design,
manufacturing, construction, and various engineering disciplines.

Importance of Engineering Drawing

Drawing plays vital role in the engineering and construction works. The drawing requires no
language any one can read it. So, drawings of other countries structures can also be studied
easily. The drawing improves the imagination and new inventions can be developed. The
estimate for the project can be done using the details provided in the drawing. The structure
can be analyzed completely before construction by using drawing. So, every engineering
construction department especially civil engineering requires drawing to start a project.

1.2 Use and Application

Drawing
The context of engineering drawing, "drawing" refers to the graphical representation and
documentation of technical information using standardized symbols, conventions, and

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graphical elements. These drawings are a fundamental tool for designing, communicating,
and realizing complex objects, structures, and systems in various engineering disciplines and
industries.

Line Drawing
Line drawing is the foundation of all drawing techniques. It involves using lines to define the
edges of objects and create form and shape. There are many different types of lines, such as
straight, curved, thick, thin, and broken. Each type of line can convey a different mood or
feeling in a drawing. For example, thick, bold lines can create a sense of strength and power,
while thin, delicate lines can create a sense of fragility and delicacy.
One important aspect of line drawing is line weight, or the thickness of the lines. Line weight
can be used to create depth and texture in a drawing. By varying the thickness of the lines,
an artist can create the illusion of light and shadow, as well as the texture of different
surfaces. For example, a thick, heavy line might be used to create the rough texture of tree
bark, while a thin, delicate line might be used to create the smooth texture of a flower petal.

Shading Techniques
Shading is an essential part of drawing as it adds depth and dimension to a piece. By using
various shading techniques such as cross-hatching, stippling, and blending, you can create
different textures and effects that bring your drawings to life.
Cross-hatching involves creating a series of parallel lines that intersect at right angles to
create a mesh-like pattern. Stippling involves using dots or small marks to create texture and
tone. Blending involves smudging or rubbing the pencil marks together to create a smooth
transition between light and dark areas. Experiment with these techniques to find your own
unique style and create stunning drawings.

Composition
Composition is a critical aspect of creating visually appealing drawings. It involves arranging
elements on the page in a way that creates balance, contrast, unity, focus, pattern, rhythm,
proportion and movement. Balance refers to the distribution of visual weight across the
page, while contrast helps to create interest by highlighting differences between elements.
Movement refers to the way the eye moves across the page, which can be influenced by the
placement of elements. There are eight elements of art and design: line, shape, volume or
mass, color, texture, light, space, and time.

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Perspective
Perspective is a crucial element in creating realistic drawings. It involves understanding how
objects appear to change as they move away from the viewer. One-point perspective is used
when drawing objects directly facing the viewer, while two-point perspective is used when
drawing objects at an angle. Three-point perspective is used when drawing objects from
extreme angles or looking up or down.
To create the illusion of depth and space in a drawing using perspective, it's important to use
vanishing points and horizon lines. Vanishing points are points on the horizon line where
parallel lines appear to converge. The horizon line represents the viewer's eye level and is
where the sky appears to meet the ground. By using these techniques, you can create
drawings that look like they have real depth and dimension.

Proportions and Anatomy

Understanding proportions and anatomy is crucial for creating realistic and believable
drawings. Without a solid grasp of these concepts, your drawings may look flat or distorted.
When drawing the human form, pay attention to the proportions of different body parts and
how they relate to each other. For example, the head is typically about one-seventh the height
of the body. Additionally, study the underlying anatomy of the body to better understand
how muscles and bones affect the overall shape and movement of the figure.
To accurately draw other subjects, such as animals or objects, it's important to observe their
proportions and shapes in real life or through reference materials. Take note of any unique
features or characteristics that make them distinct from other subjects.

1.3 Basic types of drawings:

There are two basic types of drawings:
Artistic Drawings and Technical Drawings.
Artistic Drawings range in scope from the simplest line drawing to the most famous
paintings. Regardless of their complexity, artistic drawings are used to express the feelings,
beliefs, philosophies, and ideas of the artist. In order to understand an artistic drawing, it is
sometimes necessary to first understand the artist. Artists often take a subtle or abstract
approach in communicating through their drawings, which in turn gives rise to various
interpretations.

Technical Drawings, often referred to as engineering drawings or drafting, are precise and
detailed illustrations or diagrams that convey information about the shape, dimensions,
materials, and other technical aspects of a physical object or structure.

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1.4 Role in communicating design ideas
Engineering drawing plays a crucial role in communicating design ideas by serving as a visual
language that conveys complex information in a clear and standardized format. Here's how it fulfills
this role:
1. Visualization of Concepts: Engineering drawings provide a visual representation of design
concepts. They allow designers and engineers to translate abstract ideas and calculations into
tangible images that can be easily understood.
2. Precise Specifications: These drawings include precise measurements, dimensions, and
geometric details. They communicate not only the shape and size of an object but also its
tolerance levels, material specifications, and other critical details required for manufacturing
or construction.
3. Clarity and Consistency: Engineering drawings follow standardized symbols, line types, and
conventions, ensuring that everyone interprets them consistently. This clarity reduces the
risk of miscommunication and errors during the design and production processes.
4. Documentation: Drawings serve as documentation of the design intent. They capture every
detail of a project, making it possible to recreate or modify designs accurately in the future.
5. Communication Across Teams: Engineering drawings are a bridge between various teams
involved in a project. Designers, engineers, manufacturers, and quality control personnel can
all use the same set of drawings to understand their roles and responsibilities.
6. Problem-Solving: When issues arise during manufacturing or construction, engineering
drawings act as reference documents. They help identify problems, suggest solutions, and
facilitate decision-making.
7. Legal and Regulatory Compliance: In many industries, adherence to specific standards and
regulations is critical. Engineering drawings ensure that designs meet these requirements,
which is essential for safety and compliance.
8. Collaboration: With the advent of computer-aided design (CAD) software, engineering
drawings have become highly collaborative tools. Multiple team members can work on the
same drawing simultaneously, enhancing productivity and reducing errors.

Engineering Drawings have specialized drawings that apply to their respective fields:

• Industrial Designer
• Machine Drawings
• Structural Drawings
• Electrical Drawings
• Aeronautical Drawings
• Marine drawings
• Architectural Drawings

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1.5 Various Types of Engineering Drawing:

Engineering drawings come in various types, each designed to convey specific information about an
object, structure, or system. Here are the most common types of engineering drawings:

1. Orthographic Projection (Multiview Drawing):

• Orthographic projection drawings are the foundation of engineering drawings.
• They represent a 3D object in 2D by showing multiple 2D views from different angles,
typically including front, top, and side views.
• Orthographic drawings provide precise information about an object's shape, size, and
details, making them essential for manufacturing and construction.

2. Isometric Projection:
• Isometric drawings present a 3D object in a more realistic, three-dimensional view.
• Unlike orthographic projections, isometric drawings show all three principal
dimensions (length, width, height) equally foreshortened at a 30-degree angle.
• They are commonly used in technical illustrations and for visualizing how an object
will appear in real life.

3. Sectional Views:
• Sectional views are used to reveal the internal details of an object that cannot be seen
in a regular orthographic projection.
• A cutting plane is applied to the object, and the section view shows what lies beyond
that plane.
• Common types include full section, half section, offset section, and revolved section
views.

4. Detail Drawings:
• Detail drawings focus on a single part, component, or element of a larger assembly.
• They provide in-depth information about the selected part, including dimensions,
tolerances, materials, and surface finishes.
• Detail drawings are crucial for manufacturing and quality control.

5. Assembly Drawings:
• Assembly drawings show how multiple parts and components come together to
create a complete product or system.
• They include information on the arrangement, positioning, and relationships
between parts.
• These drawings are essential for understanding how to assemble a complex object
correctly.

6. Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID):

• P&ID drawings are commonly used in the chemical, petrochemical, and process
engineering industries.
• They represent the interconnection of pipes, equipment, and instruments in a
complex system, such as a chemical plant or a power station.
• P&IDs use symbols and labels to convey information about fluid flow, control, and
instrumentation.

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 7. Welding Symbols:
• Welding symbols are used to communicate welding information in engineering
drawings.
• They specify the type of weld, its location, size, and other important welding details.
• Welding symbols ensure consistency and quality in welded joints.

8. Electrical and Electronic Schematics:

• Electrical and electronic drawings represent the layout and connections of electrical
and electronic components.
• They use symbols and lines to indicate wires, components, and their relationships in
circuits.
• These drawings are essential in electrical engineering, electronics, and automation.

9. Architectural Drawings:
• While primarily used in architecture, architectural drawings often include
engineering elements such as structural plans, plumbing layouts, and HVAC (heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning) designs.
• They show the spatial arrangement and details of buildings and structures.

1.6 Drawing Tips and Tricks

One of the most important things you can do to improve your drawing skills is to practice regularly.
Set aside time each day or week to draw, even if it's just for a few minutes. The more you practice,
the better you will become.

1.7 References:

The following resources were used in creating this presentation:

- "Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain" by Betty Edwards
- "The Fundamentals of Drawing" by Barrington Barber
- "Color and Light: A Guide for the Realist Painter" by James Gurney
- Proko.com - an online drawing course with free and paid content
- Drawabox.com - a free online drawing course focused on fundamentals

These resources provide a solid foundation for learning and improving your drawing skills.
However, there are countless other resources available, so don't be afraid to explore and find what
works best for you.

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Note: This handout is intended for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.