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Introduction To Ai

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sahugungun76
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Gungun Sahu

EN21CS301277

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

John McCarthy defined AI in 2004 as:


" It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human
intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically
observable."

At its simplest form, artificial intelligence is a field, which combines computer science and
robust datasets, to enable problem-solving. It also encompasses sub-fields of machine
learning and deep learning, which are frequently mentioned in conjunction with artificial
intelligence. These disciplines are comprised of AI algorithms which seek to create expert
systems which make predictions or classifications based on input data.

Artificial intelligence can be divided into two different categories: weak and strong.
Weak artificial intelligence embodies a system designed to carry out one particular job. Weak
AI systems include video games such as the chess example from above and personal
assistants such as Amazon's Alexa and Apple's Siri. You ask the assistant a question, and it
answers it for you.
Strong artificial intelligence systems are systems that carry on the tasks considered to be
human-like. These tend to be more complex and complicated systems. They are programmed
to handle situations in which they may be required to problem solve without having a person
intervene. These kinds of systems can be found in applications like self-driving cars or in
hospital operating rooms.
TYPES OF AI:
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EN21CS301277

Reactive AI uses algorithms to optimize outputs based on a set of inputs. Chess-playing AIs,
for example, are reactive systems that optimize the best strategy to win the game. Reactive AI
tends to be fairly static, unable to learn or adapt to novel situations. Thus, it will produce the
same output given identical inputs.
Limited memory AI can adapt to past experience or update itself based on new observations
or data. Often, the amount of updating is limited (hence the name), and the length of memory
is relatively short. Autonomous vehicles, for example, can "read the road" and adapt to novel
situations, even "learning" from past experience.
Theory-of-mind AI are fully-adaptive and have an extensive ability to learn and retain past
experiences. These types of AI include advanced chat-bots that could pass the Turing Test,
fooling a person into believing the AI was a human being. While advanced and impressive,
these AI are not self-aware.
Self-aware AI, as the name suggests, become sentient and aware of their own existence. Still
in the realm of science fiction, some experts believe that an AI will never become conscious
or "alive".
Examples of AI:
ChatGPT (and the GPTs)
ChatGPT is an AI chatbot capable of natural language generation, translation, and answering
questions. Though it's arguably the most popular AI tool, thanks to its widespread
accessibility, OpenAI made significant waves in the world of artificial intelligence with the
creation of GPTs 1, 2, and 3. GPT stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, and GPT-3
was the largest language model in existence at the time of its 2020 launch, with 175 billion
parameters. The latest version, GPT-4, accessible through ChatGPT Plus or Bing Chat, has
one trillion parameters.
Self-driving cars
Though the safety of self-driving cars is a top concern of potential users, the technology
continues to advance and improve with breakthroughs in AI. These vehicles use machine-
learning algorithms to combine data from sensors and cameras to perceive their surroundings
and determine the best course of action. Tesla's autopilot feature in its electric vehicles is
probably what most people think of when considering self-driving cars, but Waymo, from
Google's parent company, Alphabet, makes autonomous rides, like a taxi without a taxi
driver, in San Francisco, CA, and Phoenix, AZ.
Cruise is another robo taxi service, and auto companies like Apple, Audi, GM, and Ford are
also presumably working on self-driving vehicle technology.
Robotics
The achievements of Boston Dynamics stand out in the area of AI and robotics. Though we're
still a long way away from creating AI at the level of technology seen in the movie
Terminator, watching Boston Dynamics' robots use AI to navigate and respond to different
terrains is impressive.
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EN21CS301277

DeepMind
Google sister company DeepMind is an AI pioneer making strides toward the ultimate goal of
artificial general intelligence (AGI). Though not there yet, the company initially made
headlines in 2016 with AlphaGo, a system that beat a human professional Go player. Since
then, DeepMind has created a protein-folding prediction system, which can predict the
complex 3D shapes of proteins, and it's developed programs that can diagnose eye diseases as
effectively as the top doctors around the world.

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