Module4 Biomass Energy

• Module 4
• BIOMASS ENERGY- Introduction- Biomass fuels-

Biomass conversion technologies –
• Urban waste to Energy Conversion- Biomass
Gasification- Biomass to Ethanol Production-
Biogas
• production from waste biomass- factors affecting
biogas generation-types of biogas plants –
• KVIC and Janata model-Biomass program in India.
SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

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• CO 4
• Outline the features of biomass and small
hydro energy resources

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Biomass energy
• Biomass is renewable organic material that
comes from plants and animals.
• Biomass is an important fuel in many
countries, especially for cooking and heating
in developing countries.
• The use of biomass fuels for transportation
and for electricity generation is increasing in
many developed countries as a means of
avoiding carbon dioxide emissions from fossil
fuel use.

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• Biomass includes all plant life including
• Trees, agricultural plants, bush grass, algae
and their residues after processing
• The residues include crop residues such as
straw ,stalks, leaves roots etc
• Agro processing residues such as oilseed
shells, ground nut shells, husk, coconut shells
saw dust etc
• It also include human waste, sewage sludge,
industrial effluents, household waste and
animal waste

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• Biomass can be found all over the world and
there is an endless supply since it can keep
growing
• These biomass fuels burn cleaner than gas or
oil does, so it is also safer for the environment.

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• Biomass contains stored chemical energy from
the sun.
• Plants produce biomass through
photosynthesis.
• Biomass can be burned directly for heat or
converted to renewable liquid and gaseous
fuels through various processes.

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• The energy from biomass can be transformed
into usable energy through direct and indirect
means.
• Biomass can be burned to create heat
• converted into electricity processed

into biofuel
• In contrast to fossil fuels, biomass comes from
recently living organisms.

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Photosynthesis Process
• The photosynthesis process is literally the
most important energy transfer on Earth.
• The fixation of carbon by photosynthetic
organisms provides the high-energy molecules
needed to sustain nearly all organisms on
Earth.
• Plants absorb the sun’s energy through
photosynthesis, and convert carbon dioxide
and water into nutrients (carbohydrates).

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• Photosynthesis is a process where plants take
the sun’s light energy and change it into
glucose, a kind of sugar.
• A green chemical in the in plant leaves, called
chlorophyll, makes it all happen and gives
plants their green color.

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Photosynthesis process

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• Advantages
• Biomass is a clean,
• renewable energy source.
• Its initial energy comes from the sun
• plants or algae biomass can regrow in a relatively
short amount of time.
• Trees, crops, and municipal solid waste are
consistently available and can be managed
sustainably.
• Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as
wind or solar, biomass energy is stored within the
organism, and can be harvested when it is
needed

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• Bioenergy is a significant mean for waste
disposal to prevent environmental pollution
and allow economic stability

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• Disadvantages
• If biomass feed stocks are not replenished as
quickly as they are used, they can become non-
renewable.
• Biomass has a lower “energy density” than fossil
fuels.
• As much as 50% of biomass is water, which is lost
in the energy conversion process.
• Burning biomass releases carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other
pollutants and particulates.
• Scientists and engineers estimate that it is not
economically efficient to transport biomass over
long distances
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Biomass fuels
• Two categories of biomass fuels, woody fuels
and animal wastes, comprise the vast majority
of available biomass fuels.
• Municipal solid waste (MSW) is also a source
of biomass fuel.

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• Wood and wood processing wastes—
firewood, wood pellets, and wood chips,
lumber and furniture mill sawdust and waste,
and black liquor from pulp and paper mills
• Agricultural crops and waste materials—corn,
soybeans, sugar cane, woody plants, and
algae, and crop and food processing residues
• Biogenic materials in municipal solid waste—
paper, cotton, and wool products, and food,
and wood wastes
• Animal manure and human sewage
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• Main Technologies:
• – Biogas based power plant technology
• – Gasification power plant technology
• – Biodiesel and Bioethanol Plants technology

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1.combustion
• Direct burning of biomass – wood
• Most of the traditional designs make poor use
of the heat released by combustion and hence
low efficiency around 10% only

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• Wood can be used as a fuel for the boilers of a
conventional power plant.
• Wood, wood waste and various types of
agricultural waste can be used in such plants.

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2. Biomass gasification
• Biomass gasification is a process of converting
solid biomass fuel into a gaseous combustible
gas (called producer gas) through a sequence
of thermo-chemical reactions.
• Partial combustion occurs because the air
supply is intentionally kept less than the
amount required for the full combustion of
biomass

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• As a result , a gaseous mixture of Carbon
Dioxide, Carbon monoxide, hydrogen and
nitrogen called producer gas is obtained.

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• Biomass gasification is a process of partial
combustion in which solid biomass usually in
the form of pieces of wood or agricultural
residue is converted into a combustible gas
mixture.
• Partial combustion occurs because the air
supply is intentionally kept less than the
amount required for the full combustion of
biomass.
• As a result , a gaseous mixture of carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and
nitrogen called producer gas is obtained
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• The gasifier in diagram shown is a vertical
cylinder vessel of varying cross section.
• The biomass is fed in at the top at regular
intervals of time and is converted through a
series of processes into producer gas and ash
as it moves down slowly through various
zones of the gasifier.

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• Drying zone
• Here the moister content in the upper layers
of the biomass is removed by evaporation.
• The temp. in this zone is about 1200 C.
• This temperature is acquired by heat transfer
from the lower zones which are at much high
temperatures.

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• Pyrolysis Zone:
• The dried biomass moves down to Pyrolysis
Zone which is at temperatures ranging from
2000 C to 6000 C from top to bottom.
• Here the biomass loses its volatiles.
• In the lower part of this zone, when
temperature reaches 4000 C, an exothermic
reaction takes place and the structure of the
biomass breaks down.

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• As a result, water vapor, methanol, acetic acid
and significant amount of hydrocarbons are
evolved.
• The remaining solid is called char(carbon)
• All the products, gaseous and solid, pass on to
the zone below.

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• Oxidation zone
• It is also called combustion zone.
• A predetermined quantity of air is drawn into this
zone thru nozzles and temperatures ranging from
9000 C to 12000 C are attained.
• Combustion reactions similar to those occurring
in a normal stove or furnace take place in this
zone and a portion of the char and the pyrolysed
gases coming from the second zone are burnt.
• Carbon dioxide and and water vapour are
released from this section.

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• reduction zone
• Finally the products are passed through
reduction zone
• This zone is at temperature ranging from
• 9000 C to 6000 C, the highest temp zone near
the oxidation zone.

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• The principal reactions are reducing in nature
and are as follows.
• 𝐶𝑂2 + C →2CO
• C + 𝐻2 O →CO + 𝐻2
• C + 2𝐻2 O → 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2
• These reactions are endothermic and
consequently the temperature of the zone
progressively decreases.
• At the end the char is fully consumed and the
final products are producer gas and ash.

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Biomass to ethanol Production
• Cellulosic biomass is a complex mixture of
carbohydrate polymers known as cellulose and
hemicellulose, plus lignin and a smaller amount of
other compounds generally known as extractives.
• A variety of hydrocarbons(sugar, starches, etc ) can be

used as feedstock in ethanol fermentation, if they can
be broken down to fermentable sugars.
• Crops high in sugar, such as sugar cane, sugar beet etc
are easily fermentable.

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• The cellulose portion is broken down (hydrolyzed)
by enzymes into glucose sugar that is fermented
to ethanol.
• The sugars from the hemicellulose are also
fermented to ethanol.
• The lignin is burned as fuel to power the process
• Alcohols can be produced from a number of starch

crops such as barley, wheat, corn potato etc.

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• The production of fermentable sugars from
cellulose is also possible but requires complex
process

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• When blended with petrol, ethanol is a good
alternate fuel for automotive engines.
• This can help to meet oil crisis to some extent
.

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Biodoesel
• Bio diesel is a methyl or ethyl ester of a fatty
acid made from used or unused vegetable
oils(edible or nonedible) and from animal fat.
• It can be used as a fuel in diesel engines in
blended form or in pure form.
• The use of biodiesel in engines results in
substantial reduction in emission of unburned
hydrocarbons

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• Edible vegetable oils, such as palm, soyabean,
sunflower, peanut, olive oil etc and nonedible oils
such as jatropha, neem etc are converted to
esters.
• The chemical process is known as esterification.
• In this process triglycerides in the oil are reacted
with methanol or ethanol to produce esters and
glycerol
• Animal fats can also be esterified to produce
biodiesel
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Biogas from waste biomass
• An alternate way of obtaining gaseous fuel is
through the anaerobic fermentation of wet
livestock wastes to produce biogas.
• Biogas is a mixture of methane(45 to 70%) and
carbon dioxide.
• Anaerobic digestion is a multistep biological
and chemical process that is beneficial in not
only waste management but also energy
creation.

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• There are three fundamental steps of
anaerobic digestion that include hydrolysis,
acidogenesis, and methanogenesis.
• Throughout this entire process, large organic
polymers that make up Biomass are broken
down into smaller molecules by chemicals and
microorganisms.
• Upon completion of the anaerobic digestion
process, the Biomass is converted into Biogas,
namely carbon dioxide, methane and water.

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• Stage I – Hydrolysis: Firstly the biomass having
complex compounds such as fats, proteins
carbohydrates etc are broken down into
simple water soluble organic compounds
through the influence of water called
hydrolysis.

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• Stage II (Acid formation):
• The micro-organism of anaerobic and
facultative group (which grows in absence of
02) called acid forming bacteria produce
mainly the acetic acid and propionic acid at
low temperature of about 25°C with release of
CO2.
• In certain cases, the acid may be produced in
such large quantities that all the biological
activity is arrested.
• Thus, it becomes necessary to control the pH
value of mixture.
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• Stage III (Methane formation):
• In this stage the anaerobic bacteria called as
methane formers converts the organic acids
formed in stage II into biogas having its main
constituent’s as methane and CO2 with other
small traces of H2S, H2 and N2 etc.

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Factors Affecting Biogas generation
• (i) Temperature and pressure:
• The process of anaerobic fermentation and
methane forming bacteria works best in the
temperature range of 25°C – 55°C and pressure of
about (1.1 – 1.2) bar absolute.
• The rate of gas production increases with the
increase in temperature but the percentage of
methane reduces.
• It is found that temperatures 35°C – 38°C are best
for methane production.
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• If the temperatures are lower than 20°C (as in
case of cold countries and in winters) the rate
of gas production falls sharply and it almost
ceases at about 10°C.
• Thus, in cold climates, it is necessary to heat
the digester to about 35°C.
•

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• (ii) Solid concentration and loading rate: The cow dung,
water and various organic residues from agricultural
waste are supplied as feed to the digester.
• The proportions recommended are:
•
• Cow dung + solid waste 1:1 by weight and forming to
about 10% of solid content and 90% of water.
•
• The amount of feed supply per day to the digester is
called loading rate.
• It is dependent on the size of the plant.
• .

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• The recommended loading rate is about 0.2
kg/m3 of digester capacity.
• The under loading and overloading reduces
the biogas production.
• The loading of feed must be carried out every
day at the same time so as to keep the solid
concentration ratio constant in the digester

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• (iii) Retention period: It represents the time
period for which the fermentable material
remains inside the digester.
• This period ranges from 35 days to 50 days
depending upon the climatic conditions and
location of the digester.
• The longer retention period needs larger size
digester and it allows more complete
digestion of feed.

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• iv) pH value pH value indicates the degree of
acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
• pH value in the range 0 – 7 represents acidic
solution and in the range 7-14 indicates the
alkaline solution.
•
• In the initial stages of acid forming , the pH value
may be around 6 or less, however during
methane formation stage the pH value higher
than 7 is maintained since methane formers are
sensitive to acidity.
• For above reasons the optimum pH value of
digester solution between 7 to 8 is recommended
for biogas formation.
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• (v) Nutrients concentration:
• The major nutrients required by the bacteria in the digester
are N2, P, S, C, H2, 02 to accelerate the anaerobic digestion
rate.
• Thus it is necessary that the major nutrients are supplied in
correct chemical form and concentrations.
•
• The carbon in carbohydrates supplies the energy and the
nitrogen in proteins is needed for building of growth of
bacteria.
• C : N ratio need to be supplied in the ratio of 30 : 1 with 2%
phosphorous for maximum biological activity.
• Thus, for accelerated fermentation and production of
biogas nutrients like C, P, N2 are needed.
• Oil cakes and animal urine are found to be suitable
nutrients for this purpose.
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• (vi) Toxic substances:
• The presence of ammonia, pesticides,
detergents, heavy metals are considered as
toxic substance to micro-organisms since their
presence reduces the fermentation rate.
• Also the digested slurry if allowed to remain in
digester beyond certain time, it becomes toxic
to micro-organism growth.

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• (vii) Digester size and shape:
• It is found that the biogas production per unit
volume of digester is high when its diameter
to depth ratio ranges between 0.66 to 1.

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• (viii) Stirring or agitation of the content of
digester:
• Since bacteria in the digester has very limited
reach to their food, it is necessary that the slurry
is properly mixed and bacteria get their food
supply.
• It is found that occasional mixing allows the
masses that float at the top in the form of scum
allows to mix with the deposits at the bottom.
• It helps in improving the fermentation process.

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The advantages of biogas production
• (i) Waste material available after digestion and

after processing can be used as fertilizer or as
animal feed or fuel after drying.
•
• (ii) The biogas after removal of CO2 produces
an excellent fuel as CH4 gas.
• It can be used for cooking, lighting, running
diesel engines, fuel for furnaces etc.

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• (iii) Sewage waste after biogas production is
converted into less offensive slurry and almost
free from pathogens (diseases producing
bacteria).
• (iv) Gas production is cheap.

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KVIC model
• KVIC model is a common gobar gas plant
suggested by Khadi & Village Industries
commission.
• It consist of feed tank, gas valve, dome, sludge
tank , inlet pipe, digester, partition wall.
• The plant consist of digester made of masonry
construction in the form a well below the ground
level and the floating gas holder also called as
dome, made of mild steel.
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• in feed tank animal waste slurry is prepared
containing cow dung and waste in the ratio as
1:1 to 1:1.25
• The feeding of animal waste slurry is usually
done once in a day.

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• The sludge comes out with the built up of gas
pressure in the dome above the partition wall
& flows out to the sludge tank through the
outlet pipe.
• This sludge is an excellent fertilizer which can
be again fed to the soil.
• At the top of the dome, the accumulated gas
is drawn from the pipe through gas value.

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• The bifurcation of digestion chamber through
a partition wall providers optimum conditions
for growth of acid formers & methane formers
as the PH valve requirement for these bacteria
are different.
• Therefore, this gives a good yield of biogas.
• It operates naturally under constant pressure.
The diameter of the digester of a gas plant
rangers from 1.2 to 6m. & its height varies
from 3m to 6m.

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• The mild steel gas holders are prone to
corrosion thus needs painting at regular
intervals.
• This problem can be overcome by using fiber
glass reinforced plastic (FRP) material for
construction of gas holders.
• However it is costly.

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• Advantages of KVIC Plant:-
• High gas yield.

• No gas leakage.
• Works under constant pressure .
• No chance of mixing of biogas with external
air, thus no danger of explosion.
• .

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• Dis-Advantages :-
• It has higher cost.

• Requires painting of drum to avoid corrosion
at least twice a year.
• Requires maintenance of pipes & joints

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Janata Model
• This type of biogas plant is very economical is
design.
• It works with the constant volume principle.
• The main structure is made up of brick and
cement masonry.
• This type of plant doesn't have any moving
parts so it is safe from wear and tear.

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• The plant consists of an underground well sort
of digester made of bricks and cement having a
dome shaped roof which remains below the
ground level.
• At almost middle of the digester, there are two
rectangular openings facing each other and
coming up to a little above the ground level,
act as an inlet and outlet of the plant.
• It has a hemispherical fixed dome structure.
• Dome is made from pre- fabricated
ferrocement or RCC and attached to the
digester.
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• The slurry is fed from a mixing tank connected
to the digester.
• After fermentation , the biogas is collected in
the space under the dome.
• It is taken out for use through a pipe connected
to the dome.
• The sludge which is a byproduct , comes out

through an opening on the other side of the
digester.
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• This model have a higher capacity when
compared with KVIC model, hence it can be
used as a community biogas plant.
• This design has longer life than KVIC models.
• Substrates other than cattle dung such as
municipal waste and plant residues can also
be used in janata type plants.

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Biomass program in India
• Biomass in Indian energy matrix is very important
for remote villages and urban clusters with
decentralised settlements.
• India has a potential of about 18 GW of energy

from Biomass.
• Currently, about 32% of total primary energy
used in India is derived from Biomass.
• More than 70% of the country’s population
depends upon biomass for its energy needs.

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• India has ~5+ GW capacity biomass powered
plants: 83% are grid connected while the
remaining 17% are off-grid plants.
• The off- grid plants are divided between
cogeneration plants
• Around 70 Cogeneration projects are under
implementation with surplus capacity
aggregating to 800 MW.

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• The leading states for biomass power projects
are Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka
each one having more than 1 GW of Grid
interacted biomass power.
• Other states with favorable policy and
opportunities in Biomass are Punjab and
Bihar.

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• MNRE has developed many programs for
promoting biomass energy .
• It includes financial incentives and subsidies,
both for biomass projects and sugar mills that use
this technology.
• Government gives 10 years Income tax holidays.
• Concessional customs and excise duty exemption
for machinery and components for initial setting
up of Biomass power projects.
• General sales tax exemption is available in certain
States.
• State governments have also instituted their own
incentives and subsidies and these initiatives
differ across states.
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• Even with decades of experience in managing
biomass power, still there exists lots of gaps in
the supply chain.
• The main scope for interventions are in collection
and mobilization of the raw material to the plant.
• Technical upliftment of the processing units by
improving design and engineering aspects,
promoting performance monitoring and
management systems, conducting feasibility
studies and focused research and development
are being done by government agencies.

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• Ministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE)
has launched several programs for the promotion
of biomass energy
• Some of them are
• Biogas development program
• National program on improved chulhas
• Integrated rural energy program (IREP)
• Village energy security programme(VESP)
•
Remote village electrification programme(RVEP)
• urjagram

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• Biogas development program
• Started in 1981-82
• To provide fuel to houses for cooking
• Production of organic manure for cultivation
• Reduce deforestation
• Recycling human waste by linking toilet tanks
with biogas plants, thereby improving
sanitation
• Mitigating the workload of rural women

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• National program on improved chulhas
• Programme started in 1986-87
• More than 30 models of durable chulhas with
fitted chimneys and portable improved
designs for families and commercial purposes
• Promoting conversion of wood and other
biomass to fuel
• Check on deforestation and environmental
protection
• Reduction in health hazard and cooking time

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• Integrated rural energy program (IREP)
• Provision of the most cost effective mix of
various energy sources and options for
meeting the requirements of sustainable
agriculture and rural development by giving
weightage to environment protection.
• Implementation of block level energy plans
and projects

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• Village energy security programme(VESP)
• MNRE started VESP for villages which do not
have access to grid
• In this programme all the energy needs of a
village such as domestic, commercial,
agricultural etc will be met by biomass energy

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• Remote village electrification
programme(RVEP)
• This aims at providing basic facilities such as
lighting, water pumping etc. for un electrified
remote villages where the grid connection is
not available or feasible
• Electricity supply is provided through various
renewable energy forms including biomass

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• Urjagram
• It aims to make remote rural areas self
sufficient in energy through locally available
renewable energy forms
• Energy produced can be used for domestic,
agricultural and small cottage industry
purposes

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• Biomass Programme
• This program supports the manufacturing of
pellets and briquettes for power generation,
and non-bagasse based power generation
projects.
• It also supports the implementation of the
National Mission on Co-firing of Biomass in
Thermal Power Plants.
•
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• Promotion of Biomass-based Cogeneration in
Sugar Mills and Other Industries
• This program offers Central Financial
Assistance (CFA) for projects that use biomass
for power generation in sugar mills and other
industries.

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• National Bioenergy Programme
• This program was notified on November 2,
2022, and is implemented in two phases. It
includes a Biomass Programme, Biogas
Programme, and Waste to Energy Programme.
• The program aims to promote the use of
surplus biomass and provide an additional
source of income for rural households.

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• The Bio Urja portal is a single window
platform for registering and submitting
applications for these programs.
• Registered users can also track the status of
their applications on the portal.
•

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• Module 4

• BIOMASS ENERGY- Introduction- Biomass fuels-

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• converted into electricity processed

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• A variety of hydrocarbons(sugar, starches, etc ) can be

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• Alcohols can be produced from a number of starch

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• (i) Waste material available after digestion and

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• (iv) Gas production is cheap.

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• High gas yield.

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• It has higher cost.

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

SHEEBA PAULOSE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• The sludge which is a byproduct , comes out