RESEARCH WORK #1

1. Calibration of Manometer (U-tube Manometer, Well-Type Manometer, Inclined

Manometer)
Adjusting and verifying the accuracy of pressure readings is critical in maintaining
a reference standard in manometers. Calibration ensures that the pressure
measurements are reliable and accurate by comparing them with a known reference
standard. U-tube manometers have a simple design, consisting of a U-shaped tube
composed of either glass or plastic (Industrial Quick Search, n.d.). The theory behind
their work is straightforward: when pressure is applied to one side, the liquid in the
U-tube changes height between its two ends. The difference in fluid column heights
represents the pressure differential compared to the reference pressure. To calibrate,
apply a known pressure to one side of the U-tube and measure the height difference.
The applied pressure may be calculated using the equation ΔP = ρgh, where ρ is the
density of the liquid, g is gravity's acceleration, and h is the height difference. The
U-tube manometer’s design and principle are rooted in the discoveries of Italian
physicist Evangelista Torricelli, who first used the concept of hydrostatic equilibrium to
measure atmospheric pressure with his invention of the barometer in the 17th century
West (2013). This principle has since been widely applied in pressure measurement
devices.

Well-type manometers, on the other hand, provide a more accurate method of

measuring pressure. Unlike the U-tube construction, a well-type manometer has a big
reservoir or "well" on one side and a smaller, narrow tube on the other. This
arrangement provides for a more magnified and visible measurement than the U-tube
manometer, as the smaller tube moves more when pressure is applied. The well-type
manometer is more sensitive and ideal for fine-tuning pressure readings in industrial
operations. It became increasingly commonly used in the early twentieth century,
particularly for applications that required fine calibration of pressure devices or sources
using a high-precision gauge. This type of manometer is commonly used in systems like
pipelines and HVAC systems, where monitoring and balancing air pressure is essential
for proper functioning and efficiency. The increased sensitivity of the well-type
manometer allows for more accurate calibration and monitoring in these systems.

Finally, Inclined Manometers feature a unique setting in which the tube is inclined
at an angle, allowing for more exact measurements of minor pressure variations. This
design increases the mobility of the liquid column, making it simpler to detect and
analyze minor pressure changes. Inclined manometers are useful for monitoring
low-pressure variations in laboratory investigations and precision engineering
procedures. The inclination boosts the manometer's sensitivity, making it particularly
beneficial for guaranteeing optimal performance in systems that need precise pressure
management. In engineering and HVAC applications, inclined manometers are
frequently used to ensure proper calibration of airflow systems, resulting in improved
efficiency and performance (Indian Institute of Technology, 2013).

2. Calibration of Barometer (Mercury Barometer, and Aneroid Barometer)

Calibrating a mercury barometer requires an understanding that most barometric

pressure readings, such as those broadcast on the radio or television, are adjusted to
reflect sea level conditions. This correction is applied to standardize pressure data
across various regions, making it easier to compare atmospheric pressures regardless
of altitude. Since altitude can significantly impact pressure readings, even over short
distances, using sea level as a reference eliminates inconsistencies. This is particularly
crucial in aviation, where accurate pressure readings are essential for determining
altitude and ensuring safe navigation. In obtaining an accurate, uncorrected barometric
pressure reading at a specific region, there are two options such as a mercury
barometer and an aneroid barometer with tightly coiled springs that need to be
calibrated to read the true pressure.

According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (2006)

uncorrecting a barometric pressure reading involves accounting for altitude since
atmospheric pressure decreases by approximately 26 millimeters (or about 1 inch) of
mercury for every 1,000 feet above sea level. To adjust a corrected pressure reading,
multiply the altitude by 0.026 to determine the pressure drop, then subtract this value
from the original reading. For instance, if the corrected pressure is 29.65 inches of
mercury and your location is 500 feet above sea level, the correction factor would be
calculated as (500 x 0.026), resulting in a correction of 15.6 mmHg. Applying this
adjustment gives an uncorrected pressure of 29.04 inches of mercury. This value can
then be converted into millimeters of mercury (mmHg) by multiplying by 25.4, resulting
in 737.6 mmHg.

Unlike mercury barometers, aneroid barometers do not use any liquid to measure
atmospheric pressure. Instead, they rely on a small, flexible metal chamber. This is
typically made from an alloy of beryllium and copper that expands or contracts in
response to changes in air pressure. These minute movements are mechanically
transferred to a needle or hand, which moves along a scale to indicate the current air
pressure. While aneroid barometers do not provide long-term weather forecasts, they
effectively display pressure trends, such as whether the pressure is rising. In calibration
of it, begin by identifying the current barometric pressure for a specific location. This can
easily be done through a local weather service or an online search in an area, such as
on a national meteorological website. Use a small flat-blade screwdriver to adjust the
set screw located on the rear of the barometer. Carefully turn the screw until the needle
points to the pressure value that is obtained in the area. It’s recommended to let the
barometer sit in its location for 24 hours before performing the calibration, allowing it to
acclimate to local conditions. After making the adjustments, the barometer should
display the correct pressure. It is possible to periodically compare its reading with an
official weather station nearby to ensure its accuracy over time (Marvin, 1899).

Indian Institute of Technology. (2013). Theory of Calibration experiment.

Vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in.
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Industrial Quick Search. (n.d.). Pressure Gauge: What Is It? How Is It Used? Types Of.
Www.iqsdirectory.com. https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/pressure-gauge.html
Marvin, C. F. (1899). Aneroid Barometers. Scientific American, 47(1202supp),
19276–19277. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican01141899-19276supp
West, J. B. (2013). Torricelli and the Ocean of Air: The First Measurement of Barometric
Pressure. Physiology, 28(2), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00053.2012
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2006). Calibration & barometric pressure
| | Wisconsin DNR. Dnr.wisconsin.gov.
https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/labCert/BODCalibration2.html
 RESEARCH WORK #2

1. TYPES OF PRESSURE GAUGES

Different types of pressure gauges are available, each created for specific uses
and measurement ranges. Bourdon tube gauges are commonly used and work by
utilizing a twisted tube that straightens when pressure is applied, which then translates
this movement into a dial display (Tripathi, 2023). Diaphragm pressure gauges use a
flexible membrane that bends when under pressure, allowing them to work well for
low-pressure readings and in corrosive settings (Kolstad, 2021). Capsule pressure
gauges, like diaphragm gauges, are perfect for use in HVAC systems where very low
pressures are measured (Orzikowski, 2023). Differential pressure gauges are utilized in
filtration systems to monitor pressure drops by measuring the variance between two
pressures. Digital pressure gauges offer accurate measurements, frequently with added
capabilities such as data recording and alarm configuration. Manometers, which rely on
liquid columns for pressure measurement, are straightforward and precise but are
generally used only in laboratory environments (Morterson, 2020). Every variety of
gauge offers distinct benefits like strong durability, precise accuracy, or compatibility
with certain pressure levels, making them indispensable instruments in different
sectors.

2. CALIBRATION OF BOURDON GAUGE

Calibrating a Bourdon gauge is essential for ensuring precise pressure
measurements, as these gauges are commonly utilized in industrial environments to
monitor pressure in pipelines, containers, and other equipment. Usually, the procedure
includes checking the gauge reading with a recognized reference pressure, which is
commonly obtained from a dead-weight tester or a calibrated digital gauge. Bourdon
gauges, created in 1849 by Eugène Bourdon, function through the bending of a spiral
tube that becomes more straight with growing pressure. Eventually, the gauge may
deviate from its precise measurements due to reasons such as wear and tear,
temperature changes, and contact with corrosive substances. Calibration corrects for
these variations by calibrating the gauge to match the reference pressure, guaranteeing
dependability in crucial situations. Regular calibration, usually advised once a year or
twice a year is crucial for ensuring the precision and safety of pressure measuring
systems (Instrukart, 2023). Furthermore, it assists in identifying any possible
malfunctions in the gauge that could result in system failures or safety risks.

3. CALIBRATION OF DEAD WEIGHT TESTER

In calibrating a dead-weight tester is crucial to ensure it remains a primary
standard for pressure measurement, providing precise pressure readings using
specified weights and piston sizes. Dead-weight testers operate by applying a specified
load onto a piston-cylinder setup, generating an accurate pressure that is employed in
calibrating various gauges (Precision Mass, 2021). Created in the early 1900s, this tool
continues to be essential for pressure calibration thanks to its straightforward
mechanical pressure creation technique. According to Fluke Corporation (n.d.),
calibrating the dead-weight tester includes checking the weight of the weights and the
surface area of the piston, as well as making sure no friction or contamination in the
system could impact precision. Calibrating regularly is crucial to consider the effects of
usage, which may cause minor alterations in the dimensions or surface conditions of
the piston-cylinder. This procedure guarantees that the tester continues to be a
dependable point of comparison for adjusting other pressure devices, preserving its
accuracy in the long run. Accurate dead-weight testers are essential in industries that
require precise pressure measurements, such as laboratories, manufacturing, and
aerospace.

4. CALIBRATION OF PIEZOMETERS (OPEN STANDPIPE, ELECTRIC

PIEZOMETERS, PNEUMATIC PIEZOMETER, HYDRAULIC, VIBRATING WIRE)
The calibration of piezometers is crucial to guarantee precise measurement of
pore water pressure in geotechnical and hydrological uses. Simple open standpipe
piezometers consist of a water-filled pipe that reacts to pressure changes; calibration is
necessary for precise water level measurements. Electric piezometers, utilizing strain
gauges or vibrating wires, need accurate calibration of their electrical output to align
with pressure variations (Geotechnical Observations, n.d.), making them suitable for
remote observation and extended research. Pneumatic piezometers work by using gas
pressure to counteract the pore water pressure; their calibration consists of testing the
response time and accuracy of pressure balance. Hydraulic piezometers utilize a
liquid-filled mechanism to convey pressure to a distant gauge, and calibration verifies
for any leaks or obstructions that could alter measurements. Calibrating vibrating wire
piezometers involves matching the frequency output with known pressures to guarantee
precise measurements of pressure (Soil Instruments, 2023). Open standpipes are
affordable while vibrating wire piezometers provide accurate and stable measurements
in different environments. Frequent calibration of these tools is essential to ensure their
dependability in overseeing groundwater levels, dam safety, and other vital engineering
undertakings.

REFERENCES:
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Geotechnical Observations. (n.d.). Piezometers. Geotechnical Observations.
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Instrukart. (2023). Why Calibration Is Important For Instruments? - Instrukart Holdings.
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Kolstad, C. (2021, July 21). How Diaphragm Pressure Gauges Work. Tameson.com.
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ressure%20Gauge%20%2D%20How%20It%20Works&text=A%20diaphragm%2
0pressure%20gauge%20uses
Morterson. (2020). Manometer Explained | Working Principle - RealPars.
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Orzikowski, H. (2023, March 15). Low Pressure Gauges for pressure and vacuum
measurements - WIKA blog. WIKA Blog.
https://blog.wika.us/products/pressure-products/low-pressure-gauges-for-very-lo
w-and-vacuum-pressure-measurements/
Precision Mass. (2021). Dead Weight Testers & How it works for Pressure Calibration?
Precision Mass Products.
https://www.precisionmass.com/what-is-a-dead-weight-testers-how-it-works-for-p
ressure-calibration/
Soil Instruments. (2023). Hydraulic Piezometer - Soil Instruments. Soil Instruments.
https://www.soilinstruments.com/products/water-monitors-piezometers-meters/hy
draulic-piezometer/
Tripathi, T. (2023). The Many Types of Pressure Gauges in Measurement Industry.
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nt-industry