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Design and Development of a Smart Trash Bin for Recyclable

Wastes
Earl John C. Flores1*, Mark Chester Dauz1, Rafael Calica1, Dianne Ross De Guzman1, Joselito Ganuelas1, Rommick
Olbinado1, and Ace Benjhon Ventura1
1
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus,
City of San Fernando, La Union, Philippines

Article Info:
Received: 10 Aug 2023; Revised: 02 Dec 2023; Accepted: 20 Dec 2023; Available Online: 31 Dec 2023

Abstract – Most human activities generate solid waste, which is an unavoidable byproduct. Solid waste
management is critical to reducing waste and improving recycling. Uncollected trash and poor waste disposal have
severe health and environmental repercussions. Furthermore, most public trash bins overflow due to inefficient
waste management practices. As a result, for an immediate and optimized waste collection operation, a waste
classification management and remote monitoring system are required to properly segregate trash and notify
relevant authorities about the trash levels of the bins. This paper presents the design and development of a smart
trash bin that uses an Arduino microcontroller to segregate recyclable materials, monitor trash levels in bins, and
send an SMS alarm to authorities through GSM communication. A 12V battery powers the system, supplemented
by a solar panel. The smart trash bin's design is appropriate for proper waste disposal of recyclable materials. It
will assist authorities in planning an efficient waste collection strategy. The designed trash bin costs 180 USD,
which is comparable and affordable to existing smart trash bins.

Keywords – GSM Communication, Recyclable Waste Segregation, Sensor-based System, Trash Level
Monitoring, Waste Management System
in 2016, with daily garbage per capita ranging between
INTRODUCTION
300 and 700 grams in rural and urban areas (Lagman-
According to the World Bank Urban Bautista & Eleria, 2020). According to the National Solid
Development department report, the expected volume of Waste Management Status Report of DENR, recyclable
municipal solid waste (MSW) will increase from 1.3 waste accounts for nearly a third (27.87%) of Municipal
billion tons annually to 2.2 billion tons annually by 2025 Solid Waste. Recyclable garbage includes plastics (10.56
(Hoornweg & Bhada-Tate, 2012). Most of the growth %), paper and cardboard (8.61 %), glass (2.43 %), metal
will occur in rapidly growing cities in developing (4.22 %), textiles (1.61 %), rubber and leather (0.44 %)
nations. Over the next 30 years, rapid urbanization, (DENR, 2018). If trash is not effectively managed,
population growth, and economic development will environmental issues will worsen over time and become
drive a 70% increase in world trash generation. the most significant obstacle to sustainable development.
Uncollected trash and improper waste disposal have Municipal solid waste contains numerous recyclable
severe health and environmental consequences. components; recycling reduces waste emissions, adds
Frequently, the expense of mitigating these effects value, and cuts costs. Waste classification management
exceeds establishing and operating simple, adequate will therefore be the most effective method (Zhang et al.,
waste management systems (Ella et al., 2022). 2021).
Like any other developing economy, solid waste The term waste management is essential in
management remains a significant obstacle (Moriguchi everyone's life. Pollution and the accumulation of
& Hashimoto, 2015). The Philippines' waste generation enormous volumes of garbage in the lack of an
has increased from 37∙10³ kg∙aˉ¹ in 2012 to 40·10³ kg∙aˉ¹
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appropriate waste management system have become one Frequency Identification (RFID) tags has entirely
of humanity's most serious problems (Goutam changed how waste is managed (Brancoli et al., 2020;
Mukherjee et al., 2021). Trash bins in public places are Zeb et al., 2019). These bins are called "smart" because
not optimized and poorly maintained, which is they have IoT devices built-in and other new
unappealing, especially if garbages overflow. Most technologies like RFID readers, ultrasonic sensors,
people are reluctant to throw their garbage in trash bins weight sensors, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes as
because the conventional design of such bins necessitates indicators (Al-Jabi & Diab, 2017). These sensors help
the user to open the bin's lid to throw their garbage. These detect the total garbage volume and are designed to be
lids are prone to spread germs and bacteria, which can attached to trash bins and capable of detecting waste.
cause a variety of diseases because it dirty and not
properly maintained. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Moreover, these trash bins cannot be emptied for The objective of this study is to develop a smart
an extended time, and some people do not segregate their trash bin for recyclable wastes. The smart trash bin is a
trash. As a result, improper waste management and sensor-based system wherein capacitive, and inductive
segregation contribute to the spreading diseases and proximity sensors will be used to detect and sort trash.
unpleasant odors to the surrounding area. People may The study will only be limited to sorting non-metal and
quickly become ill as a result of this odor. In addition, recyclable metal trash such as tin cans and plastic bottles.
many believe it is more practical to neglect waste Other classifications of trash, such as paper, wood,
segregation and dispose of their garbage on roadsides or plastics, and others, can be detected by the smart trash
rivers (Chandra & Tawami, 2020). bin but will not be sorted appropriately and will not be
To address this problem, researchers develop included in this study. Furthermore, the lid of the trash
ways to dispose of and manage waste properly. Smart bins can automatically close and open if the user wants
Trash Bins are among the smart waste management to throw their trash. This feature will ensure that users
solutions that are being developed. This technique helps will not be touching the trash bins' filthy lids, which can
reduce operational expenses and resolve environmental spread germs and viruses. In addition, an autonomous
problems. This technology will contribute to the trash level detection via an ultrasonic sensor will be
effectiveness and efficiency of waste management and integrated to address the overflowing trash over an
recycling operations and reduce human labor. extended period. A GSM module is also integrated to
The studies presented by (Chandramohan et al., achieve wireless monitoring and control of the system.
2017; Rafeeq et al., 2016; Sharanya et al., 2017) The development of this smart trash bin will improve
demonstrated automated waste sorting technologies. accessibility and allow authorities to conduct proper
Their waste segregation system for recyclable materials waste disposal planning.
such as metal, plastic, and glass is simple to implement.
Their technology can detect metallic objects using
inductive and capacitive sensors to differentiate between MATERIALS AND METHODS
metallic trash and non-metallic garbage. System Architecture
A dynamic waste collecting system must be
implemented to address urban waste management's high
costs and inefficiency. It is necessary to monitor the trash
bins' levels to establish a dynamic waste collection
method. The design of the smart trash bins featured in
studies of (Ashwin et al., 2021; Haribabu et al., 2018;
Kolhatkar et al., 2018; Kristanto et al., 2016; Utomo et
al., 2018; Widiastiwi & Satria, 2020) often uses
ultrasonic sensors to determine trash levels and integrate
wireless communication technologies to inform
authorities of trash level status to optimize waste
collection.
The idea for smart trash bins uses the Internet of
Figure 1. System Architecture of the Proposed System
Things (IoT) and wireless sensor network technologies.
Using Internet of Things (IoT) devices and Radio
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Fig.1 depicts the System Architecture of the Trash Level Detection

features that make up the Smart Trash Bin System: Trash Fig. 2 shows how an ultrasonic sensor measures
Detection and Segregation, Trash Level Detection, and the trash level in the bin. The HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic
GSM Communication. Each feature is addressed in sensor for measuring the amount of garbage in a trash
greater detail in the sections that follow. bin. Two components comprise the sensor: a transmitter
Trash Detection and Segregation and a receiver. The controller receives ultrasonic wave
signals from the transmitter. The module emits and
The Smart Trash Bin's waste segregation
reflects ultrasonic waves when an object is positioned in
functionality comprises servo motors and capacitive and
front of the transmitter. The receiver detects the
inductive sensors. A capacitive sensor is a non-contact
reflections and transmits the signal to the module
device that is capable of sensing the presence or absence
(Karthik et al., 2021). The operation of Trash Level
of nearly any object, regardless of its material
Detection is summarized in Table 3. If the measured
composition, without the need for physical contact (Du,
trash bin level exceeds 10 cm, the trash bin status is Not
2014). An inductive sensor is a device that utilizes
Full, the indicator light turns off, and the GSM goes
electromagnetic induction to detect metallic objects (Du,
into standby mode. Otherwise, if the trash bin
2014). A servo motor is a rotary actuator used to rotate
measurement is less than 10 cm, the trash bin status is
components precisely. The servo motor of the Smart
Full, and the GSM sends an SMS notice to the user that
Trash Bins rotates a lid mechanism to open and close the
the trash bin is full.
bins automatically if a sensor detects trash at the bin's
opening. When a user dumps waste in the Bins,
the capacitive and inductive sensors detect the material's
properties. The microcontroller will process the sensor's
input data based on the summary of the waste segregation
operation in Tables 1 and 2. The microcontroller will
transmit the required signals to the servo motors and
buzzer. For instance, if the trash dumped in the bin is of
the correct type, the servo will open the lid. Otherwise, if
the type of trash put into the bin is incorrect, the servo
will not actuate. A buzzer will sound to warn the user that
the wrong type of trash is being thrown into the bin.

Table 1. Summary of Waste Segregation Operation

in Non-Metal Bin
Type of Non-Metal Bin Sensor Non- Buzzer
Recyclable Capacitive Inductive Metal
Trash Bin
Lid
Metal Detected Detected Close ON Figure 2. Trash Level Measurement using
Non-Metal Detected Not Open OFF Ultrasonic Sensor
Detected

Table 2. Summary of Waste Segregation Table 3. Summary of Trash Level Detection

Operation in Metal Bin Operation
Type of Metal Bin Sensor Non- Buzzer Bin Level Indicator GSM Bin Status
Recyclable Capacitive Inductive Metal Light
Trash Bin Bin Level OFF Standby Not Full
Lid > 10 cm
Metal Detected Detected Open OFF Bin Level ON Send SMS Full
Non- Detected Not Close ON < 10 cm Notification
Metal Detected

GSM Communication

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The Saleng GSM Module by Layad Circuit that battery to the microcontroller-required 5V DC. Second,
uses SIM800L was used to integrate GSM connectivity the capacitive, inductive, and ultrasonic sensors of the
into the system. The Saleng GSM Module makes GSM Sensor Module are connected to the input pins of the
communication integration considerably easier because Arduino microcontroller. The capacitive and inductive
it contains a built-in circuit to provide the 3.6-4.2V 2A sensors are connected to an optocoupler circuit so that a
power required by the SIM800L to function correctly. 12V sensor can be safely wired to a 5V microcontroller.
Third, the Arduino microcontroller processes the input
Solar Power data from the sensor module and sends the appropriate
Solar energy is collected using a photovoltaic signals to the various actuator devices based on the
panel. A solar battery pack is fixed within the smart trash uploaded C code of the programmer. The Arduino IDE
bin to store renewable solar energy generated by Desktop was utilized to write and upload C code from the
photovoltaic cells. The solar battery is used to power all computer to the Arduino board via a USB cable. Fourth,
the devices of the smart trash bin system. Fig. 3 shows the Actuator Module contains servo motors, a buzzer,
the parts and connections of the solar power setup. A and an indicator light. Each actuator is activated if certain
10W Solar Panel is connected to the Solar Charge system conditions are met. Lastly, the GSM Module can
Controller to regulate the voltage supplied to charge the communicate in both directions with the Arduino board.
12V 15Ah AGM Gel Battery. The battery is connected The microcontroller will instruct the GSM module to
to a DC breaker before the DC-DC step-down converter, communicate data from the system to the user and vice
which supplies multiple DC voltages to the system. The versa if certain conditions are met. The user can control
first step-down converter has a fixed 5V DC output that the system by sending an SMS to the GSM module.
powers the Arduino board and the 5V I/O devices. The
second step-down converter has a variable DC output
adjusted to 6V to power the two servo motors. In
addition, the third step-down converter has a variable DC
output that was adjusted to 5V to power the Saleng GSM
module. Although the DC supply of the GSM module
and the Arduino is similar, their supply was separated
because there is a current spike every time the GSM
module sends an SMS, which may affect the
functionality of other system devices.

Figure 4. Hardware Block Diagram

Software Algorithm
Fig. 5 depicts the algorithm for Recyclable
Waste Segregation. It begins by initializing the
microcontroller and reads each trash bin's capacitive
sensor. The inductive sensor will be read if the capacitive
sensor recognizes a trash object. Suppose the inductive
sensor for the Non-metal bin does not detect the trash
Figure 3. Parts and connection of the Solar Power object. In that case, it is categorized as a non-metal
Setup object. The servo motor will rotate to open the Non-metal
Bin, which will close after a 2-second delay. However, if
Hardware Block Diagram the inductive sensor detects the trash object, it is
Fig. 4 depicts the Smart Trash Bin's Hardware classified as a metal object. Therefore, the Non-metal
Block Diagram, which consists of the Power Supply, trash bin will not open, and the buzzer will ring for two
Sensor Module, Arduino Microcontroller, Actuator seconds.
Module, and GSM Module. First, the Power Supply
delivers DC power to the system's various modules. A
DC-DC converter circuit converts the 12V DC from the
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Figure 5. Recyclable Waste Segregation Algorithm

Figure 6. Trash Level Detection Algorithm
In contrast, if the capacitive sensor of the metal
bin detects trash, the inductive sensor of the metal
bin will be read. Suppose the inductive sensor detects a
metal object. In that case, the servo motor will rotate to
open the Metal Bin, which will then close after a 2-
second delay. However, if the inductive sensor fails to
detect it, the trash object is classified as a non-metal
object. Therefore, the Metal trash bin will not open, and
the buzzer will ring for two seconds.
Fig. 6 illustrates the algorithm for detecting trash
levels. The algorithm begins by initializing the
microcontroller and then reading the ultrasonic sensor in
both bins to calculate the trash level. Suppose the
garbage level is less than 10 cm. In that case, the
indicator light turns on, and an SMS notification
indicating that the trash bin is full is sent to the user's
mobile number. Otherwise, the bins are not yet full if the
trash level exceeds 10 cm, so it loops back to read the
trash level

Figure 7. SMS Status Update Algorithm

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SMS Status Update Algorithm is illustrated in

Fig. 7. It begins by initializing the microcontroller
and reading incoming SMS messages afterward. If the
SMS contains the keyword "STATUS," the algorithm
will read the trash level in the metal and non-metal bins.
Otherwise, it will loop back to read incoming SMS
messages. After reading the trash level of the bins, the
sender's number will be extracted. The Trash Level
Status will then be delivered through SMS to the sender's
mobile number.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hardware Design and Testing
The smart trash bin was developed using the
CAD drawings shown in Fig. 8. Hardware functionality
testing was performed to validate the developed Smart
Trash Bin. The trash bin had a maximum unfilled height
of 580 mm and a diameter of 480 mm. An ultrasonic
sensor facing the bin was mounted on the bin cover to (a)
measure the trash level, as illustrated in item 5 of Fig. 8b.
The researchers filled the bin to determine the trash level
reading when the bins were full. A trash level reading of
less than 10 cm indicates that the bin is full. Further
testing revealed that trash level detection could
accurately determine when the bins are full, and the
system can send SMS notifications to users. During
testing, however, it was observed that the SIM800L
module could not receive or send SMS since the cellular
signal was weak within the building. Therefore, the smart
trash bin was placed in an open field to receive a stronger
cellular connection. It is also recommended to utilize a
SIM card network with a strong signal in the area to boost
the system's reliability.
The trash objects are thrown in the rectangular
opening of the bin cover, which measures 140x200 mm.
The capacitive and inductive sensors mounted on the
base plate, as illustrated in items 2-4 of Fig. 8b, are
utilized to determine the property of the thrown
recyclable trash object. The sensors' placement and
sensing distance were calibrated to identify the (b)
recyclable object's property accurately. While testing the
recyclable waste segregation function, it was discovered Figure 8. CAD Drawing (a) Isometric View
that the inductive sensor should be placed slightly (b)Exploded View of Trash Bin Cover
forward of the capacitive sensor since it has a more
extended sensing range than the inductive sensor used in
the study. The lid flap will open when the right recyclable
object is thrown into the appropriate bin. The bin flap,
servo motor, shaft, and bearings comprise the lid flap
opening and closing mechanism, as indicated in the
assembly drawing of items 6-9 in fig. 8b. This

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mechanism was capable of closing and opening the lid

flap automatically. However, the lid flaps were not fully
closing; therefore, the servo motors' rotation angles were
modified until the lid flaps were fully closed. It is advised
that the servo motors be properly mounted so they do not
wobble while turning the lid flap. Furthermore, the lid
flap should be made of a lighter material, and the
alignment of the servo motor, shaft, and bearings should
be checked so that the servo motor does not have
difficulties rotating.

Developed Smart Trash Bin Figure 10. Schematic Diagram of the Smart Trash
Bin

Figure 9. Developed Smart Trash Bin

Fig. 9 shows the developed Smart Trash Bin

alongside the researchers. It has two containers for
recyclable non-metal and metal waste. Each bin has a
label indicating what types of trash can be placed in that
bin. In addition, a solar panel is installed to charge the
solar battery that powers the entire system.

Fig. 11 shows the actual wiring of the smart trash

bin based on the schematic diagram illustrated in Fig. 10.
The various electrical component and control devices Figure 11. Electrical Panel of the Smart Trash Bin
were mounted on plywood using screws and adhesives.
The wires were connected in a terminal block, and the
cover of the terminal block was labeled with the pin Cost Analysis
designation to identify the connections quickly.
The total cost of the smart trash bin is shown in
Table 4. According to the table, the total cost of the
designed smart trash bin is USD 180. Furthermore, Fig.
12 depicts a cost comparison between the developed and
previously existing trash bins presented in (Al Mamun et
al., 2015; Samann, 2017). To summarize, the developed
trash bin is less expensive than the existing trash bins,
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costing around USD 160 and USD 560. It should be CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
noted that while the designed system of (Samann, 2017) This paper presented the design and
was less expensive, the reported total cost did not include development of a solar-powered, GSM-connected
the cost of the bin. Furthermore, the developed system for recyclable waste management. Three
system has two trash bins, which have a larger capacity subsystems of the Smart Trash Bin were successfully
than the single bins developed in (Al Mamun et al., 2015; created. First, the Recyclable Waste Segregation
Samann, 2017). subsystem can separate the trash into metal and non-
metal waste based on materials' inductive and capacitive
Table 4. Overall cost of the System properties. In addition, a mechanism for automatically
Item Qty Unit Total opening and closing the trash bin covers was developed
Cost Cost to dispose of trash in the correct bins. Second, Trash
Inductive Proximity 2 $ 4.5 $ 9.00 Level Detection employing ultrasonic sensors proved a
Sensor
reliable and cost-effective method for monitoring the
Capacitive Proximity 2 $ 6.00 $ 12.00
Sensor bin's trash level. Lastly, the GSM communication
Ultrasonic Sensor 2 $ 1.00 $ 2.00 demonstrated that the system could be remotely
DC-DC Stepdown 2 $ 1.00 $ 2.00 monitored and automatically notify the user if the
Converter (Variable) trash bins are full. The development cost of the system
DC-DC Stepdown 1 $ 2.00 $ 2.00 has been compared to that of existing trash bins, and it
Converter (Fixed) has been determined that the cost of the developed
4-way Optocoupler 1 $ 1.00 $ 1.00 system is very favorable because it is affordable and has
Module a greater capacity.
Saleng GSM Module 1 $ 7.00 $ 7.00 In future studies, computer vision and deep
Arduino Uno 1 $ 12.00 $ 12.00 learning research may be considered for detecting and
Servo Motor 2 $ 9.00 $ 18.00 classifying various types of trash.
2-channel Relay 1 $ 1.50 $ 1.50
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