.Difference between Variable and Constant?

- Variable:

1. Represents a memory location whose value can vary during program execution.

2. It can be assigned different values at different points in the program.

3. Variables are declared using specific data types and can hold various types of data, such as
integers, floats, characters, etc.

- Constant:

1. Represents a fixed value that does not change during program execution.

2. It is assigned a value once and remains unchanged throughout the program.

3. Constants are often used to represent fixed values such as mathematical constants (e.g., π, e) or
fixed parameters in a program.

2. What is Preprocessor Directive?

- A preprocessor directive is a command in programming languages like C and C++ that instructs the
preprocessor to perform specific actions before the compilation process. It enables tasks such as
including external files, defining macros, and controlling conditional compilation. Common
preprocessor directives include `#include`, `#define`, and conditional compilation directives (`#ifdef`,
`#ifndef`, etc.).

3.What is a Header File? What is the Extension of a Header File?

- Header File:

1. A header file contains declarations of functions, variables, and macros used across multiple
source code files.

2. It helps in organizing code, promoting reusability, and enabling modular programming.

3. Header files typically contain function prototypes, constant definitions, and other necessary
declarations without any actual implementation.

- Extension:

1. In C, the common extension for header files is `.h`, for example, `stdio.h`, `stdlib.h`, etc.

2. In C++, header files may have the extension `.hpp` or `.h`, although `.h` is also commonly used.

4.What is Branching?
 - Branching is a programming concept that allows the execution of different sequences of
instructions based on certain conditions.

- It enables the creation of decision-making constructs in a program.

- Branching structures include if-else statements, switch-case statements, and loops.

5. Types of Operators

- Operators in programming languages can be categorized into various types such as arithmetic,
relational, logical, assignment, bitwise, and ternary operators.

- Each type of operator performs specific operations on operands based on their types and values.

- Understanding and using different types of operators is essential for implementing various
computational tasks efficiently.

6. Difference between While and Do-While Loop?

- While Loop:

1. Checks the condition before entering the loop body.

2. If the condition is false initially, the loop body is never executed.

3. It is suitable for situations where the loop body may not need to be executed at all.

- Do-While Loop:

1. Executes the loop body at least once before checking the condition.

2. It ensures that the loop body is executed at least once, regardless of the condition.

3. It is useful when you want to execute the loop body before checking the condition.

7. What is Fall-through Condition? Why is Break Important in Switch-Case?

- Fall-through Condition:

1. In a switch-case statement, fall-through occurs when control reaches a case label and continues
to execute subsequent statements until a break statement is encountered.

2. Without a break statement, execution falls through to the next case label, leading to
unintended behavior.

3. Fall-through can be intentional and used for grouping cases with common code.

- Importance of Break in Switch-Case:

1. Break is essential in switch-case to terminate the switch block and prevent fall-through.
 2. It ensures that only the code associated with the matched case is executed.

3. Without break statements, multiple case blocks may be executed sequentially, leading to
unexpected results.

8. What is Nested If?

- Nested if statements involve placing one if statement inside another.

- It allows for multiple conditions to be checked sequentially, with each inner if statement being
evaluated based on the outcome of the outer if statement.

- Nested if statements can lead to complex code structures and should be used judiciously to
maintain readability.

9. Define Break and Continue

- Break:

1. Break is a control statement used to terminate the nearest enclosing loop or switch statement.

2. It immediately exits the loop or switch block and continues execution with the statement
following the loop or switch.

3. Break is commonly used to exit a loop prematurely based on certain conditions.

- continue:

1. Continue is a control statement used to skip the rest of the loop body and proceed to the next
iteration of the loop.

2. It does not exit the loop entirely but skips the remaining code in the current iteration and
continues with the next iteration.

3. Continue is useful for skipping certain iterations of a loop based on specific conditions.

10. What is an Array? Advantages and Disadvantages

- Array:

1. An array is a data structure that stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the
same type.

2. It provides efficient random access to elements using an index.

3. Arrays are used to store and manipulate collections of data efficiently in memory.

- Advantages:
 1. Allows easy access to elements using indexing.

2. Enables efficient storage and manipulation of large collections of data.

3. Supports various operations such as sorting, searching, and iteration.

- Disadvantages

1. Fixed size: Arrays have a fixed size, making it challenging to dynamically resize them.

2. Inefficient insertion and deletion: Inserting or deleting elements in the middle of an array
requires shifting elements, leading to inefficiency.

3. Lack of flexibility: Arrays cannot store elements of different data types unless using arrays of
structures or pointers.

11. What is a String in C?

- In C, a string is a sequence of characters stored in an array terminated by a null character ('\0').

- Strings in C are typically represented using character arrays and are manipulated using various
string manipulation functions.

- String literals in C are enclosed in double quotes (" ") and are automatically null-terminated.

12 What is Function Declaration and Definition?

-Function Declaration:

1. Function declaration specifies the name of the function, its return type, and parameters
without providing the function's implementation.

2. It informs the compiler about the existence of the function and its signature, allowing the
compiler to perform type checking.

3. Function declarations are often placed in header files or at the beginning of source files before
their first use.

- Function Definition:

1. Function definition provides the actual implementation of the function, including its executable
code.

2. It specifies the function's behavior and how it should be executed.

3. Function definitions typically include the function header (name, return type, and parameters)
followed by the function body enclosed in curly braces.
13. What is an Argument and Parameter?

- Parameter:

1. A parameter is a variable used in a function definition to represent the data being passed into
the function.

2. It acts as a placeholder for the arguments that will be supplied when the function is called.

3. Parameters define the input interface of a function and specify the type and order of data that
the function expects.

- Argument:

1. An argument is an actual value passed to a function when calling it.

2. It corresponds to the parameters of the function and provides the data that the function
operates on.

3. Arguments are passed to functions during function calls and are used to initialize the
parameters of the called function.

14. What is Recursion?

- Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself to solve smaller instances of
the same problem until a base case is reached.

- It provides an elegant and concise solution to problems that exhibit recursive structure.

- Recursion involves breaking down a problem into smaller subproblems, solving them recursively,
and combining their solutions to solve the original problem.

15. Difference between Call by Value and Call by Reference?

- Call by Value:

1. In call by value, a copy of the actual parameter's value is passed to the function's formal
parameter.

2. Changes made to the formal parameter inside the function do not affect the actual parameter.

3. Call by value is suitable for passing primitive data types and ensures data encapsulation and
immutability.

-Call by Reference:

1. In call by reference, the memory address of the actual parameter is passed to the function's
formal parameter.
 2. Changes made to the formal parameter inside the function affect the actual parameter.

3. Call by reference is suitable for passing large data structures and allows for efficient
modification of the original data.

16. Difference between Structure and Union. Related Keywords

- Structure:

1. A structure is a composite data type that groups related data items under a single name.

2. Each member of a structure has its own memory location, and all members are accessed using
a dot (.) operator.

3. Structures are used to represent complex data structures with multiple components.

- Union:

1. A union is similar to a structure but allocates enough memory to hold only one of its members
at a time.

2. All members of a union share the same memory location, and only one member can be active
at any given time.

3. Unions are used to conserve memory when only one member of the union needs to be active
at a time.

- Related Keywords:

- `struct`: Keyword used to define a structure.

- `union`: Keyword used to define a union.

- `sizeof`: Operator used to determine the size of a structure or union.

17. What is a Pointer?

- A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.

- Pointers are used to indirectly access and manipulate memory locations.

- They enable dynamic memory allocation, passing by reference, and implementing data structures
such as linked lists, trees, and graphs.

18. What is Pointer to Pointer?

- A pointer to a pointer (or double pointer) is a pointer variable that holds the memory address of
another pointer variable.
 - It allows indirect access to a memory location through multiple levels of indirection.

- Pointer to pointer is commonly used in scenarios such as dynamic memory allocation and
manipulation of multidimensional arrays.

19. Difference between malloc and calloc?

- malloc:

1. malloc is a function used for dynamic memory allocation in C and C++.

2. It allocates a block of memory of a specified size but does not initialize the memory.

3. Memory allocated by malloc contains garbage values, and it is the programmer's responsibility
to initialize the memory before use.

- calloc:

1. calloc is a function used for dynamic memory allocation in C and C++.

2. It allocates a block of memory of a specified size and initializes all bytes to zero.

3. Memory allocated by calloc is initialized to zero, providing predictable and consistent initial
values.

20.What is Pointer to Function?

- A pointer to a function holds the memory address of a function.

- It allows for indirect invocation of functions and is useful for implementing callbacks, function
pointers, and dynamic dispatch.

- Pointer to function enables runtime polymorphism and flexibility in function invocation based on
runtime conditions.