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This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial
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 Elementary Linear Algebra © 2017, 2013, 2009 Cengage Learning
Eighth Edition
WCN: 02-200-203
Ron Larson

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Cengage Learning
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents

1 Systems of Linear Equations 1

1.1 Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations 2
1.2 Gaussian Elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination 13
1.3 Applications of Systems of Linear Equations 25
Review Exercises 35
Project 1 Graphing Linear Equations 38
Project 2 Underdetermined and Overdetermined Systems 38

2 Matrices 39
2.1 Operations with Matrices 40
2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations 52
2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix 62
2.4 Elementary Matrices 74
2.5 Markov Chains 84
2.6 More Applications of Matrix Operations 94
Review Exercises 104
Project 1 Exploring Matrix Multiplication 108
Project 2 Nilpotent Matrices 108

3 Determinants 109
3.1 The Determinant of a Matrix 110
3.2 Determinants and Elementary Operations 118
3.3 Properties of Determinants 126
3.4 Applications of Determinants 134
Review Exercises 144
Project 1 Stochastic Matrices 147
Project 2 The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem 147
Cumulative Test for Chapters 1–3 149

4 Vector Spaces 151

4.1 Vectors in Rn 152
4.2 Vector Spaces 161
4.3 Subspaces of Vector Spaces 168
4.4 Spanning Sets and Linear Independence 175
4.5 Basis and Dimension 186
4.6 Rank of a Matrix and Systems of Linear Equations 195
4.7 Coordinates and Change of Basis 208
4.8 Applications of Vector Spaces 218
Review Exercises 227
Project 1 Solutions of Linear Systems 230
Project 2 Direct Sum 230

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
vi Contents

5 Inner Product Spaces 231

5.1 Length and Dot Product in R n 232
5.2 Inner Product Spaces 243
5.3 Orthonormal Bases: Gram-Schmidt Process 254
5.4 Mathematical Models and Least Squares Analysis 265
5.5 Applications of Inner Product Spaces 277
Review Exercises 290
Project 1 The QR-Factorization 293
Project 2 Orthogonal Matrices and Change of Basis 294
Cumulative Test for Chapters 4 and 5 295

6 Linear Transformations 297

6.1 Introduction to Linear Transformations 298
6.2 The Kernel and Range of a Linear Transformation 309
6.3 Matrices for Linear Transformations 320
6.4 Transition Matrices and Similarity 330
6.5 Applications of Linear Transformations 336
Review Exercises 343
Project 1 Reflections in R 2 (I) 346
Project 2 Reflections in R 2 (II) 346

7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 347

7.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 348
7.2 Diagonalization 359
7.3 Symmetric Matrices and Orthogonal Diagonalization 368
7.4 Applications of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 378
Review Exercises 393
Project 1 Population Growth and Dynamical Systems (I) 396
Project 2 The Fibonacci Sequence 396
Cumulative Test for Chapters 6 and 7 397

8 Complex Vector Spaces (online)*

8.1 Complex Numbers
8.2 Conjugates and Division of Complex Numbers
8.3 Polar Form and DeMoivre’s Theorem
8.4 Complex Vector Spaces and Inner Products
8.5 Unitary and Hermitian Matrices
Review Exercises
Project 1 The Mandelbrot Set
Project 2 Population Growth and Dynamical Systems (II)

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents vii

9 Linear Programming (online)*

9.1 Systems of Linear Inequalities
9.2 Linear Programming Involving Two Variables
9.3 The Simplex Method: Maximization
9.4 The Simplex Method: Minimization
9.5 The Simplex Method: Mixed Constraints
Review Exercises
Project 1 Beach Sand Replenishment (I)
Project 2 Beach Sand Replenishment (II)

10 Numerical Methods (online)*

10.1 Gaussian Elimination with Partial Pivoting
10.2 Iterative Methods for Solving Linear Systems
10.3 Power Method for Approximating Eigenvalues
10.4 Applications of Numerical Methods
Review Exercises
Project 1 The Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) Method
Project 2 United States Population

Appendix A1
Mathematical Induction and Other Forms of Proofs

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Tests A7

Index A41

Technology Guide*

*Available online at CengageBrain.com.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface
Welcome to Elementary Linear Algebra, Eighth Edition. I am proud to present to you this new edition. As with
all editions, I have been able to incorporate many useful comments from you, our user. And while much has
changed in this revision, you will still find what you expect—a pedagogically sound, mathematically precise, and
comprehensive textbook. Additionally, I am pleased and excited to offer you something brand new— a companion
website at LarsonLinearAlgebra.com. My goal for every edition of this textbook is to provide students with the
tools that they need to master linear algebra. I hope you find that the changes in this edition, together with
LarsonLinearAlgebra.com, will help accomplish just that.

New To This Edition

NEW LarsonLinearAlgebra.com
This companion website offers multiple tools and
resources to supplement your learning. Access to
these features is free. Watch videos explaining
concepts from the book, explore examples, download
data sets and much more.

5.2 Exercises 253

true or False? In Exercises 85 and 86, determine 94. Use the result of Exercise 93 to find W⊥ when W is the
whether each statement is true or false. If a statement span of (1, 2, 3) in V = R3.
is true, give a reason or cite an appropriate statement 95. guided Proof Let 〈u, v〉 be the Euclidean inner
from the text. If a statement is false, provide an example product on Rn. Use the fact that 〈u, v〉 = uTv to prove
that shows the statement is not true in all cases or cite an that for any n × n matrix A,
appropriate statement from the text.
(a) 〈ATAu, v〉 = 〈u, Av〉
85. (a) The dot product is the only inner product that can be
and
defined in Rn.
(b) 〈ATAu, u〉 = Au2.
(b) A nonzero vector in an inner product can have a
norm of zero. Getting Started: To prove (a) and (b), make use of both
86. (a) The norm of the vector u is the angle between u and
the positive x-axis.
the properties of transposes (Theorem 2.6) and the
properties of the dot product (Theorem 5.3). REVISED Exercise Sets
(b) The angle θ between a vector v and the projection
of u onto v is obtuse when the scalar a < 0 and
(i) To prove part (a), make repeated use of the property
〈u, v〉 = uTv and Property 4 of Theorem 2.6. The exercise sets have been carefully and extensively
acute when a > 0, where av = projvu. (ii) To prove part (b), make use of the property
〈u, v〉 = uTv, Property 4 of Theorem 2.6, and examined to ensure they are rigorous, relevant, and
87. Let u = (4, 2) and v = (2, −2) be vectors in R2 with Property 4 of Theorem 5.3.
the inner product 〈u, v〉 = u1v1 + 2u2v2. cover all the topics necessary to understand the
(a) Show that u and v are orthogonal.
(b) Sketch u and v. Are they orthogonal in the Euclidean
96. CAPSTONE
(a) Explain how to determine whether a function
fundamentals of linear algebra. The exercises are
sense?
88. Proof Prove that
defines an inner product.
(b) Let u and v be vectors in an inner product space V,
ordered and titled so you can see the connections
u + v2 + u − v2 = 2u2 + 2v2
for any vectors u and v in an inner product space V.
such that v ≠ 0. Explain how to find the orthogonal
projection of u onto v.
between examples and exercises. Many new skill-
89. Proof Prove that the function is an inner product on Rn.
〈u, v〉 = c1u1v1 + c2u2v2 + . . . + cnunvn, ci > 0
building, challenging, and application exercises have
Finding Inner Product Weights In Exercises 97–100,
90. Proof Let u and v be nonzero vectors in an inner
product space V. Prove that u − projvu is orthogonal
find c1 and c2 for the inner product of R2, been added. As in earlier editions, the following
〈u, v〉 = c1u1v1 + c2u2v2
to v.
91. Proof Prove Property 2 of Theorem 5.7: If u, v,
such that the graph represents a unit circle as shown. pedagogically-proven types of exercises are included.
97. y 98. y
and w are vectors in an inner product space V, then
• True or False Exercises
3 4
〈u + v, w〉 = 〈u, w〉 + 〈v, w〉.
2
92. Proof Prove Property 3 of Theorem 5.7: If u and v ||u|| = 1 ||u|| = 1
1

Proofs
are vectors in an inner product space V and c is any real
number, then 〈u, cv〉 = c〈u, v〉. −3 − 2 2 3
x
−3 −1 1 3
x
•
93. guided Proof Let W be a subspace of the inner −2

product space V. Prove that the set

W⊥ = { v ∈ V: 〈v, w〉 = 0 for all w ∈ W } 99.
−3

y 100.
−4
y
• Guided Proofs
Writing Exercises
5 6
is a subspace of V.
Getting Started: To prove that W⊥ is a subspace of ||u|| = 1
4
||u|| = 1
•
V, you must show that W⊥ is nonempty and that the 1

• Technology Exercises (indicated throughout the

x x
closure conditions for a subspace hold (Theorem 4.5). −5 − 3 1 3 5 −6 6
(i) Find a vector in W⊥ to conclude that it is nonempty. −4
(ii) To show the closure of W⊥ under addition, you −5 −6 text with )
need to show that 〈v1 + v2, w〉 = 0 for all w ∈ W
101. Consider the vectors
and for any v1, v2 ∈ W⊥. Use the properties of
inner products and the fact that 〈v1, w〉 and 〈v2, w〉
are both zero to show this.
u = (6, 2, 4) and v = (1, 2, 0)
from Example 10. Without using Theorem 5.9, show
Exercises utilizing electronic data sets are indicated
(iii) To show closure under multiplication by a scalar,
proceed as in part (ii). Use the properties of inner
that among all the scalar multiples cv of the vector
v, the projection of u onto v is the vector closest to by and found at CengageBrain.com.
products and the condition of belonging to W⊥. u—that is, show that d(u, projvu) is a minimum.

9781305658004_0502.indd 253 8/18/15 10:21 AM

ix

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
x Preface

Table of Contents Changes

Based on market research and feedback from users,
Section 2.5 in the previous edition (Applications of
2 Matrices
Matrix Operations) has been expanded from one section 2.1 Operations with Matrices
to two sections to include content on Markov chains. 2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations
2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix
So now, Chapter 2 has two application sections: 2.4 Elementary Matrices
Section 2.5 (Markov Chains) and Section 2.6 (More 2.5 Markov Chains
2.6 More Applications of Matrix Operations
Applications of Matrix Operations). In addition,
Section 7.4 (Applications of Eigenvalues and
Eigenvectors) has been expanded to include content
on constrained optimization.

Trusted Features
Data Encryption (p. 94)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (p. 79)

®
For the past several years, an independent website—
CalcChat.com—has provided free solutions to all
odd-numbered problems in the text. Thousands of
students have visited the site for practice and help Beam Deflection (p. 64)

with their homework from live tutors. You can also

use your smartphone’s QR Code® reader to scan the
icon at the beginning of each exercise set to
access the solutions. Information Retrieval (p. 58)

Flight Crew Scheduling (p. 47)

Clockwise from top left, Cousin_Avi/Shutterstock.com; Goncharuk/Shutterstock.com;
39
Gunnar Pippel/Shutterstock.com; Andresr/Shutterstock.com; nostal6ie/Shutterstock.com
62 Chapter 2 Matrices

2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix 9781305658004_0201.indd 39 9/10/15 10:21 AM

Find the inverse of a matrix (if it exists). Chapter Openers

Use properties of inverse matrices.
Use an inverse matrix to solve a system of linear equations. Each Chapter Opener highlights five real-life
Matrices and their inverses
applications of linear algebra found throughout the
Section 2.2 discussed some of the similarities between the algebra of real numbers and chapter. Many of the applications reference the
the algebra of matrices. This section further develops the algebra of matrices to include
the solutions of matrix equations involving matrix multiplication. To begin, consider
the real number equation ax = b. To solve this equation for x, multiply both sides of
Linear Algebra Applied feature (discussed on the
the equation by a−1 (provided a ≠ 0).
next page). You can find a full list of the
ax = b
(a−1a)x = a−1b applications in the Index of Applications on the
(1)x = a−1b
x = a−1b inside front cover.
The number a−1 is the multiplicative inverse of a because a−1a = 1 (the identity
element for multiplication). The definition of the multiplicative inverse of a matrix is
similar.
Section Objectives
definition of the inverse of a Matrix
An n × n matrix A is invertible (or nonsingular) when there exists an n × n
A bulleted list of learning objectives, located at
matrix B such that
the beginning of each section, provides you the
AB = BA = In
where In is the identity matrix of order n. The matrix B is the (multiplicative) opportunity to preview what will be presented
inverse of A. A matrix that does not have an inverse is noninvertible (or
singular). in the upcoming section.
Nonsquare matrices do not have inverses. To see this, note that if A is of size
m × n and B is of size n × m (where m ≠ n), then the products AB and BA are of
different sizes and cannot be equal to each other. Not all square matrices have inverses. Theorems, Definitions, and
Properties
(See Example 4.) The next theorem, however, states that if a matrix does have an
inverse, then that inverse is unique.

theoreM 2.7 Uniqueness of an inverse Matrix Presented in clear and mathematically precise
If A is an invertible matrix, then its inverse is unique. The inverse of A is
denoted by A−1. language, all theorems, definitions, and properties
proof are highlighted for emphasis and easy reference.
If A is invertible, then it has at least one inverse B such that
AB = I = BA.
Assume that A has another inverse C such that Proofs in Outline Form
AC = I = CA.
In addition to proofs in the exercises, some
Demonstrate that B and C are equal, as shown on the next page.
proofs are presented in outline form. This omits
the need for burdensome calculations.

QR Code is a registered trademark of Denso Wave Incorporated

9781305658004_0203.indd 62 8/18/15 11:34 AM

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 [ ]
1 0 . . . 0 c11 c12 . . . c1n
0 1 . . . 0 c21 c22 . . . c2n
.
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
0 0 . . . 1 cn1 cn2 . . . cnn
3.1 The Determinant of a Matrix By 113
the lemma following Theorem 4.20, however, the right-hand side of this matrix
is Q = P−1, which implies that the matrix has the form [I P−1], which proves the Preface xi
theorem.
Theorem 3.1 expansion by Cofactors

Discovery Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then the determinant of A is

n
In the next example, you will apply this procedure to the change of basis problem
from Example 3.
∑ det(A) = ∣A∣ = aijCij = ai1Ci1 + ai2Ci2 + . . . + ainCin ith row
Using the Discovery feature helps you develop j=1 expansion
Finding a transition Matrix
an intuitive understanding of mathematical
or
n jth column
det(A) = ∣A∣ = ∑ a C ij = a1jC1j + a2jC2j +
. . .+a C . See LarsonLinearAlgebra.com for an interactive version of this type of example.
concepts and relationships. i=1
ij nj nj expansion
Find the transition matrix from B to B′ for the bases for R3 below.
When expanding by cofactors, you do not need to find cofactors of zero entries, B = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} and B′ = {(1, 0, 1), (0, −1, 2), (2, 3, −5)}
Technology Notes because zero times its cofactor is zero.
solution
aijCij = (0)Cij 5.3 Orthonormal Bases: Gram-Schmidt Process 255
Technology notes show how you can use =0
First use the vectors in the two bases to form the matrices B and B′.
D I S C O V E RY Example 1 describes another nonstandard orthonormal basis for R3.
graphing utilities and software programs
[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 1 0 2
The row (or column) containing the most zeros is usually the best choice for expansion
B= 0 1 0 and B′ = 0 −1 3
by cofactors. The next example demonstrates1. Let B = {(1, 0), (1, 2)} a nonstandard Orthonormal Basis for R 3
appropriately in the problem-solving process. and B′ = {(1, 0), (0, 1)}.
this. 0 0 1 1 2 −5
3
Show that the set is an orthonormal basis for R .
[B′ B] and use Gauss-Jordan elimination to rewrite [B′ B] as
Many of the Technology notes reference the The Determinant Form the matrix Then form the matrix

2.
[of
B′ aBmatrix
]. of order 4 [I3 P−1]. S = {v , v , v } =
1
,
1
,0 , − , {(
√2 √2 2√2
,
2 2 1
, ,− , )( ) (3 )}
Technology Guide at CengageBrain.com.
1 2 3
√2 √2 6 6 3 3 3
Make a conjecture

[ ] [ ]
Find the determinant of 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 4 2
about the necessity of SOlutiOn
0 −1 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 −7 −3

[ ]
1 −2 3 0 using Gauss-Jordan First show that the three vectors are mutually orthogonal.
1 2 −5 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 −2 −1
−1 1 0 2 elimination to obtain 1 1
A= . v1 ∙ v2 = −that
From this, you can conclude + +transition
0=0
0 2 0 3
the transition matrix 6 the
6 matrix from B to B′ is
P −1 when the change 2 2

[ ]
3 4 0 −2 −1 v14∙ v3 =2 − +0=0
of basis is from a z

nonstandard basis to P−1 = 3 −7 −33√ . 2 3√2

soluTion √2 √2 2√2
a standard basis. 1 −2 −1
v2 ∙ v3 = − − + =0
Notice that three of the entries in the third column are zeros. So, ,to− eliminate
,
2 , 2of
−some
6 6
, 2 2
3
Multiply P−1 byNow,
9
2 2 1
the coordinate ( 9
) 9 ( )
= [1 2 −1]T to see that the result is the
of 1x because
each vector ismatrix
3 3 3 k
the work in the expansion, use the third column. v2 of length
v3 same as that obtained in Example 3.
∣A∣ = 3(C13) + 0(C23) + 0(C333) + 0(C43) i
v1 = √v1 ∙ v1 = √12 + 12 + 0 = 1
v2 = √v2 ∙ v2 = √18 1 1
v1 j + 18 + 89 = 1
The cofactors C23, C33, and C43 have zero coefficients, so you need only find the
TeChnology 1 , linear = √v3 ∙ v3 = √9 is
v3Crystallography
4 4
+ the
1
9 + 9science
= 1. of atomic and molecular
cofactor C13. To do this, delete the first row and third columnx of A and evaluate
( )
1the y
,0
2 2 structure. In a crystal, atoms are in a repeating pattern
Many graphing utilities and algeBra

∣ ∣
determinant of the resulting matrix. So, S is an orthonormal set. The three vectors do not lie in the same plane (see Figure
called a lattice. The simplest repeating unit in a lattice is a
software programs can 3

−1 1 2
Figure 5.11
applied5.11), so you know that they span R . By Theorem 4.12, they form a (nonstandard)
unitbasis
orthonormal cell.for
Crystallographers
R3. can use bases and coordinate
find the determinant of
matrices in R3 to designate the locations of atoms in a
a square matrix. If you use C13 = (−1) 1+3
0 2 3 Delete 1st row and 3rd column.
unit cell. For example, the figure below shows the unit
a graphing utility, then you may −2

∣ ∣
3 4 an Orthonormal
cell known as end-centered Basis for P3
monoclinic.
see something similar to the
screen below for Example 4. −1 1 2 In P3 , with the inner product
The Technology guide at = 0 2 3 Simplify. 〈 p, q〉 = a0b0 + a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
CengageBrain.com can help 3 4 −2
you use technology to find a the standard basis B = { 1, x, x2, x3 } is orthonormal. The verification of this is left as an
exercise. (See Exercise 17.)
determinant. Expanding by cofactors in the second row yields

∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
A
1 2 −1 2 −1 1 One possible coordinate matrix for the top end-centered
Time-frequency analysis of irregular physiological signals,
[[1 -2 3 0 ] C13 = (0)(−1)2+1 + (2)(−1)2+2 + (3)(−1)2+3 linear is [xas
(blue) atom such = [12 12 1]cardiac
]B′ beat-to-beat
T
.
[-1 1 0 2 ] 4 −2 3 −2 3 4 rhythm variations (also known
algeBra as heart rate variability or HRV), canBrazhnykov
[0 2 0 3 ] be difficult. This is
Andriy/Shutterstock.com
[3 4 0 -2]] = 0 + 2(1)(−4) + 3(−1)(−7) applied because the structure of a signal can include multiple
det A periodic, nonperiodic, and pseudo-periodic components.
= 13. Researchers have proposed and validated a simplified HRV
39
analysis method called orthonormal-basis partitioning and
You obtain time-frequency representation (OPTR). This method can
detect both abrupt and slow changes in the HRV signal’s
∣A∣ = 3(13) 9781305658004_0407.indd 213
structure, divide a nonstationary HRV signal into segments
8/18/15 11:58 AM
= 39. that are “less nonstationary,” and determine patterns in the
HRV. The researchers found that although it had poor time
resolution with signals that changed gradually, the OPTR
method accurately represented multicomponent and abrupt
changes in both real-life and simulated HRV signals.
(Source: Orthonormal-Basis Partitioning and Time-Frequency
Representation of Cardiac Rhythm Dynamics, Aysin, Benhur, et al,
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 52, no. 5)
108 Chapter 2 Matrices Sebastian Kaulitzki/Shutterstock.com

2
9781305658004_0301.indd 113
Projects
8/18/15 2:14 PM

1 Exploring Matrix Multiplication

The table shows the first two test scores for Anna, Bruce, Chris, and David. Use the 9781305658004_0503.indd 255 8/18/15 4:07 PM
Test 1 Test 2
Anna 84 96
table to create a matrix M to represent the data. Input M into a software program or
a graphing utility and use it to answer the questions below.
1. Which test was more difficult? Which was easier? Explain.
Linear Algebra Applied
Bruce
Chris
56
78
72
83
2. How would you rank the performances of the four students? The Linear Algebra Applied feature describes a real-life
[] []
1 0
David 82 91
3. Describe the meanings of the matrix products M
0
and M
1
.

4. Describe the meanings of the matrix products [1 0 0 0]M and [0 0 1 0]M.

application of concepts discussed in a section. These
5. Describe the meanings of the matrix products M
1
1
and 12M
1
1
.[] [] applications include biology and life sciences, business
6. Describe the meanings of the matrix products [1 1 1 1]M and 14 [1 1 1 1]M. and economics, engineering and technology, physical
7. Describe the meaning of the matrix product [1 1 1 1]M
1
[]
sciences, and statistics and probability.
.
1
8. Use matrix multiplication to find the combined overall average score on
both tests.
9. How could you use matrix multiplication to scale the scores on test 1 by a
factor of 1.1?

2 Nilpotent Matrices
Capstone Exercises
Let A be a nonzero square matrix. Is it possible that a positive integer k exists such
that Ak = O? For example, find A3 for the matrix
The Capstone is a conceptual problem that synthesizes
key topics to check students’ understanding of the
[ ]
0 1 2
A= 0 0 1 .
0 0 0 section concepts. I recommend it.
A square matrix A is nilpotent of index k when A ≠ O, A2 ≠ O, . . . , Ak−1 ≠ O,
but Ak = O. In this project you will explore nilpotent matrices.
1. The matrix in the example above is nilpotent. What is its index?
2. Use a software program or a graphing utility to determine which matrices below
are nilpotent and find their indices.
Chapter Projects
(a)
0
0 [ 1
0 ] (b)
0
1[ 1
0 ] (c)
0
1
0
0 [ ] Two per chapter, these offer the opportunity for group
activities or more extensive homework assignments,
[ ] [ ]
0 0 1 0 0 0
[ ]
1 0
(d) (e) 0 0 0 (f) 1 0 0
1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 and are focused on theoretical concepts or applications.
3. Find 3 × 3 nilpotent matrices of indices 2 and 3.
4. Find 4 × 4 nilpotent matrices of indices 2, 3, and 4. Many encourage the use of technology.
5. Find a nilpotent matrix of index 5.
6. Are nilpotent matrices invertible? Prove your answer.
7. When A is nilpotent, what can you say about AT? Prove your answer.
8. Show that if A is nilpotent, then I − A is invertible.

Supri Suharjoto/Shutterstock.com

9781305658004_020R.indd 108 9/8/15 8:41 AM

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 Instructor Resources
Media
Instructor’s Solutions Manual
The Instructor’s Solutions Manual provides worked-out solutions for all even-numbered
exercises in the text.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero (ISBN: 978-1-305-65806-6)
is a flexible, online system that allows you to author, edit, and manage test bank
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Turn the Light On with MindTap for Larson’s Elementary Linear Algebra
Through personalized paths of dynamic assignments and applications, MindTap is a
digital learning solution and representation of your course that turns cookie cutter into
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Tracking Students’ Progress in Real Time: Promote positive outcomes by
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Learn more at cengage.com/mindtap.

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 Student Resources
Print
Student Solutions Manual
ISBN-13: 978-1-305-87658-3
The Student Solutions Manual provides complete worked-out solutions to all
odd-numbered exercises in the text. Also included are the solutions to all
Cumulative Test problems.

Media
MindTap for Larson’s Elementary Linear Algebra
MindTap is a digital representation of your course that provides you with the tools
you need to better manage your limited time, stay organized and be successful.
You can complete assignments whenever and wherever you are ready to learn with
course material specially customized for you by your instructor and streamlined in
one proven, easy-to-use interface. With an array of study tools, you’ll get a true
understanding of course concepts, achieve better grades and set the groundwork
for your future courses.
Learn more at cengage.com/mindtap.

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To access additional course materials and companion resources, please visit
CengageBrain.com. At the CengageBrain.com home page, search for the ISBN
of your title (from the back cover of your book) using the search box at the top of
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 Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the many people who have helped me during various stages
of writing this new edition. In particular, I appreciate the feedback from the dozens
of instructors who took part in a detailed survey about how they teach linear algebra.
I also appreciate the efforts of the following colleagues who have provided valuable
suggestions throughout the life of this text:

Michael Brown, San Diego Mesa College

Nasser Dastrange, Buena Vista University
Mike Daven, Mount Saint Mary College
David Hemmer, University of Buffalo, SUNY
Wai Lau, Seattle Pacific University
Jorge Sarmiento, County College of Morris.

I would like to thank Bruce H. Edwards, University of Florida, and

David C. Falvo, The Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, for
their contributions to previous editions of Elementary Linear Algebra.
On a personal level, I am grateful to my spouse, Deanna Gilbert Larson, for
her love, patience, and support. Also, a special thanks goes to R. Scott O’Neil.

Ron Larson, Ph.D.

Professor of Mathematics
Penn State University
www.RonLarson.com

xiv

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 1 Systems of Linear
Equations
1.1 Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations
1.2 Gaussian Elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination
1.3 Applications of Systems of Linear Equations

Traffic Flow (p. 28)

Electrical Network Analysis (p. 30)

Global Positioning System (p. 16)

Airspeed of a Plane (p. 11)

Balancing Chemical Equations (p. 4)

Clockwise from top left, Rafal Olkis/Shutterstock.com; michaeljung/Shutterstock.com; 1

Fernando Jose V. Soares/Shutterstock.com; Alexander Raths/Shutterstock.com; edobric/Shutterstock.com

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
2 Chapter 1 Systems of Linear Equations

1.1 Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations

Recognize a linear equation in n variables.
Find a parametric representation of a solution set.
Determine
 whether a system of linear equations is consistent or
inconsistent.
Use
 back-substitution and Gaussian elimination to solve a system
of linear equations.

Linear Equations in n Variables

The study of linear algebra demands familiarity with algebra, analytic geometry,
and trigonometry. Occasionally, you will find examples and exercises requiring a
knowledge of calculus, and these are marked in the text.
Early in your study of linear algebra, you will discover that many of the solution
methods involve multiple arithmetic steps, so it is essential that you check your work. Use
software or a calculator to check your work and perform routine computations.
Although you will be familiar with some material in this chapter, you should
carefully study the methods presented. This will cultivate and clarify your intuition for
the more abstract material that follows.
Recall from analytic geometry that the equation of a line in two-dimensional space
has the form
a1x + a2y = b,   a1, a2, and b are constants.
This is a linear equation in two variables x and y. Similarly, the equation of a plane
in three-dimensional space has the form
a1x + a2 y + a3z = b,   a1, a2, a3, and b are constants.
This is a linear equation in three variables x, y, and z. A linear equation in n variables
is defined below.

Definition of a Linear Equation in n Variables

A linear equation in n variables x1, x2, x3, . . . , xn has the form
a1x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + . . . + an xn = b.
The coefficients a1, a2, a3, . . . , an are real numbers, and the constant term b
is a real number. The number a1 is the leading coefficient, and x1 is the
leading variable.

Linear equations have no products or roots of variables and no variables involved

in trigonometric, exponential, or logarithmic functions. Variables appear only to the
first power.

Linear and Nonlinear Equations

Each equation is linear.

a. 3x + 2y = 7 b. 12x + y − πz = √2 c. (sin π )x1 − 4x2 = e2
Each equation is not linear.
a. xy + z = 2 b. e x − 2y = 4 c. sin x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 = 0

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 But still the man did not stir, and Dave began to rub his hands and move
his arms, that his lungs might again get into working order.

Ten minutes passed and at last Amos Fearless gave a slight gasp.

Taking this for a good sign, Dave continued his labors and was
presently rewarded by seeing his father open his eyes and shudder.

"Father! are you all right now?" asked the boy.

The only reply was a groan. But then Amos Fearless gave a long breath,
and Dave knew that he was saved.

"You had a narrow escape, father," he said. "The light fish tried to
strangle you. I had to cut him to pieces with the knife. I cut you a little on
the neck, but that couldn't be helped."

Amos Fearless made a feeble sign. "I know—brave boy," was what he
said, and caught his son by the hand.

In the meantime the ray of fire in the net was still threshing around on
the outside of the bell.

But to this fish they now paid no attention.

"Let us go up," signed Mr. Fearless, after a pause of a few minutes.

"I have signaled," was the son's answer. "I will signal again."

He pulled the cord several times in lively fashion.

Then he waited—five seconds—ten seconds—a full minute. And still

the diving bell did not move.

"They have given up watching the lifeline," he reasoned. "How

careless! I'll give Captain Broadbeam a talking to when they do haul us up."

"Something must be wrong," said the father, in his sign language.

"Captain Broadbeam would not forget us in this fashion."
 Slowly the minutes went by and each instant father and son grew more
anxious.

They could not ascend of themselves, nor could they leave the diving
bell and float to the surface.

Had they left the bell without their suits the water would have crushed
them, for the pressure was enormous at this distance under the surface.

The air in the diving bell was anything but pure, and now of a sudden it
stopped coming in altogether.

"We are lost!" cried Dave. "We shall be smothered to death!"

"I cannot believe Captain Broadbeam has forgotten us," signed Amos
Fearless. "As I said before, something must be wrong!"

The old diver was right; something was very wrong on board of the
Swallow.

While the two divers were at work under the surface of the ocean, a
wild cry had arisen on board of the ship, a cry which thrilled everyone who
heard it to the heart.

It came from the cook's galley and was quickly taken up on all sides.

"Fire! fire! The ship is on fire!"

The report was true. Some fat on the cook's stove had boiled over and
taken fire, and now the burning fat was flowing in all directions.

It looked as if the Swallow and all on board of her were doomed!

 CHAPTER XXVI

THE BATTLE OF THE FISHES

"Fire! fire! fire!"

This cry, echoing throughout the Swallow, is the most dreadful that
sailors on the high seas know.

What hope is there for those on board of a ship going down in mid-
ocean, thousands of miles from land?

"We must put out that fire!" came from Captain Broadbeam. "Man the
fire hose and send word to the engine room to turn on the water!"

His orders were obeyed as quickly as possible.

Yet everything takes time, and before the hose could be brought into
play the cook's galley was a mass of flames from beginning to end.

The wind was blowing the sparks directly forward, so the captain had
the ship swung round, that the fire might be carried largely over the side.

A bucket corps was formed and they, too, poured all the water possible
on the conflagration.

It was fierce, hot work, and for some time it looked as if the fire would
get the best of the workers and destroy the Swallow.

Small wonder then that Amos Fearless and Dave were for the time
being forgotten.

Ten minutes went by—twenty minutes—and both began to grow

desperate.

"We must perish!" groaned Dave.

 Amos Fearless shook his head, dismally.

Both became too weak to stand up, and sank on the floor of the diving
bell.

The air was now stale and made them sleepy.

Gradually Dave's eyes closed.

He tried to arouse himself, but the effort was a failure.

It was the beginning of the sleep of death, and the young diver knew it!

He caught his father's hand and a warm grasp was exchanged in silence.

After that all became as a dream to the young diver.

He thought he was out in the ocean and that numerous fierce fish were
swimming close to him.

Then one large fish swallowed him and he found himself cut off from
all air.

He fought desperately and at last cut a hole in the fish's side and stepped
out into the upper world.

Oh, how good the fresh air tasted. He filled his lungs and took breath
after breath—and then——

Dave opened his eyes and stared vacantly around him. He was on the
deck of the Swallow and Doctor Barrell was bending over him, a look of
deep anxiety on the kindly face.

"Dave, how do you feel now!" came in anxious tones. "Can you
breathe?"

He could not answer excepting to take a long breath; but he now

understood the situation. He had been hauled up to the Swallow's deck and
was saved! Then of a sudden he became unconscious again.
 Quarter of an hour later Dave found himself sitting up and swallowing
some medicine Doctor Barrell was forcing into his mouth. He still felt very
weak, and when he tried to stand, all swam before his eyes.

"You must keep quiet, lad," said the doctor. "You have had a narrow
escape from death."

"My father——" began Dave. He could say no more.

"He was brought up with you, of course."

"And is he—is he——"

"He is slowly recovering, but of course he is older than you and not so
strong, and it will, consequently, take longer."

"But he will get well?"

"I think so."

After that Dave was silent for a long while. Then Captain Broadbeam
came in, his face covered with smoke and grime.

"I suppose you thought we had deserted you," said the captain. "We had
a hot time of it, I can tell you."

"A hot time? What do you mean?"

"Don't you know the ship has been afire, lad?"

"No."

"Well, it has been, and that's why we didn't haul you up before. I was
afraid we were all bound for Davy Jones' locker, sure."

Of course, Dave was surprised and he listened to the particulars of the

fire with interest.
 "The galley is burned off clean and clear," said the captain, "and we've
got an ugly hole in the forward deck. But otherwise the ship is all right."

The remainder of the day was spent in cleaning up the muss, and then
the ship's carpenter went to work, with several sailor assistants, to build a
new galley and mend the burned deck.

It was several days before Dave felt able to do any more diving, and
even then it was only the thought of locating the sunken treasure that made
him go down.

Amos Fearless was too weak to do anything, so Dave had to go down

alone.

"Be sure and pull me up," said the young diver, as he was about to enter
the diving bell.

"I will see to that," replied Amos Fearless, in his sign language. "Don't
stay down too long."

Down and down into the dark and cold waters of the Pacific sank the
diving bell.

The trip before had been about half a mile; this time Dave intended to
go down twice that distance.

If this trip was successful he was resolved, on the next day, weather
permitting, to go down to the very bottom, two miles below the surface.

After what seemed a journey without end the diving bell came to a stop.

The mile limit had been reached.

The young diver turned on the electric lights and gazed around him,
curiously.

He gave a start of surprise, and not without reason.

The waters were no longer dark and black.

 There was a peculiar glow of light coming up from somewhere below,
and in the water floated something closely resembling smoke or clouds.

"What did this mean!"

"It's like another world," he thought. "And what strange fish!"

But then he caught sight of something which filled him with alarm.

A number of small fish had come up around the diving bell and were
now swarming all over it, inside and out.

Each fish was less than six inches long, but there were hundreds of them
darting hither and thither, churning up the water as before, and emitting a
strange, hissing sound.

He tried to get back to the diving bell, but found the effort a failure.

The fish swam against him, plunging and leaping, and finally turned
him completely over.

He was in the power of a new enemy, and what the end of this
adventure would be there was no telling.

The fish were indeed curious—some long and thin, others short and fat,
but all with something extremely unusual in their makeup.

One fish had horns on its head, another had wings like those of a bird,
and many had feathers instead of scales on their bodies.

And then came a fish shaped very much like a long, spiral spring, with a
square-looking head and horns all of two feet long just over his eyes, which
set out like two yellow and white eggs.

"I must try and get you, my beauty," thought the young diver, and
prepared to put out the net for that purpose.

He had to work with care, being alone, and it took considerable time
before he opened the diving bell and let in the water.
 The first thing that struck him when he felt the water on him was that it
was no longer cold, but warm—even warmer than at the surface.

This was not unpleasant, but he could not help but wonder how much
hotter it might be at the very bottom.

"This part of the ocean may be over a submarine volcano," he reasoned.

"If that is so it will be boiling at the bottom, and to get to the wreck will be
impossible."

At last his net was set and he baited it with care.

Then he waited.

Several small fish came up and nibbled at his bait, but not the spiral fish
he was after.

"He's a shy one," thought Dave. "He's not going to be caught if he

knows it."

But at last the young diver was rewarded by seeing two of the spiral fish
approaching.

One apparently urged the other on, until both came into the net and
began to chew at the bait, which was purposely very tough.

With all speed Dave set to work to shut the net.

This was no easy task for a single person, and in order to accomplish it
the young diver had to step outside of the diving bell.

He was just finishing up the task when a strange rushing behind him
caused him to turn around.

At first he could see but little, for the water behind him was churned up
into a milk-white foam. Then he saw a great mass of little fishes pressing
toward him.
 CHAPTER XXVII

THE RIVAL DIVERS

"Gosh, but this is something new!"

So thought Dave Fearless as he tried to pass the little fish in order to get
into the diving bell.

But the little chaps were both frisky and powerful and got in his way
continually.

They smelt of his legs, his body and his head, and then each gave him a
resounding slap with the tail.

It was like a hundred tack hammers playing a tattoo over his entire
body.

Never had the young diver been in such a peculiar position before.

At last he hit out straight ahead of him.

It was like striking into a mass of jelly.

The little fish flew in all directions, only to return the moment the
young diver's arm was hauled back.

Slowly but surely, however, he got closer to the diving bell.

At last he gained the door and hauled himself inside by main strength.

The bell was full of the tiny fish, and he had literally to squeeze them
out in order to squeeze himself in.
 Once in the bell he hardly knew what to do next.

To shut the door under the circumstances was out of the question.

Yet he could not remain below the surface forever.

But while he was meditating upon the unexpected turn of affairs some
other fish came to his aid.

They were long, fat fellows, with stomachs on them resembling

balloons.

There were a score or more of them, and they began to gobble down the
little fish as rapidly as they could swallow them.

A fight ensued between the little fish and the big fish, and in the end
nearly all of the fish of both sorts left the vicinity of the diving bell for parts
unknown.

Realizing what was going on, Dave watched his chance and when only
a few of each kind of fish remained in the diving bell he shut the door.

Then he began to pump out the water, and at the same time signaled to
those on the ship to raise him to the surface.

"A splendid haul!" cried Doctor Barrell, on examining his strange catch.
"Two spiral whipsnaps, to use the vulgar name, and half a dozen fish which
are new to science."

Captain Broadbeam had taken up one of the little fish and was
examining it with interest.

The fish was dead, having been cut open during the struggle in the
diving bell.

"He's got something inside of him that don't belong there, I reckon,"
said the captain. "Creation, look here!"

And he held up—a small gold coin!

 "A gold coin!" cried Dave. "A Chinese piece, too!"

"You are right," said Doctor Barrell.

"Perhaps it came from the sunken treasure," put in Amos Fearless, who
stood near.

"Perhaps."

"Then the treasure must be down here, at the bottom of the ocean,"
added Dave.

"It's not unlikely," said the doctor. "Although such a fish might swim a
long distance with such a coin in his insides."

While the party was talking the matter over, and Doctor Barrell was
preparing to place the spiral fish in a safe place, there came a cry from the
lookout:

"Sail oh!"

"Where away?" cried Captain Broadbeam.

"Dead ahead, sir."

"Can you make her out?"

"A steamer, sir."

"Perhaps it is the Raven," said Dave. And his heart gave a leap.

Slowly the newcomer came closer until, at noon, she was within hailing
distance.

She was really the Raven and she came up boldly, with Lemuel
Hankers, Bart, and several others on her deck.

The Raven would have gained the spot several days before, but an
unexpected breakdown of her machinery had caused a delay.
 The wait was maddening to Lemuel Hankers and his son, yet their rage
did them no good.

The Raven came to a standstill when within hailing distance of the

Swallow.

"Raven, ahoy!" shouted Captain Broadbeam, through his speaking

trumpet.

"Ahoy, the Swallow!" came back from Captain Nesik.

"You're a pretty set of rascals!" burst out the honest commander of the
Government vessel.

"Don't talk that way to us!" retorted Captain Nesik.

"Why didn't you rescue us from the savages?"

"We were running on a reef and had to look after our ship," was the
lame excuse.

"You're a set of rascals!" burst out Dave Fearless, and he shook his fist
at those on the Raven.

"Don't call me a rascal!" ejaculated Lemuel Hankers.

"But you are one, and your son is another," came from Dave. "The mask
is off, and in the future you had better keep your distance, or there will be
trouble for you."

"What are you doing here?" demanded Bart, leaning on the rail.

"You know well enough."

"You are after the sunken treasure."

"If we are it is because it belongs to my father and myself," retorted

Dave.
 "We are on the high seas," came from Lemuel Hankers. "The treasure
was abandoned, and it will belong to whoever succeeds in raising it—if it
can be raised."

"By gum! I reckon he's right there," muttered Captain Broadbeam.

"Well, we intend to raise it, so you had better clear out," said Dave,
boldly.

At this there arose a howl of derision from those on the Raven.

"Go ahead and do as you please," came from Lemuel Hankers. "But let
me tell you, you have got to have pretty slick divers to get ahead of those I
have hired."

"Whom have you?" questioned Captain Broadbeam, curiously.

"I am not afraid to let you know—Cal Vixen and Sam Walton."

At this announcement the faces of Captain Broadbeam, Amos Fearless,

and Dave fell.

Cal Vixen and Sam Walton were known to be the best divers on the
Pacific coast.

What Amos Fearless and his son had done on the Atlantic shore for the
Government, Cal Vixen and Sam Walton had accomplished on the Pacific
shore.

"Rivals for fair!" murmured Dave.

"Yes, my lad," answered Captain Broadbeam. "I reckon it will be nip an'
tuck between ye!" And he shook his head doubtfully.

There was a pause in the talk.

"Have you a castaway on board?" questioned Lemuel Hankers, at

length.
 "No, but we've got a prisoner named Pete Rackley," answered Captain
Broadbeam, with, a chuckle.

"A prisoner!"

"Exactly—and you know what for, Lemuel Hankers, you old fraud!"
said Dave.

"I? I know nothing."

"You know everything. Your well-laid plot failed to work, and Pete
Rackley shall remain a prisoner until we can hand him over to the United
States authorities."

A wordy quarrel followed, and presently the two rival divers came
forward.

"We are going down to-morrow," said Vixen, the leader of the pair. "If
you go down, mind and keep your distance."

"You mind and keep yours!" retorted Dave. "Remember, neither I nor
my father can be scared by you."

"We have been hired to bring up that treasure and we mean to do it."

"I expect to do the same thing—and you shall not stop me."

"All right. Only look out, or you'll be running up a lot of trouble on your
back!" came from Vixen, and then he and his mate fell back, and the two
ships drifted apart, out of talking distance.

"They mean business," said Dave, to Captain Broadbeam.

"Yes, and they will cause you a lot of trouble if they can," replied the
captain. "Watch them closely, every time they come near you."

The next day the hunt for the sunken treasure began in earnest.
 CHAPTER XXVIII

THE DEMONS OF THE DEEP

As early in the day as possible Captain Broadbeam made another

astronomical calculation and worked out the position of the Swallow on his
set of charts.

It was found that the ship lay about one hundred yards to the westward
of where the Happy Hour was reported to have gone down.

This was not much, but the captain immediately gave orders that the
ship be brought to the correct position.

"You'll have work enough locating her as it is," said the captain. "More
than likely the ocean current has shifted her considerably."

Luckily Amos Fearless was now feeling much better, having quite
recovered from his experience at the time of the fire on the ship.

With the Raven on the scene, it was decided by father and son that the
diving bell should be taken directly to the ocean's bottom, if the thing could
be accomplished.

"I know we are running a risk," said the old diver, in his sign language,
"but we must be the first to discover the Happy Hour, no matter what the
cost. To suffer defeat would kill me."

By ten o'clock in the morning the diving bell was over the side and
father and son had entered it.

Those on the Raven were also getting out a diving bell, and Vixen and
Walton were busy overhauling their deep-sea outfits.
 It was indeed to be a race for the treasure.

Soon Dave and his parent had left the outside world behind and were
going down and down into the mighty ocean's depths.

On this occasion it had been agreed not to look for anything but the
sunken treasure ship; consequently, the fish net and several other similar
appliances had been left behind.

In their places the diving bell contained several tools for digging and
hauling and also several under-water firearms, for use against a possible
enemy. In addition to the firearms, father and son had provided themselves
with long and sharp knives.

"There is no telling what we may run across away down there," said
Amos Fearless, in his sign language. "We are taking our lives in our hands,
to my way of thinking."

And what he said was true—as events speedily proved.

Soon they passed through the darker portion of the ocean and knew that
the first mile of the downward journey had been covered.

Then those above lowered more slowly and watched keenly for the first
signal that danger might be encountered by those below.

"See, it is growing lighter," said Dave, presently, and turned off the
electric lights.

His father had his hand upon the glass side of the diving bell.

"It is also growing warmer," motioned the parent, in his sign language.

A mile and a half had been covered and now the waters of the ocean
were so clear and light that they could see for a hundred feet about them.

The water glistened and sparkled like diamonds as it washed against the
sides of the diving bell.
 "The light is growing brighter," observed Dave, presently. "Isn't it
wonderful!"

They now felt they were approaching the bottom of the Pacific, for the
diving bell was moving very slowly. Soon they saw great, ribbon-like
grasses, the ends floating upward past the diving bell.

At this Amos Fearless shook his head.

"We don't want to get caught in those grasses," he signed. "They may
prove worse than ropes of wire."

Suddenly a slight jar on the bottom of the diving bell told them that the
machine had struck something. It no longer descended, but wabbled from
side to side.

At once Amos Fearless signaled through the air-tube to stop lowering.

Then a small glass trap was opened in the diving bell's bottom.

Through this they saw what had caused the machine to stop. It was
caught in the top-most branches of a submarine tree. Below them, upon all
sides, was a regular submarine forest.

The trees were two to three hundred feet tall, twisted and gnarled in all
directions, with branches stretching out of their sight.

Some of the trees boasted of most gorgeous flowers, while from others
floated what looked like luscious fruits.

Below the trees could be seen strange mosses and sponges, of every
imaginable hue and shape, and between them bushes and creeping vines.

"This is a submarine paradise!" whispered Dave. "Did you ever dream

of anything so lovely?"

"Lovely—and dangerous!" came from Amos Fearless. And then he

added: "I see nothing of the Happy Hour."

He was right—there was no sign of a sunken ship anywhere.

 "Let us take the diving bell in a grand circle around this spot," suggested
Dave.

His father agreed, providing the thing could be accomplished without

positive danger.

To move around, they had to pull the machine along from one tree-top
to another by means of the crab-like claws attached to the bottom.

The diving bell worked like a charm and soon a distance of several
hundred yards had been covered.

Sometimes the crab-like claws would slip on the tree-tops and at others
the trees would break off with a dull, snapping report. When this would
happen the sap flowing from the tree would be pure yellow in color.

In order to see at a great distance Amos Fearless now adjusted a

powerful light which had been brought along, using a small reflector behind
it.

Suddenly Dave let out a cry:

"The rival divers!"

He was right. At a great distance he had seen the other diving bell
coming down.

It contained Vixen and Walton. Bart Hankers had said he was coming
down with them, but had backed out at the last moment, much to the divers'
satisfaction, for they had counted that he would only be in their way.

As swiftly as the other diving bell had come into view, it now faded
from sight beyond another portion of the great submarine forest.

"They are close upon our heels," muttered Dave, and again Amos
Fearless shook his head, doubtfully.

At last the diving bell gained the edge of the forest and came to a rest
upon one of the banks of moss of many colors.
 A short distance away the bank sloped downward into a sort of valley.

Here it was darker, and what there was at the bottom of the valley there
was no telling without an investigation.

Should they leave the diving bell upon an exploring tour?

They debated the subject for several minutes.

It would be a risky thing to do, although as yet they had encountered no

strange fish or marine monsters at this great depth.

With care they adjusted their diving suits and then armed themselves
with their knives and submarine guns.

Then the door of the bell was opened slowly.

The pressure of the water became enormous and their suits of steel
creaked as if to crash in upon them, as a shell can squeeze in upon the
inside of an egg.

But they had calculated upon all this, and the suits held as expected.

When they stepped out upon the moss they found it as soft and yielding
as a thick velvet carpet.

They advanced with caution toward the edge of the slope before them,
casting their eyes continually upon all sides for the first sign of danger.

They had thus gone a distance of two hundred feet when Dave pointed
to a mound to their right.

He had seen something strange moving among the moss.

Of a sudden the moss was uplifted like a blanket and the young diver
fell back in amazement.

Before him stood a monster as startling as it was horrible.

 Whether it was fish, beast, or demon, he could not tell, but it was
certainly so awful that his very heart appeared to stop beating as he gazed
upon it.

It had a long, round body, fat and blubbery, with two legs in the center,
two arms near the neck, and at the end the tail of a fish.

The head was shaped like a huge pear, with eyes blinking savagely from
either side of a nose which was as long and pointed as a cow's horn.

The mouth of the demon was wide open, showing a double row of
sharp, bluish teeth and a tongue covered with yellow slime.

All told, the creature was at least ten feet long, and when it stood up it
towered well over the heads of the two divers.

On the instant Dave raised his gun, but his father was before him, and a
bullet from Amos Fearless' submarine gun took the demon squarely in the
breast.

Hardly had the bullet reached its mark than the demon uttered a roar
which rang in the divers' ears like thunder.

As if by magic the roar was answered from half a dozen near-by places
and the moss was flung right and left.

The demons of the ocean's bottom had been sleeping, and the roar had
aroused them to a sense of danger.

They came walking and swimming up from every direction, and in a

twinkle Amos Fearless and Dave found themselves surrounded and
hopelessly cut off from the diving bell!
 CHAPTER XXIX

THE ESCAPE FROM THE DEMONS

It was a situation calculated to make the stoutest heart quail.

Amos Fearless and Dave were surrounded by the demons of the deep!

The horrible ocean monsters pressed close upon them, their big eyes
fairly starting from their heads, their long arms working convulsively, and
their sweeping tails working the brine up into a milk-white foam.

Evidently the battle-cry had gone forth, for more monsters were coming
up each instant.

Father and son looked at each other mutely. Both felt that the end must
be near.

The din increased, and being under water was so painful to the two
divers that they almost fainted from the concussions.

In the midst of the uproar, however, there came a sudden and dead
silence.

Other monsters were approaching, leading to the scene a monster larger

than the rest. It was the king of the submarine demons.

At the approach of the king all the others fell back.

The king advanced, with eyes as staring as his followers, but with a tail
that was motionless.

Ten feet from Amos Fearless and Dave he halted.

For a moment nothing was done upon either side.

 Evidently the king of the demons was calculating the best manner of
attacking the strange objects which had appeared in his realm.

He had seen the dead bodies of human beings, but never had he beheld
live human beings, with skins of steel and rubber.

At last he came up cautiously and put out one long and bony hand
towards Dave.

The movement was so slow that Dave was filled more with curiosity
than with fear.

The king of the demons felt of Dave's legs, his body and his arms.

Then he took hold of the submarine gun and suddenly wrenched it from
the young diver's grasp.

With the gun he went back to his followers.

In the meantime the demon that had been shot was slowly dying,
surrounded by a number of his friends.

As soon as he was dead the others rent him limb from limb and began to
eat him up!

They were cannibals!

The king of the demons handled the gun he had taken rather gingerly,
nevertheless his hand, or paw, struck the trigger, and the submarine weapon
was discharged full into the face of another demon sitting near.

A wild sound immediately arose, and as the shot demon fell back dead,
several other demons closed in upon the king.

Soon the monsters were fighting wildly among themselves. The water
was dyed half a dozen shades, shutting in the fighters as in a cloud.

Amos Fearless touched Dave on the arm and motioned his son to follow
him.
 The young diver understood, and in haste the pair withdrew from the
circle of combat.

Then they literally ran for the diving bell.

It was a fearful strain upon each, for their diving suits weighed seventy-
five pounds apiece.

They were still a score of feet from the bell when some of the demons
saw them running and started in pursuit.

"We are lost now!" thought Dave, but continued to run, and urged his
parent before him.

At last both gained the diving bell, all but exhausted.

Entering, they snapped the door shut and sent the signal up.

Soon the bell was rising. To assist, they began to pump the water out of
the bell.

The demons swarmed all around the bell, but did not dare to touch the
glass sides or the crab-like claws.

Soon the bell passed from the zone of submarine light and then the
demons dropped back, for they could not breathe in the upper portions of
the ocean.

The bell cleared of water, father and son took off their diving suits.

"Thank Heaven we are out of that!" came in the sign language from
Amos Fearless.

"We were lucky to escape," answered Dave, earnestly. "But, father, the
treasure—how will we ever get at it, with those demons around?"

At this the old diver shook his head slowly.

It was a problem difficult, if not impossible, to solve.

 "I wouldn't like to meet those fellows again for a million dollars," went
on Dave.

And his father agreed with him.

It seemed a long while before they emerged from the ocean, at the side
of the Swallow.

Those on the ship lost no time in bringing them on board and

questioning them regarding what they had discovered.

The story about the demons was listened to with keen interest by Doctor
Barrell.

"Ah, they must belong to the lost order of chilusia damondaribytis!"

cried the learned man. "They are supposed to have lived at one time upon
the lost continent of Atlantis. But if so, how did they come here, in the
middle of the Pacific? It is a great mystery. You must bring up one of them
in the net."

"Thanks, but I don't want the job," replied Dave, quickly.

"But, my dear young man, think of the interest to science—the—the

great fame it will bring you."

"Not if the chilu-what's-his-name chews me up, doctor. You just ought

to see them. Why, they are enough to give you bad dreams for a month."

"Then I will go down myself in the diving bell. If it is light, as you say,
perhaps I can get some snapshot photographs of them," went on the learned
man.

"What if they take it into their heads to smash the diving bell to pieces?"

"Cannot you keep them at a distance with the submarine firearms?"

"Hardly; but I was thinking we might take down some submarine

torpedoes," went on Dave, suddenly.
 The matter was talked over for fully an hour, and at last it was decided
that another trial should be made the next day, and the divers should take
along two submarine torpedoes, with which to blow up the demons should
the latter molest them.

In the meantime Captain Broadbeam had his glass trained upon the
Raven, and presently he announced that the diving bell from that ship was
coming up.

All watched eagerly for the reappearance of Vixen and Walton, the rival
divers.

At last the men were hauled up on the deck of the Raven.

It was seen that Walton was injured and had to be carried to the cabin by
some of the sailors.

The rival divers had met only two of the demons of the deep, but an
awful conflict had occurred, and Walton had had his left arm nearly torn
from the socket and was suffering from the effects of the water which had
poured into his diving suit.

"I'll not go down again," announced Vixen. "Not for a thousand dollars
a trip."

"What, you don't intend to give up the search already?" cried Lemuel
Hankers, in horror.

"I do."

"But you agreed to find the Happy Hour," put in Bart. "You must stick
to your agreement."

"It's wuss nor putting your head into a lion's mouth," persisted Cal
Vixen. "If you don't believe it, go down yourself."

"I will go down—if you'll go with me," said Bart. He was so anxious to
get the Washington fortune that his former timidity was overcome.
 Vixen held out all day about going down again, but several drinks of
liquor at last made him bolder, and he agreed to try once more, providing
Bart would go with him, and providing the bell was stored with explosives
with which to fight off the demons if they showed themselves again.

The day proved cloudy, and it looked as if a storm were brewing.

"But I don't reckon we'll get it right away," said Captain Broadbeam.
"And if you want to get ahead of the Raven's crowd you had better go
down. I see they are getting ready to put their bell over again."

At half-past nine the Swallow's diving bell was hoisted into the Pacific
once more, and Dave and his father entered it.

"We may never see you again, captain," said the young diver. "If we
don't, good-by!"

A minute later the diving bell disappeared beneath the surface of the
mighty Pacific.

CHAPTER XXX

IN A DIVING BELL

Down and down went the bell.

The spot chosen was about five hundred feet to the northward of where
the bell had gone down before—directly over the valley the divers had
discovered.

Amos Fearless was of the opinion that if the Happy Hour was at all in
that vicinity she must lie at the bottom of the valley.
 The dark zone of waters was passed, and now they came into the light
once more.

The water was warm and as clear as crystal, showing nothing of the dye
and foam produced by the battle of the deep-sea monsters.

A number of curious fish sailed past the diving bell—fish which they
had not seen before.

One was jet-black and shaped exactly like a pillow tied in the middle.

Another was red, white, and blue, with six eyes which shone like stars
of silver.

"That's a regular starry-flag fish," was Dave's comment. "I wonder if we

can take the sight of that for a good sign?"

"Let us hope so," answered Amos Fearless, in his sign language.

The old diver's voice was gradually improving, and that morning he had
spoken a few words to Dave in a hoarse whisper.

At last they came in sight of that mossy plain, which, the day before,
had almost been the scene of their death.

The diving bell was halted and they gazed around sharply for some sign
of the demons.

Not a monster of the deep was in sight.

The moss was torn up on all sides, and here and there lay parts of bodies
and bones, but that was all.

"Perhaps they all killed each other," suggested Dave.

"Let us hope so," came from his father.

The mossy plain was now passed, and gradually the diving bell slipped
down the slope of the valley beyond.
 Here the light was not so good and they had to turn on the electricity.

At the bottom of the valley grew a number of submarine trees and

bushes, with vines which sent up their swaying bodies several hundreds of
feet into the crystal-like water.

At last the diving bell came to a stop at the very bottom of the valley,
among the trees.

They signaled to stop lowering and then brought out a tiny searchlight
which had been brought along.

This was swept in every direction.

Suddenly Dave uttered an exclamation:

"Look! There is something which resembles a ship's stern!"

The young diver was right. Far down the valley his eye had beheld
some woodwork, half buried in the muck and moss.

In a few minutes both father and son were working the claw-like feet of
the diving bell and moving toward the wreckage in crab-like fashion.

As they advanced they saw a dark object above them coming down
swiftly.

Amos Fearless caught his son by the arm and both drew back.

Then Dave gave a start.

The dark object was the diving bell from the Raven!

The bell contained Cal Vixen, Lemuel Hankers, and Bart.

Dave motioned to his father in the sign language of the divers:

"Come, let us get to the wreck first."

 Amos Fearless caught his son by the arm and moved forward once
more.

But the rival diving bell was between them and their object, and they
had to make a semicircle with their own diving bell.

The rivals now saw the bell from the Swallow, and as both bells came
closer, Lemuel Hankers shook his fist at the Fearlesses.

"You're a cheerful enemy," was Dave's dry comment.

Soon our friends were close to the wreckage, and Dave gave a shout:

"The Happy Hour! See, the name is on the stern!"

He was right, the wreck was indeed that of the ship for which they had
searched so long.

The second diving bell now came up and came to a standstill directly at
the side of the wreck.

But Dave was the first on board, and as Vixen approached he motioned
to the rival diver in the sign language:

"We claim this wreck, which we discovered first."

"We claim the wreck," returned Cal Vixen.

And he made several motions to Lemuel Hankers and his son.

It soon looked as if there would be a fight then and there, but this would
have been suicidal for all hands.

Yet when Dave and his father tried to enter the cabin of the Happy
Hour, Cal Vixen attempted to bar their way.

Instantly Amos Fearless seized the rival diver and hurled him back.
 "Touch me or my son and you will pay dearly for it," he motioned to
Vixen.

At this the rival diver fell back, knowing full well that Amos Fearless
was not a person with whom to trifle.

Slowly and cautiously Dave entered the cabin of the Happy Hour.

His father followed, and at a respectable distance came Cal Vixen and
the two Hankers.

The cabin was badly wrecked, and in it nothing of value remained.

"I wonder if we can get down into the hold," thought Dave, and
motioned to his father.

"We will try," came back from the old diver. "But be careful, or you
won't get out alive."

The pair advanced with great caution, going down through the forward
hatch.

In the meantime the rival party entered the hold by the rear hatch.

It was very dark, and the electric light shone but dimly here, for the
water was so foul it contaminated the air they carried.

To the intense surprise of all, the hold of the Happy Hour was
absolutely bare!

Dave could scarcely believe the evidence of his senses.

The great treasure was gone!

Their trip to the middle of the Pacific and to the bottom of that mighty
ocean had availed them nothing.

Father and son stared helplessly at each other and then at the rival party.