Chapter 2

Chemical Changes & Reactions

Class 9 - Dalal Simplified ICSE Chemistry Solutions

Questions
Question 1(1986)
Explain : 'Silver nitrate solution is kept in coloured reagent bottles in the
laboratory.'
Answer
As silver nitrate gets decomposed by sunlight to produce the respective metal,
nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas, hence it is kept in coloured reagent bottles.
2AgNO3→Δ2Ag+2NO2+O22AgNO3Δ2Ag+2NO2+O2
Question 1(1987)
Give an example of an endothermic reaction.
Answer
N2 + O2 →Δ 2NO - ΔT
Question 1(1989)
Reactions can be classified as : Direct combination, decomposition, simple
displacement, double decomposition, Redox reactions. State which of the
following types, takes place in the reactions given below
(i) Cl2 + 2KI ⟶ 2KCl + l2
(ii) 2Mg + O2 ⟶ 2MgO
(iii) SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl + H2SO4
(iv) AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl + HNO3
(v) 4HNO3 ⟶ 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2
Answer
(i) Cl2 + 2KI ⟶ 2KCl + l2 — Simple displacement
(ii) 2Mg + O2 ⟶ 2MgO — Direct combination
(iii) SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl + H2SO4 — Redox reaction
(iv) AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl + HNO3 — Double decomposition
(v) 4HNO3 ⟶ 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 — Decomposition reaction
Additional Questions
Question 1
Explain the term chemical reaction with special reference to reactants and
products.
Answer
A chemical reaction is a change, in which matter changes into a new substance
or substances. In a chemical reaction the substance or substances taking part in
the reaction called reactants are transformed into one or more new substances
called the products.
Question 2
Give a suitable example with equation to show the representation of a
chemical reaction.
Answer
Silver nitrate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form silver chloride and nitric
acid.
AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl + HNO3
Question 3
A chemical reaction is often accompanied by external indications or
characteristics.
Give two examples where a chemical reaction is accompanied by a change in
colour of the reactants & products on completion of the reaction.
Answer
The two examples are —
1. Heat on Copper [II] Nitrate:
2Cu(NO3)2 →Δ 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Blue copper [II] nitrate changes to black coloured copper [II] oxide.
 2. Heat on Lead [II] Nitrate:
2Pb(NO3)2 →Δ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
White lead [II] nitrate changes to yellow litharge.
Question 4
Give balanced equations for reactions involving evolution of a gas on addition
of dilute acid to :
(a) sodium sulphite
(b) calcium carbonate
Answer
(a) Na2SO3 + H2SO4 [dil.] ⟶ Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2 [g]
Sulphur dioxide gas is evolved.
(b) CaCO3 + 2HCl [dil.] ⟶ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 [g]
Carbon dioxide gas is evolved.
Question 5
Give a balanced equation for conversion of:
(a) an ammonium salt to a basic gas
(b) a soluble lead salt to an insoluble lead salt – formed as a white precipitate.
Answer
(a) Ammonium salt [NH4Cl] on reaction with calcium hydroxide produces NH3(g)
which is a basic gas.
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 ⟶ CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3 [g]
(b) Lead nitrate when reacts with sodium chloride insoluble white ppt. of lead
chloride is formed.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl ⟶ 2NaNO3 + PbCl2 ↓
Question 6
Chemical reactions may proceed with evolution or absorption of heat. Give an
example of each.
Answer
Chemical reaction which proceed with evolution of heat [Exothermic] —
 N2 + 3H2 ⇌Δ 2NH3 + ΔT
 Nitrogen and hydrogen:

Chemical reaction which proceed by absorption of heat [Endothermic] —

 Nitrogen and oxygen :
N2 + O2 →Δ 2NO - ΔT
Question 7
Define the following types of chemical changes or reactions with a suitable
example of each.
(a) Direct combination reaction or synthesis
(b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction or substitution reaction
(d) Double decomposition reaction
Answer
(a) A chemical reaction in which two or more elements or compounds react to
form one new compound is called a Direct combination reaction or synthesis.
For example,
Hydrogen burns in air to give water:
2H2 [g] + O2 [g] ⟶ 2H2O [l]
(b) A chemical reaction in which a chemical compound decomposes into two or
more simpler substances (elements and/or compounds) is called a
Decomposition reaction.
For example,
Calcium carbonate on heating decomposes to Calcium Oxide and Carbon
dioxide:
CaCO3 →Δ CaO + CO2
(c) A chemical reaction in which an element or radical has replaced another
element in a compound is known as Displacement reaction or Substitution
reaction.
For example,
Magnesium displaces Copper from Copper [II] sulphate solution:
Mg + CuSO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + Cu
(d) A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds] are decomposed
to give two new compounds by exchanging their radicals is known as Double
decomposition reaction.
For example,
Silver nitrate + Potassium chloride ⟶ Silver chloride + Potassium nitrate
AgNO3 + KCl ⟶ AgCl + KNO3
Question 8
Give a balanced equation for a direct combination reaction involving :
(a) Two elements — one of which is a neutral gas and the other a yellow non-
metal
(b) Two elements – one of which is a neutral gas and the other a monovalent
metal
(c) Two compounds – resulting in formation of a weak acid
Answer
(a) Direct Combination of two elements one of which is a neutral gas and the
other a yellow non-metal:
S + O2 [g] ⟶ SO2
(b) Direct Combination of two elements one of which is a neutral gas and the
other a monovalent metal
4Na + O2 [g] ⟶ 2Na2O
(c) Formation of a weak acid:
CO2 [g] + H2O ⟶ H2CO3
Question 9
Give balanced equations for the following reactions of synthesis involving
formation of :
(a) An acid – from sulphur dioxide gas
(b) An alkali – from a basic oxide – sodium oxide
(c) A salt – from a trivalent metal and a coloured gas.
Answer
(a) SO2 + H2O ⟶ H2SO3
(b) Na2O + H2O ⟶ 2NaOH
(c) 2Al + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2AlCl3
Question 10
Convert — (a) nitrogen to ammonia (b) hydrogen to hydrogen chloride – by a
direct combination reaction.
Answer
(a) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen under specific conditions liberating ammonia
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 + Δ
Conditions :
Temperature : 450-500°C [Optimum temperature]
Pressure : 200 to 900 atmospheres [Optimum pressure]
Catalyst : Finely divided iron [Fe]
(b) Moist hydrogen gas combines with chlorine in presence of diffused sunlight.
H2 + Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl [g]
Conditions — Diffused Sunlight, reaction is explosive in direct sunlight.
Moisture acts as a catalyst.
Question 11
Give balanced equations for thermal decomposition of :
(a) lead carbonate
(b) lead nitrate
(c) ammonium dichromate
(d) mercury [II] oxide
(e) calcium hydroxide
Answer
(a) PbCO3 →Δ PbO + CO2
(b) 2Pb(NO3)2 →Δ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
(c) (NH4)2Cr2O7 →Δ Cr2O3 + 4H2O + N2
(d) 2HgO →Δ 2Hg + O2
(e) Ca(OH)2 →Δ CaO + H2O
Question 12
Define a thermal dissociation reaction with a suitable example. Give an
example of a photochemical decomposition reaction. Name a metallic oxide
which on thermal decomposition is reduced to a metal.
Answer
Thermal dissociation reaction is a decomposition reaction in which a substance
dissociates into two or more simpler substances on application of heat.
For example, on application of heat, ammonium chloride decomposes into
Ammonia and HCl:
NH4Cl ⇌heatcool NH3 + HCl
An example of photochemical decomposition reaction is the decomposition of
silver salts in the presence of light:
2AgCl →☼ 2Ag + Cl2
HgO is a metallic oxide which reduces to a metal on thermal decomposition as
per the equation below:
2HgO →Δ 2Hg + O2
Question 13
Define a displacement reaction with a suitable example. State how it is
represented. Give a reason why zinc displaces hydrogen from dilute sulphuric
acid but copper does not.
Answer
A chemical reaction which takes place when an element [or radical] has
replaced another element in a compound is known as Displacement reaction
It is represented as :
X + YZ ⟶ Y + XZ
e.g.,
Magnesium + Copper [II] sulphate ⟶ Magnesium sulphate + Copper
Mg + CuSO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + Cu
As a more electropositive metal displaces a less electropositive metal from it's
aq. soln. therefore, zinc being more electropositive is placed above [H] in
activity series and displaces hydrogen from dilute sulphuric acid whereas
copper being less electropositive is placed below [H] in electrochemical series
and cannot displace hydrogen from sulphuric acid.
Question 14
Explain the term double decomposition precipitation reaction. Give a balanced
equation for the preparation of two different insoluble lead salts from their salt
solutions by double decomposition precipitation.
Answer
Reaction between two compounds in aqueous solution state to give two new
compounds one of which is insoluble is called double decomposition
precipitation reaction.
Balanced equations for the preparation of two different insoluble lead salts are
given below:
Pb(NO3)2Lead nitrate+2NaClsodium chloride⟶2NaNO3sodium nitrate+PbCl2
↓Lead [II] chlorideLead nitratePb(NO3)2+sodium chloride2NaCl⟶sodium nitr
ate2NaNO3+Lead [II] chloridePbCl2↓
Pb(NO3)2Lead nitrate+Na2SO4sodium sulphate⟶2NaNO3sodium nitrate+PbS
O4↓Lead sulphateLead nitratePb(NO3)2+sodium sulphateNa2SO4⟶sodium n
itrate2NaNO3+Lead sulphatePbSO4↓
Question 15
Explain with the help of balanced equations, how precipitation reactions are
used for identifying the positive radicals in three different salts, each having a
different cation [positive ion].
Answer
Precipitation reactions finds it's use in analytical chemistry for identifying the
positive radical in a salt by analyzing the colour of the precipitate.
(i) FeSO4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 ↓
Identified ion: Fe2+ ; Dirty green ppt. of Iron [II] hydroxide is obtained. Hence, it
can be identified.
(ii) CuSO4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 ↓
Identified ion: Cu2+ ; Pale blue ppt. of Copper [II] hydroxide is obtained. Hence,
it can be identified.
(iii) Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH ⟶ 2NaNO3 + Pb(OH)2 ↓
Identified ion: Pb2+ ; Chalky white ppt. of Lead [II] hydroxide is obtained. Hence,
it can be identified.
Question 16
Define the term – double decomposition – neutralization reaction with a
suitable representation.
Convert :
(a) an insoluble base (b) a soluble base
to their respective soluble salts by neutralization reaction.
Answer
Reaction between a base and an acid to give two new compounds — salt &
water — by interchange of radicals is termed double decomposition
neutralization reaction.
It is represented as :

For example,
NaOH [Base] + HCl [Acid] ⟶ NaCl [Salt] + H2O [Water]
(a) Insoluble base [oxide] — Copper [II] oxide reacts with sulphuric acid and
forms Copper sulphate :
CuO + H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + H2O
(b) A soluble base — Sodium hydroxide reacts with HCl and forms soluble salt
(sodium chloride) and water:
NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
Question 17
Explain the term energy changes in a chemical change or reaction. Give an
example with a balanced equation, for each of the following reactions:
(a) exothermic reaction
(b) endothermic reaction
(c) photochemical reaction
(d) electrochemical reaction.
Answer
The difference between the chemical energy of the reactants and
the products is known as the energy changes in a chemical change or reaction.
Example of :

2H2 + O2 ⇌Δ H2O + ΔT
(a) exothermic reaction:

N2 + O2 ⇌Δ 2NO - ΔT
(b) endothermic reaction:

(c) photochemical reaction:

H2 + Cl2 →sunlightsunlight 2HCl
Slow reaction in diffused light
Explosive reaction in direct sunlight
(d) electrochemical reaction:
2H2O[acidified]→CurrentElectric2H2[cathode]+O2[anode][acidified]2H2O
ElectricCurrent[cathode]2H2+[anode]O2
Question 18
Supply of energy maybe required to initiate a reaction. State the different
forms with a suitable example of reactions initiated by supply of energy.
Answer
Different forms of energy :
(i) Heat energy:
N2+O2→3000°C2NON2+O23000°C2NO
(ii) Light energy:
H2+Cl2→Sunlight2HClH2+Cl2Sunlight2HCl
(iii) Electricity:
2H2O[acidified]→CurrentElectric2H2[cathode]+O2[anode][acidified]2H2O
ElectricCurrent[cathode]2H2+[anode]O2
(iv) Pressure :
N2+3H2⇌200 atmos. pressureFe/450-500 °C 2NH3N2+3H2Fe/450-500 °C 20
0 atmos. pressure2NH3
(v) Catalyst :
4NH3+5O2→Pt./800°C4NO+6H2O4NH3+5O2Pt./800°C4NO+6H2O
(vi) Sound Energy:
C2H2[acetylene]→EnergySound2C+H2[acetylene]C2H2SoundEnergy2C+H2
Unit Test Paper 2 — Chemical Changes & Rxns
Question 1
Complete the statements by filling in the blank with the correct word/s :
1. Direct combination reaction of sulphur dioxide with water
gives ............... [H2SO4/H2SO3/H2S2O7].
2. Formation of hydrogen chloride from hydrogen and chlorine is an
example of ............... [photochemical reaction / electrochemical
reaction].
3. The reaction of hydrogen burning in oxygen to give a neutral liquid is an
example of ............... [exothermic/endothermic] reaction.
4. The neutral gas evolved when lead nitrate undergoes thermal
decomposition is ............... [nitrogen dioxide/oxygen/nitrogen].
 5. The reddish brown precipitate obtained during a double decomposition -
precipitation reaction between an iron salt and an alkali is ............... [iron
[II] hydroxide / iron [III] hydroxide]
Answer
1. Direct combination reaction of sulphur dioxide with water gives H2SO3
2. Formation of hydrogen chloride from hydrogen and chlorine is an
example of photochemical reaction.
3. The reaction of hydrogen burning in oxygen to give a neutral liquid is an
example of exothermic reaction.
4. The neutral gas evolved when lead nitrate undergoes thermal
decomposition is oxygen.
5. The reddish brown precipitate obtained during a double decomposition
precipitation reaction between an iron salt and an alkali is iron [III]
hydroxide.
Question 2.
Select the correct answer from A, B, C, D and E for each statement given
below :
A : Ammonia
B : Hydrogen chloride
C : Hydrogen
D : Nitrogen dioxide
E : Nitric oxide
State the gaseous product formed, when -
1. An active metal reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.
2. A metallic nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition giving a coloured
gas.
3. Two gases one of them neutral, combines by absorption of light energy.
4. An ammonium salt reacts with an alkali.
5. An exothermic reaction takes place between ammonia and a neutral gas.
Answer
 1. An active metal reacts with dilute sulphuric acid — C : Hydrogen
2. A metallic nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition giving a coloured
gas — D : Nitrogen dioxide
3. Two gases one of them neutral, combines by absorption of light energy
— B : Hydrogen chloride
4. An ammonium salt reacts with an alkali — A: Ammonia
5. An exothermic reaction takes place between ammonia and a neutral gas
— E : Nitric oxide
Question 3
Give a balanced equation for each of the following types of reactions :
1. A direct combination reaction between phosphorus and a neutral gas.
2. A soluble salt of lead formed from an insoluble base by double
decomposition – neutralization.
3. A thermal decomposition reaction of a salt – which results in the
formation of nitrogen gas.
4. A synthesis reaction between a metal & a non-metal resulting in
formation of an insoluble salt of iron.
5. A decomposition reaction of a salt which leaves behind a silvery metal.
Answer
1. 4P + O2 ⟶ 2P2O5
2. PbO + 2HNO3 ⟶ Pb(NO3)3 + H2O
3. (NH4)2Cr2O7 ⟶ Cr2O3 + 4H2O + N2
4. Fe + S ⟶ FeS
5. 2AgCl →☼ 2Ag + Cl2
Question 4.1
Differentiate between the following :
Synthesis reaction & a substitution reaction.
Answer
 Synthesis Reaction Substitution Reaction

A chemical reaction in which two or A chemical reaction in which an

more elements or compounds react to element or radical has replaced
form one new compound is called a another element in a compound is
Direct Combination Reaction or called Displacement or Substitution
Synthesis Reaction. Reaction.

For example:
hydrogen + oxygen ⟶ water
For example:

⟶ Magnesium sulphate + Copper

Magnesium + Copper [II] sulphate

2H2 [g] + O2 [g] ⟶ 2H2O [l]

Mg + CuSO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + Cu

Question 4.2
Differentiate between the following :
Electrolytic decomposition & photochemical decomposition
Answer

Electrolytic decomposition Photochemical decomposition

A decomposition reaction which is A decomposition reaction which

brought about by passage of electric occurs in the presence of light is
current is known as Electrolytic known as Photochemical
decomposition. decomposition.

2H2O ⟶ 2H2 + O2 (On Passage of

For example:
2AgCl ⟶ 2Ag + Cl
For example:

Electric Current)

Question 4.3
Differentiate between the following :
Thermal decomposition & thermal dissociation.
Answer
 Thermal decomposition Thermal dissociation

A chemical reaction in which a A decomposition reaction in

compound decomposes to give two which a substance dissociates
new elements / a new compound & an into two or more simpler
element / two new compounds on substances on application of
application of heat is called a Thermal heat is called a Thermal
decomposition reaction. dissociation reaction.

2Ca(NO3)2 ⟶ 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2 NH4Cl ⇌ NH3 + HCl

For example: For example:

Question 4.4
Differentiate between the following :
Decomposition reaction & a double decomposition reaction
Answer

Decomposition reaction Double decomposition reaction

A chemical reaction in which both

A chemical reaction in which a
reactants [compounds] are decomposed
compound decomposes to give two new
to give two new compounds by
elements / a new compound & an
exchanging their radicals is called a
element / two new compounds is called
It is represented as XY + AB ⟶ XB + AY
Double decomposition reaction.
a Decomposition reaction.

2HgO ⟶ 2Hg + O2 CaCl2 + Na2CO3 ⟶ 2NaCl + CaCO3 ↓

For example: For example:

Question 4.5
Differentiate between the following :
Neutralization reaction & a precipitation reaction.
Answer
 Neutralization reaction Precipitation reaction

A reaction between two

A reaction between two
compounds in aqueous solution
compounds - base and acid to give
state to give two new compounds
two new compounds - salt and
one of which is insoluble
water - by interchange of radicals
(precipitate) is called a
is called a Neutralization reaction.
Precipitation reaction.

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl ⟶ 2NaNO3 +

For example:
NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
For example:

PbCl2

Question 5
Match the chemical reactions in List I with the appropriate answer in List II.

List I List II

AB ⇌ A + B (on heating) A : Double decomposition

AB ⟶ A + B B : Thermal dissociation

X+Y- + A+B- ⟶ X+B- + A+Y- C : Endothermic reaction

X + YZ ⟶ XZ + Y D : Displacement reaction

X + Y ⟶ XY - Δ (on heating) E : Decomposition reaction

Answer

List I List II

AB ⇌ A + B (on heating) B : Thermal dissociation

AB ⟶ A + B E : Decomposition reaction

X+Y- + A+B- ⟶ X+B- + A+Y- A : Double decomposition

 List I List II

X + YZ ⟶ XZ + Y D : Displacement reaction

X + Y ⟶ XY - Δ (on heating) C : Endothermic reaction

Question 6
Name the solid residual product formed in each reaction and state it's colour
during – thermal decomposition of the following substances.
1. Copper nitrate.
2. Ammonium dichromate.
3. Zinc carbonate.
4. Lead nitrate.
5. Calcium hydroxide.
Answer
Below table lists the solid residual product formed along with it's colour for the
given substances:

Sl. Residual
Substance Colour
No. Product

1 Copper nitrate Copper [II] oxide Black

2 Ammonium dichromate Chromic oxide Green

3 Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide White

4 Lead nitrate Lead oxide Yellow

5 Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide White