Hindawi

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2022, Article ID 6354994, 6 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6354994

Research Article
Consolidation of a Certain Discrete Probability Distribution with a
Subclass of Bi-Univalent Functions Involving
Gegenbauer Polynomials

Ala Amourah ,1 Mohammad Alomari ,1 Feras Yousef ,2 and Abdullah Alsoboh 3

1
Department of Mathematics, Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan
2
Department of Mathematics, School of Science, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
3
Umm-Alqura University, P.O Box 715, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohammad Alomari; [email protected]

Received 22 March 2022; Revised 28 April 2022; Accepted 4 May 2022; Published 29 May 2022

Academic Editor: Ismail Shah

Copyright © 2022 Ala Amourah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
In this work, we introduce and investigate a new subclass of analytic bi-univalent functions based on subordination conditions
between the zero-truncated Poisson distribution and Gegenbauer polynomials. More precisely, we will estimate the first two initial
Taylor–Maclaurin coefficients and solve the Fekete–Szegö functional problem for functions belonging to this new subclass.

f(z)≺g(z) if and only if f(0)  g(0), (4)

1. Introduction
and
Let A denote the class of all analytic functions f defined on
f(U) ⊂ g(U). (5)
the open unit disk U  {z ∈ C: |z| < 1} and normalized by
the conditions f(0)  0 and f′ (0)  1. Thus, each f ∈ A It is well known [2] that every function f ∈ S has an
has a Taylor–Maclaurin series expansion of the form inverse f− 1 , defined by
∞
f(z)  z +  an zn , (z ∈ U). (1) f− 1 (f(z))  z (z ∈ U), (6)
n2
1
Let the functions f and g be in the class A. We say that f− 1 (f(w))  w|w| < r0 (f); r0 (f) ≥ , (7)
4
the function f is subordinate to g, written as f≺g, if there
exists a Schwarz function w, which is analytic in U with where
w(0)  0, f− 1 (w)  w − a2 w2 + 2a22 − a3 w3
(2) (8)
|w(z)| < 1(z ∈ U), − 5a32 − 5a2 a3 + a4 w4 + · · · .
such that A function is said to be bi-univalent in U if both f(z)
f(z)  g(w(z)). (3) and f− 1 (z) are univalent in U. Let Σ denote the class of bi-
univalent functions in U given by (1). For interesting ex-
Further, let S denote the class of all functions f ∈ A that amples of functions in the class Σ, see [3–10].
are univalent in U. It is worth to mention that if the function g In probability theory, the zero-truncated Poisson
is univalent in U, then the following equivalence holds (see [1]): distribution is a certain discrete probability distribution
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2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

whose support is the set of positive integers, that is, the ∞

zero-truncated Poisson distribution is the same as the H0 (x, z) � 1 − log 􏼐1 − 2xz + z2 􏼑 � 􏽘 C0n (x)zn , (14)
Poisson distribution without the zero count [11]. %is n�0

distribution is also known as the conditional Poisson for α � 0. Moreover, it is worth to mention that a nor-
distribution [12] or the positive Poisson distribution [13]. malization of α to be greater than − 1/2 is desirable [28, 29].
%e probability density function of the zero-truncated Gegenbauer polynomials can also be defined by the fol-
Poisson distribution is given by lowing recurrence relations:
ms 1
Pm (X � s) � m , s � 1, 2, 3, . . . , m > 0. (9) Cαn (x) � 􏼂2x(n + α − 1)Cαn− 1 (x) − (n + 2α − 2)Cαn− 1 (x)􏼃,
e − 1􏼁s! n
(15)
Here, let us consider a power series whose coefficients
are probabilities of the zero-truncated Poisson distribution, with the initial values
that is,
Cα0 (x) � 1, Cα1 (x) � 2αx and Cα2 (x) � 2α(1 + α)x2 − α.
∞ n− 1
m
P(m, z) � z + 􏽘 zn , z ∈ U, (10) (16)
n�2 em − 1􏼁(n − 1)!
Special cases of Gegenbauer polynomials Cαn (x) are
where m > 0. By the ratio test, the radius of convergence of Chebyshev polynomials when α � 1 and Legendre polyno-
this series is infinity. mials when α � 1/2.
Define the linear operator χ: A ⟶ A by
χm f(z) � P(m, z) ∗ f(z) 2. The Class ζ Σ (x, α, μ)
In this section, we introduce a new subclass of Σ involving
∞
mn− 1
�z+􏽘 a zn , z ∈ U, the new constructed series (10) and Gegenbauer
n�2 em − 1􏼁(n − 1)! n (11) polynomials.

m m2
�z+ m a 2 z2 + a z3 + · · · , Definition 2.1. A function f ∈ Σ given by (1) is said to be in
e − 1􏼁 2 em − 1􏼁 3 the class ζ Σ (x, α, μ) if the following subordinations are
where ∗ denotes the convolution or Hadamard product of satisfied:
two series (see [14]). χ m f(z)
(1 − μ) + μ χ m f(z)􏼁′ ≺Hα (x, z), (17)
Orthogonal polynomials have been studied extensively z
as early as they were discovered by Legendre in 1784 [15]. In
mathematical treatment of model problems, orthogonal χm g(w)
(1 − μ) + μ χm g(w)􏼁′ ≺Hα (x, w), (18)
polynomials arise often to find solutions of ordinary dif- w
ferential equations under certain conditions imposed by the 1
model. %e importance of the orthogonal polynomials for where α > 0, μ ≥ 0, x ∈ (1/2, 1], and the function g � f− is
the contemporary mathematics, as well as for wide range of given by (8).
their applications in the physics and engineering, is beyond
any doubt. Recently, many researchers have been exploring Upon specializing the parameter μ, one can get the
bi-univalent functions associated with orthogonal polyno- following new subclass of Σ as illustrated in the following
mials [16–24]. Very recently, Amourah et al. [25, 26] con- example.
sidered the generating function for Gegenbauer polynomials
Hα (x, z), which is given by Example 2.1. If μ � 1, then we have ζ Σ (x, α, 1) � ζ Σ (x, α), in
1 which ζ Σ (x, α) denotes the class of functions f ∈ Σ given by
Hα (x, z) � 2 α, (12) (1) and satisfying the following conditions.
􏼐1 − 2xz + z 􏼑
χ m f(z)􏼁′ ≺Hα (x, z), (19)
where x ∈ [− 1, 1], α > − 1/2, and z ∈ U. For fixed x, the
function Hα is analytic in U, so it can be expanded in a Taylor χ m g(w)􏼁′ ≺Hα (x, w). (20)
series as
∞
Hα (x, z) � 􏽘 Cαn (x)zn . (13) 3. Estimates of the Class ζ Σ (x, α, μ)
n�0

where Cαn (x) is Gegenbauer polynomial of degree n (see First, we give the coefficient estimates for the class ζ Σ (x, α, μ)
[27]). given in Definition 2.1.
Obviously, Hα generates nothing when α � 0. %erefore,
the generating function of the Gegenbauer polynomial is set Theorem 3.1. Let f ∈ Σ given by (1) belong to the class
to be ζ Σ (x, α, μ). 6en,
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

√����
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2αx em − 1􏼁 2αx
􏼌􏼌a2 􏼌􏼌 ≤ 􏽱􏼌�����������������������������������������������
􏼌 􏼌􏼌, (21)
m 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏽨2α2 (1 + 2μ) em − 1􏼁 − 2α(1 + μ)2 (1 + α)􏽩x2 + α(1 + μ)2 􏼌􏼌􏼌

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 4α2 x2 em − 1􏼁2 4αx em − 1􏼁

􏼌􏼌a3 􏼌􏼌 ≤ + 2 . (22)
m2 (1 + μ)2 m (1 + 2μ)

(1 + μ)m
Proof. Let f ∈ ζ Σ (x, α, μ). From Definition 2.1, for some a � Cα1 (x)c1 , (30)
em − 1 2
analytic functions w, v such that w(0) � v(0) � 0 and
|w(z)| < 1, |v(w)| < 1 for all z, w ∈ U, then we can write (1 + 2μ)m2
a � Cα1 (x)c2 + Cα2 (x)c21 , (31)
χ f(z) 2 em − 1􏼁 3
(1 − μ) m + μ χ m f(z)􏼁′ � Hα (x, w(z)), (23)
z
(1 + μ)m
χ g(w) − a � Cα1 (x)d1 , (32)
(1 − μ) m + μ χ m g(w)􏼁′ � Hα (x, v(w)). (24) em − 1 2
w
(1 + 2μ)m2 2 α α 2
From the equalities (23) and (24), we obtain that 􏽨2a2 − a3 􏽩 � C1 (x)d2 + C2 (x)d1 . (33)
2 em − 1􏼁
χm f(z)
(1 − μ) + μ χm f(z)􏼁′
z It follows from (30) and (32) that
(25)
c 1 � − d1 , (34)
� 1 + Cα1 (x)c1 z + 􏽨Cα1 (x)c2 + Cα2 (x)c21 􏽩z2 + · · · ,

χ g(w) 2(1 + μ)2 m2 2

(1 − μ) m + μ χ m g(w)􏼁′ 2 a22 � 􏼂Cα1 (x)􏼃 􏼐c21 + d21 􏼑. (35)
w e m − 1􏼁
� 1 + Cα1 (x)d1 w + 􏽨Cα1 (x)d2 + Cα2 (x)d21 􏽩w2 + · · · . If we add (31) and (33), we get
(26)
(1 + 2μ)m2 2
a � Cα1 (x) c2 + d2 􏼁 + Cα2 (x)􏼐c21 + d21 􏼑. (36)
It is fairly well known that if em − 1􏼁 2
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
|w(z)| � 􏼌􏼌c1 z + c2 z2 + c3 z3 + · · ·􏼌􏼌 < 1, (z ∈ U), (27) Substituting the value of (c21 + d21 ) from (35) in the right
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 hand side of (36), we deduce that
|v(w)| � 􏼌􏼌d1 w + d2 w2 + d3 w3 + · · ·􏼌􏼌 < 1, (w ∈ U), (28) 2 α 2
⎡⎣(1 + 2μ) − 2(1m + μ) C2 (x) ⎤⎦ mm a2
then (see [30]) e − 1􏼁 􏼂C1 (x)􏼃 e − 1􏼁 2
α 2
(37)
|cj | ≤ 1 and |dj | ≤ 1 for all j ∈ N. (29)
� Cα1 (x) c2 + d2 􏼁.
%us, upon comparing the corresponding coefficients in
(25) and (26), we have Moreover, using (16), (29), and (37), we find that

√����
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2αx em − 1􏼁 2αx
􏼌􏼌a2 􏼌􏼌 ≤ 􏽱􏼌�����������������������������������������������
􏼌 􏼌􏼌. (38)
m 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏽨2α2 (1 + 2μ) em − 1􏼁 − 2α(1 + μ)2 (1 + α)􏽩x2 + α(1 + μ)2 􏼌􏼌􏼌

Now, if we subtract (33) from (31), we obtain %us, applying (16) and (29), we conclude that
2
(1 + 2μ)m 2 α α 2 2 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 4α2 x2 em − 1􏼁2 4αx em − 1􏼁
􏼐a3 − a2 􏼑 � C1 (x) c2 − d2 􏼁 + C2 (x)􏼐c1 − d1 􏼑. 􏼌􏼌a3 􏼌􏼌 ≤
em − 1􏼁 + 2 . (41)
m2 (1 + μ)2 m (1 + 2μ)
(39)
%is completes the proof of %eorem 3.1. □
%en, in view of (16) and (35), (39) becomes
2 2
em − 1􏼁 􏼂Cα1 (x)􏼃 2 2 em − 1􏼁Cα1 (x)
a3 � 2 2 􏼐c1 + d1 􏼑 + c2 − d2 􏼁. Making use of the values of a22 and a3 , we prove the
2m (1 + μ) m2 (1 + 2μ)
following Fekete–Szegö inequality for functions in the class
(40) ζ Σ (x, α, μ).
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4 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
Theorem 3.2. Let f ∈ Σ given by (1) belong to the class 􏼌􏼌 (1 + μ)2 􏼐2(1 + α)x2 − 1􏼑􏼌􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌.
ζ Σ (x, α, μ). 6en, δ � 􏼌􏼌1 − (42)
m 2
􏼌􏼌 2αx2 em − 1􏼁(1 + 2μ) 􏼌􏼌􏼌
⎪ 4αx(e − 1)/m2 (1 + 2μ), 2
⎪
⎧
⎪
⎨ 8α2 x3 (em
− 1) (1 − η)/|m |η − 1| ≤ δ
|a3 − ηa22 | ≤ ⎪ m
⎪
⎪ ([2α(1 + 2μ)(e − 1) |η − 1| ≥ δ,
⎩ 2 2 2 Proof. From (37) and (39),
− 2(1 + μ) (1 + α)]x + (1 + μ) )|,

where

2 3
em − 1􏼁 􏼂Cα1 (x)􏼃 c2 + d2 􏼁 em − 1􏼁Cα1 (x)
a3 − ηa22 � (1 − η) 2 + c2 − d 2 􏼁
2 m
m 􏽨 e − 1􏼁(1 + 2μ)􏼂Cα1 (x)􏼃 − 2(1 + μ) 2
Cα2 (x)􏽩 m2 (1 + 2μ)
(43)
em − 1􏼁 em − 1􏼁
� Cα1 (x)􏼢h(η) + 2 α
􏼣c2 + C1 (x)􏼢h(η) − 2 􏼣d2 ,
m (1 + 2μ) m (1 + 2μ)

where which completes the proof of %eorem 3.2. □

2 2
em − 1􏼁 􏼂Cα1 (x)􏼃 (1 − η) Corresponding essentially to Example 2.1, %eorems 3.1
h(η) � 2 2 .
m
m 􏽨 e − 1􏼁(1 + 2μ)􏼂Cα1 (x)􏼃 − 2(1 + μ)2 Cα2 (x)􏽩 and 3.2 yield the following consequence.
(44)
Corollary 3.3. Let f ∈ Σ given by (1) belong to the class
%en, in view of (16), we conclude that
ζ Σ (x, α, 0). 6en,
m
􏼌􏼌 α 􏼌􏼌
􏼌 􏼌 em − 1􏼁
⎪
⎧
⎪ 2 e − 1 􏼁 􏼌 C1 (x) 􏼌 0 ≤ |h(η)| ≤ ,
⎪
⎪ m2 (1 + 2μ)
􏼌􏼌 ⎪
􏼌 ⎨ m (1 + 2μ) 2
􏼌􏼌a3 − ηa2 􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤
2 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ m
⎩ 2􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌Cα (x)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌|h(η)| |h(η)| ≥ e − 1􏼁 ,
⎪
1
m2 (1 + 2μ)
(45)

√����
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2αx em − 1􏼁 2αx
􏼌􏼌a2 􏼌􏼌 ≤ 􏽱􏼌���������������������������
􏼌 �􏼌􏼌,
m 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏽨2α2 em − 1􏼁 − 2α(1 + α)􏽩x2 + α􏼌􏼌􏼌
(46)
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 4α2 x2 em − 1􏼁2 4αx em − 1􏼁
􏼌􏼌a3 􏼌􏼌 ≤ + ,
m2 m2
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
4αx em − 1􏼁 􏼌􏼌 􏼐2(1 + α)x − 1􏼑􏼌􏼌􏼌
2
⎧
⎪
⎪ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
⎪
⎪ , |η − 1| ≤ 􏼌􏼌1 − 2 m 􏼌􏼌
⎪
⎪ m 2 􏼌􏼌 2αx e − 1 􏼁 􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 ⎨
􏼌􏼌a3 − ηa2 􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤ (47)
2 ⎪ 2 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
⎪
⎪
⎪ 8α2 x3 em − 1􏼁 (1 − η) 􏼌􏼌 􏼐2(1 + α)x − 1􏼑􏼌􏼌􏼌
2
⎪
⎪ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌, 􏼌
􏼌 􏼌􏼌.
⎩ 􏼌􏼌m2 􏼐􏼂2α em − 1􏼁 − 2(1 + α)􏼃x2 + 1􏼑􏼌􏼌 |η − 1| ≥ 􏼌􏼌1 −
􏼌 􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2αx2 em − 1􏼁 􏼌􏼌􏼌

4. Conclusions Taylor–Maclaurin coefficients |a2 | and |a3 | and the

Fekete–Szegö functional problem. Furthermore, by suitably
In our present investigation, we have introduced a new specializing the parameter μ, one can deduce the result for
subclass ζ Σ (x, α, μ) of normalized analytic and bi-univalent the subclass ζ Σ (x, α) which is defined in Example 2.1.
functions associated with the zero-truncated Poisson dis- %e results presented in this paper would lead to various
tribution and Gegenbauer polynomials. For functions be- other new results for the classes ζ Σ (x, 1, μ) for Chebyshev
longing to this class, we have derived the estimates of the polynomials and ζ Σ (x, 1/2, μ) for Legendre polynomials.
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5

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