Spatial Temporal Data Visualization In Emergency Management

: A view from data-driven decision

Deqiang Wang Danhuai Guo∗ Hui Zhang
Computer Network Information Computer Network Information Department of Engineering Physics,
Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Tsinghua University
Beijing, China Beijing, China Beijing, China
University of Chinese Academy of University of Chinese Academy of [email protected]
Sciences Sciences
Beijing, China Beijing, China
[email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION
Recent years, extreme events caused a great loss of human society. Since the beginning of 21st centuries, mankind are facing more
Emergency management is playing a more and more important and more dangers and challenges, those emergency event caused
role in handling disaster events. With the raising of data-intensive a great loss of human society. Some of those hazards come from
decision making, how to visualize large, multi-dimension data be- nature, like earth, some come from public healthy and some come
come an important challenge. Spatial temporal data visualization, a from human society. According to International Federation of Red
powerful tool, could transform data in to visual structure and make Cross and Red Crescent Societies, in last decade, globally, there are
core information easily be captured by human. It could support 771,911 people lost their lives in natural disaster, about 1 billion
spatial analysis, decision making and be used in all phase of emer- people was affected. Natural disaster also caused about 1 billion
gency management. In this paper, we reviewed the general method dollar loss, worldwide[1]. Natural disaster is becoming one of main
of spatial temporal data visualization and the methods in data- challenge to human society. Whats more, several infectious disease
intensive environment. Summarized the problems of each phase of break in last decade, hundreds of thousands people was killed by
emergency management and presented how spatial temporal visu- those virus. In this situation, emergency management become more
alization tools applied in each phase of emergency management. and more important.
Finally, we conduct a short conclusion and outlook the future of Emergency management is defined by Hoetmer as the disci-
spatial temporal visualization applied in data-driven emergency pline and profession of applying science, technology, planning, and
management environment. management to deal with extreme events that can injure or kill
large numbers of people, do extensive damage to property, and
CCS CONCEPTS disrupt community life[2]. Based on temporal dimension of disaster
event, one famous framework called comprehensive emergency
• General and reference → Surveys and overviews;
management(CEM)[2]. It organize the emergency management pro-
cess into a cycle of four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response,
KEYWORDS and recovery, as shown in figure, The actions of each phase should
emergency management, spatio-temporal visualization, review be made based on multiple data, in this field, visualization tools
could effectively transform data into human-friendly interactive
ACM Reference Format:
graph which could easily be understood. Based on this, Visual-
Deqiang Wang, Danhuai Guo, and Hui Zhang. 2017. Spatial Temporal Data
ization technology has been used throughout all phases of the
Visualization In Emergency Management : A view from data-driven decision.
In EM-GIS’17: EM-GIS’17:3rd ACM SIGSPATIAL Workshop on Emergency emergency response cycle.
Management using , November 7–10, 2017, Redondo Beach, CA, USA. ACM,
New York, NY, USA, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3152465.3152473

∗ corresponding to [email protected]

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ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5493-6/17/11. . . $15.00
https://doi.org/10.1145/3152465.3152473 Figure 1: Comprehensive Emergency Management[3]
EM-GIS’17, November 7–10, 2017, Redondo Beach, CA, USA D. Wang et al.

Traditional emergency management is always model-driven. between spatio-temporal attribute and other attributes, combine
Since the raise of the fourth paradigm: data-intensive scientific the spatio-temporal data visualization and cartographical, visually
discovery[4], data driven decision making become more and more show the multiple dimension of data and present real-time data in
important. It is critical to visualize data in a direct way to repre- a visual method, are important research areas.[8]
sent data attributes. Through all phases of emergency manage- There are a lot of methods focus on how to present spatial tem-
ment, many of the critical problem that arise are inherently spatial. poral data. In the data-intensive environment, combining big data
Whether an analyst is assessing the potential impact of a hazard, analysis tools and support collaborative visualization is a important
or an emergency manager is identifying the best evacuation routes part of modern spatial temporal visualization methods.
during a disaster, or a civil engineer is planning a rebuilding effort
following a disaster, all of these individuals face tasks with a strong 2.1 General Spatial Temporal Visualization
spatial component [7]. For this reason, spatio-temporal data visual- Methods
ization technology is a valuable framework to handle emergency
management. The basic idea of data visualization is to present every features of
Spatial temporal visualization is one import area of data visu- data with basic element of graph. That means a graph could present
alization. A picture is worth than thousands of words. About 80% a large volume of data and could reflect multiple data dimension,
of the information obtained from the outside world comes from which could make people analysis data from various perspective[9].
the eyes.[5] Using data visualization tools could make data features MacEachren concluded the research challenges in spatial temporal
intuitively captured by decision maker. The general process of data visualization[10], Andrienko reviewed the spatio-temporal visual-
visualization is shown as Figure 2, first, transform raw data into ization by tasks and solutions[11]. There are many tools were built
table formats and then using visual mapping method to change data to visualize spatial temporal data[12–14]
table into visual structures, finally, view transformations integrate The widely used methods of spatial temporal data visualization
visual structures into views which human can see. Visual mappings methods include spatial data visualization methods, temporal data
is the most important step in these three steps. visualization methods, spatio-temporal data visualization methods.

Spatial data visualization methods. Spatial data visualization have

a long history[15]. Spatial data inherently have geography com-
ponent. There are many visualization technology based on map,
traditional maps are static, it help human know spatial information
for centuries but it is hard to use static map represent multiple
attribute of data. Comparing to traditional map, computer-based
spatial visualization tools have two new properties: interactivity
Figure 2: information visualization reference model[5] and dynamic[11], which make the tools have ability to answer users
questions and show object variation in given constrains.
It makes data visualization as a powerful tool which could trans- Spatial visualization methods, with interaction, like scatter map[16],
form data into vison and make data feature easily captured by heat map[17], not only could use the shape or color of one point
human. In the emergency management environment, many data could represent multiple attribute, but also could add information
containing geo-location and temporal tag, choosing a right way to into point when you click your mouse like in Echarts, D3 and R.
present data will make the situation quickly be understood. It could
support decision making. Temporal data visualization methods. Time series data is a kind
In this paper we will make an analytics review spatial temporal of widely used data. There are many ways to visualization the
data visualization technique and its applications developed in emer- time series data, like histogram, line chart or amination technology.
gency management. The remained section is arranged as below: Daassi made a taxonomy of temporal data visualization[18]
Section 2 describe the traditional spatial temporal data visualization Parallel coordinates, another widely used temporal visualization
technology and data-driven environment spatial temporal data vi- technology, builds reflection between ordinates on which draw
sualization method, Section 3 show the visualization needs of each line to represent data attributes. It was firstly used to represent
phase in emergency management, Section 4 describe the examples multi-dimension data[19]. It is also could represent multi-dimension
of visualization methods applied in emergency management and temporal data with multiple data attributes.
finally we conduct a short conclusion and outlook

2 SPATIAL TEMPORAL VISUALIZATION AND

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Spatio-temporal data was defined as data with geo-location and
temporal tags. In the condition of sensors and mobile device widely
used, spatio-temporal data become easily gathered data[6, 7]. In
the era of big data, because of rich spatio-temporal data, spatio-
temporal data visualization is becoming a hot research spot. How to
Figure 3: parallel coordinates[20]
combine the spatial and temporal attribute, present the relationship
Spatial Temporal Data Visualization In Emergency Management EM-GIS’17, November 7–10, 2017, Redondo Beach, CA, USA

Spatio-Temporal data visualization methods. To reflect the rela- visualization spatio-temporal data[31]. On one hand map could di-
tionship between location variation and time changing, one effec- rectly reflect the location information, on the other hand animation
tive method of spatio-temporal visualization called flow map[21] could make temporal attribute easily understand. In cartography,
which could compromise event temporal attribute and map. One temporal animation is a widely used method, it deals with the de-
example of flow map is the visualization of Napoleon attack Rus- piction of dynamic events in chronological order and depicts actual
sia in 1812[21] shown in Figure 4, it used flow map technology to passage of time in the world. In a temporal animation, ’world time’
combine big events temporal attribute with location information (e.g. days, centuries) is typically proportionally scaled to ’animation
reflected in 2D plane. time’ (e.g. typically seconds)[32].

2.2 Spatial Temporal Visualization in

Data-Intensive Environment
In the time of big data era, data-intensive environment and data-
driven decision making become more and more important. Tra-
ditional visualization method facing new challenge. In this scope,
data needed to be processed are so large that one single computer
canâĂŹt deal with. Because of the volume of data, it is also hard to
transmit data over internet. And with limit knowledge, in complex
condition, decision always made by a group of experts[33], how
Figure 4: Napoleon attack Russia in 1812[22] to use visualization tools to support collaborative work is also an
important problem.

Space-time cube[23] is a widely used technology of spatial tem-

Visualization methods based on cloud computing . There are two
poral visualization. Space time cube uses a 3D way to represent
general ways to overcome the problem caused by big data, using
location, time and event .The cube has on its base a representation
statistic way to minimize the data volume[ref], the other way is to
of the geography (along the x- and y-axis), while the cubeâĂŹs
use more machine to handle more data. In this paper, we focus on the
height represents time (z-axis)[24]. There are many system based
last way to conquer the change of big data. Hu et al review the gen-
on space time cube[25–27]. While the data volume is huge, the cube
eral methods to process big data[34], Ren[8], Zhang[35]reviewed
may be mix, Tominski use stack graph to multiple data attribute[28].
the technology of apply visualization tools into big data environ-
Space time cube has been used to represent GPS data, hurricane
ment.
data and so on.[29]
Visualization based on cloud computing combines big data tech-
nology and visualization technology. Generally, it use cloud com-
puting technology to preprocess data, improve the data quality
and generate spatial temporal data attributes. Then, it use visual-
ization method to represent the features. Mao combine spark and
visualization method develop a visualization system[36], Eldawy de-
veloped HadoopViz[37] based on Hadoop, Lu provide a framework
for cloud-based visualization[38]

Collaborative Visualization methods. Collaborative visualization

is the shared use of computer-supported, (interactive,) visual rep-
resentations of data by more than one person with the common
goal of contribution to joint information processing activities.[5]
Guo developed a collaborative visualization architecture for spa-
tial temporal data applied in emergency.[39], Hutanu think one
of the most important issues in collaborative visualization is the
latency. Hutanu developed a distribute system based on high speed
network[40]

2.3 Spatial Temporal Visualization Tools

Figure 5: space time cube[30] There are many valuable spatial temporal data visualization tools
as open source program. Most of them have the basic methods of
The technology of map animation exploits the capability of the spatial temporal. And each of them have their own advantage and
computer screen to rapidly update its contents: changes in data are disadvantages. Table 1, shows some widely used spatial temporal
represented by changes of a display[11]. It is an import method of data visualization tools
EM-GIS’17, November 7–10, 2017, Redondo Beach, CA, USA D. Wang et al.

Table 1: open-source visualization tools 2.5 Spatial Temporal Data Visualization in

Emergency Management
Name Program Website Facing the challenges of emergency management, spatial temporal
language data visualization is a great tool to support decision making, spa-
D3.js Javascript https://d3js.org/ tial analysis and sharing information. There are some challenges
Echarts.js Javascript http://echarts.baidu.com/ which are through all phases of emergency, like data volume, data
Matlibplot Python http://matplotlib.org/ dimension(see Table 2 ). Each phase also have some unique demand
Ggplot2 R http://ggplot2.org/ from spatial temporal visualization tools.
Leaflet Javascrpt http://leafletjs.com/
Polymaps Javascript http://polymaps.org/
OpenLayers Javascript http://openlayers.org/ Table 2: general need and methods
Kartograph Python, http://kartograph.org/
Javascript Challenge Method
Exhibit Javascript http://www.simile-
widgets.org/ Monitoring attribute Map Amination, space-time
Modest Maps Javascript, http://modestmaps.com/ change, like population, cube, map iteration, flow
Python, temperature, etc map
PHP Represent multiple data di- Multiple-dimension scatter
Tableau - https://public.tableau.com/s/ mension map with interaction
Represent very large data Cloud visualization, high-
volume performance visualization,
partial visualization

2.4 Challenge in Emergency Management Mitigation. In the phase of mitigation, the purpose of this phase
is to elimination or reduce the probability of long-term risk to
Because of emergency management data have multiple features
human life of property. Temporally, in emergency management
which makes data analysis facing a great challenge. In all phases of
this phase appear between disasters. In this phase, the main goal
emergency management, the action of emergency management and
is to prevent disaster occur or forecasting the disaster[41, 42]. To
event itself will generate huge volume data from multiple source
achieve this goal, it is critical to make right mitigation strategy. That
such as government reports, news, tweets, satellite images, etc.
make using data to model the probability of a disaster occurrence
and the data formats will not be uniformed. However, those data
become important. In order to support decision making and strategy
always contain geo-spatial information or could implicit location
making, there are a lot of visualization system being developing
information.
[13, 43, 44]. For example using spatial temporal visualization tools
Some emergency situation need to present real-time data for
to represent the transmission of infectious disease like avian flu or
decision making and strategy making. For example, monitoring the
zika virus, in this way to show the spread of disease support local
water level of the river in order to know whether there will be a
government to make mitigation strategy[45].
flood. If the data canâĂŹt reflect the real time situation, it will be
meaningless. When an emergency event occur, like an earthquake,
it is important to present the up-to-date information for rescuing
people who suffering during the disaster.
Some situation need to be examined from a geographic perspec-
tive over time. For example, with a phenomenon like the Avian Flu
virus, information about where and when deaths and illnesses are
occurring is relevant input to policy decisions for public officials
internationally and not only for officials in the locations where the
illnesses/deaths are occurring. Actors at multiple scales must be
informed about the spread of the disease to prepare accordingly, be
kept aware of the effectiveness of preventive strategies in use by
others, and understand the interconnected hierarchies of relevant Figure 6: spread of zika virus[46]
events and information at many levels.
During emergency management cycle, decisions always made
by a group of experts. It is also important that sharing information
Simulating the disaster is also useful for mapping hazard. The
between different experts. Because of the multiple source of data,
spatial temporal visualization system also could represent multi-
for supporting decision make will need domain experts in every
ple data and simulating the extreme event occur to practice the
aspect of data.
response action[47].
Spatial Temporal Data Visualization In Emergency Management EM-GIS’17, November 7–10, 2017, Redondo Beach, CA, USA

situation to find a safety way to escape from danger[53]. For ex-

ample, the system that could help people find the shortest path to
escape from emergency event.[54] On the other hand, it also could
help rescue team find shorts path into disaster centers.[53–55]
Facing complex situation, response strategy always made by a
group of experts. Spatial temporal data visualization could also be
used to support collaborative sense-making in emergency[39, 56].

Table 4: visualization need in preparedness and response

Needs Methods Example

Real-time response cloud visualization Emergency
visualization event[37, 39]
Figure 7: simulate the schenario of event location[47] collaborative deci- Collaborative visu- Emergency
sion alization event[39, 56]
Rescue planning Map amination, Emergency
Table 3: visualization need in mitigation and victim evacua- trajectory visualiza- event.[57]
tion tion
Need Methods Example
Natural hazard as- Heat map, scatter Earthquake [48] Recovery. In the phase of recovery, the goal of this phase is to
sessment map make repair damage. In this phase, it is important to map damage
Find crsis cycle Parallel coordi- Infectious assessment. Visualization tools could help this process, and in the
nates,Temporal disease[49] phase of recovery, it is also important to education people to save
charts themselves. Spatial temporal visualization method inherently have
Simulation disaster Map amination, Earthquake[47] the ability to help people understand
to make mitigation space-time cube
strategy Table 5: visualization need in recovery
Finding transmis- Flow map, scatter Infectious
sion pattern map, heat map disease[50]
Needs Methods

Preparedness and Response. In the phase of preparedness and Rebuilt scenario Map amination, map itera-
phase of response. The two phases are right before and after disas- tion
ter happen, in spatio-temporal visualization scope, there are many Damage assessment Heat-map
features in common. The plan made in preparedness phase is used Risk Education Map amination, map itera-
in the phase of response[3]. When a disaster occur, response ac- tion, space time cube
tions need to be taken quickly, which make decision maker face
a hard problem, how capture the essential information from large
amount and multi-source data in a short time and how to share
3 CONCLUSIONS
information with other export. In the spatio-temporal visualiza- Since data-driven decision making become more and more impor-
tion scope, that require visualization tools could quickly process tant, it give spatial temporal visualization new meaning in emer-
multi-source, heterogeneous data and transform it into visual struc- gency management. In order to conquer the challenge of modern
ture. Using cloud-based visualization technology, could conquer emergency management, the technology of spatial temporal visual-
this problem[14, 37] ization is a necessary tool. In this paper we summarized the tradi-
Using amination could dynamic reflect the time changing data tional spatial temporal method and its methods in data-intensive
over disaster occur. It could support response decision making and environment. Analysis the need of spatial temporal visualization
there are many examples show the spatial temporal visualization in each phase of emergency management.
tools to support response activity. For example, Bengtsson tracking In the future, the spatial temporal visualization will play a more
population change during earthquake[51] and more important role in dealing with disaster. As the boom of
To help disaster response, spatio-temporal visualization could VR/AR technology, the improvement of interactivity, will make
support spatial decision. a famous example is John snow used map visualization method conduct knowledge more effective.
to find the source of cholera in London, 1854[52], which help gov-
ernment make decision to prevent citizen from cholera. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It could also be used to support rescue action and victim evacua- This work is partly supported by Natural Science Foundation of
tion. In on hander it could show the real-time situation of extreme China under Grant No.41371386, Beijing Natural Science Founda-
event to victim and help disaster victim understanding the current tion under Grant No. 9172023 and National Key R&D Program of
EM-GIS’17, November 7–10, 2017, Redondo Beach, CA, USA D. Wang et al.

China (No. 2017YFC0803300). The funders had no role in study de- [29] Gennady Andrienko, Natalia Andrienko, Heidrun Schumann, and Christian
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