28

Applications of
Derivatives
Approximations IN THIS CHAPTER ....
Let y = f ( x ) be a function such that x is an independent variable and y is the Errors and Its Approximations
dependent variable. Let D x be a small change in x and D y be the
Tangents and Normals
corresponding change in y and given by D y = f ( x + D x ) - f ( x ). Then,
● The differential of x, denoted by dx, is defined by dx = Dx.
Angle of Intersection of Two
● The differential of y, denoted by dy, is defined by dy = f ¢ ( x )dx or
Curves

æ dy ö Increasing Function
dy = ç ÷ D x.
è dx ø Decreasing Function
● If dx = D x is relatively small, when compared with x , dy is a good Monotonic Function
approximation of Dy and we denote it by dy » Dy. Mean Value Theorem
Maxima and Minima
Errors
● Absolute Error Dx is called an absolute error in x.
Dx
● Relative Error is called the relative error.
x
æ Dx ö
● Percentage Error ç ´ 100÷ is called the percentage error.
è x ø

Example 1. If f ( x) = 3x 2 + 15 x + 5, then the approximate value of f (302

. ) is
(a) 47.66 (b) 57.66 (c) 67.66 (d) 77.66
2
Sol. (d) Consider f ( x ) = 3x + 15x + 5 Þ f ¢ ( x ) = 6x + 15
Let x = 3 and Dx = 0.02
Also, f ( x + Dx) ~- f ( x) + Dx f ¢ ( x).
Þ f ( x + Dx) ~- (3x2 + 15x + 5) + (6x + 15) Dx
Þ - 3 ´ 3 2 + 15 ´ 3 + 5 + (6 ´ 3 + 15) (0.02)
f(3.02) ~ [as x = 3, Dx = 0.02]
= 27 + 45 + 5 + (18 + 15) (0.02)
= 77 + 33(0.02) = 77 + 0.66 Þ f(3.02) ~
- 77.66
Hence, the approximate value of f(3.02) is 77.66.
700 JEE Main Mathematics

Example 2. The approximate change in the volume of a On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get

cube of side x m caused by increasing the side by 3%. Rate of change of volume
(a) 0.06x3 m3 (b) 0.6x3 m3 (c) 0.09x3 m3 (d) 0.9x3 m3 dV æ 4 ö æ 2 dr ö
= ç p ÷ ç3r ÷
dt è 3 ø è dt ø
Sol. (c) We know that the volume V of a cube of side x is given
Given, r = 15 cm
by V = x3
æ4 ö ì dr ü
dV Þ 900 = ç p ÷ í3(15) 2 ý
Þ = 3x2 è3 ø î dt þ
dx dr 900 3
Let Dx be change in side = 3% of x = 0.03x Þ = ´
dt 3 ´ (15) 2 4p
æ dV ö
Now, change in volume, DV = ç ÷ Dx = (3x2) Dx = (3x2)(0.03x) Rate of change of radius r,
è dx ø dr 900
[as Dx = 3% of x is 0.03x] =
dt 4p ´ (15) 2
= 0.09x3 m3 225 1
= = cm/s
Hence, the approximate change in the volume of the cube is p ´ 225 p
0.09x3 m3 .
Hence, the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases
1
Derivative as The Rate of Change when the radius is 15 cm, is cm/s.
p
If a variable quantity y is some function of time t
i.e. y = f ( t ), then small change in time Dt have a Example 4. If the surface area of a cube is increasing at a
corresponding change Dy in y. rate of 3.6 cm 2/sec, retaining its shape; then the rate of
Dy change of its volume (in cm3/sec), when the length of a side of
Thus, average rate of change = .
Dt the cube is 10 cm, is (JEE Main 2020)

When limit Dt ® 0 is applied, the rate of change becomes (a) 18 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 20
instantaneous and we get the rate of change with respect to Sol. (c) Since, surface area of cube, A = 6a2 cm 2.
t at the instant t.
dA
Dy dy It is given, = 3.6 cm 2 /sec
i.e. lim = dt
Dt ® 0 D t dt da
Þ 12a = 3.6 cm 2/sec …(i)
Hence, it is clear that the rate of change of any variable dt
with respect to some other variable is derivative of first Now, as volume of cube, v = a3 cm3
variable with respect to other variable. dv da 3.6
dy \ = 3 a2 = 3 a2 [from Eq. (i)]
Note is positive if y increases as t increase and it is negative if y dt dt 12a
dt dv
So, at a = 10 cm, = 0.9 ´ 10 = 9 cm3 /sec
decreases as t increase. dt

Derivative as the Rate of Change Example 5. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall.
of Two Variables The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground away
Let two variables are varying with respect to another from the wall at the rate of 2 m/s. How fast is its height on the
variable t, i.e. y = f ( t ) and x = g( t ). Then, rate of change wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4 m away from
dy dy / dt the wall?
of y with respect to x is given by = . 8 8 4 2
dx dx / dt (a) - m/s (b) m/s (c) m/s (d) - m/s
3 3 3 3
Example 3. A balloon which always remains spherical on Sol. (a) Let AB = 5 m be the ladder and y be the height of the wall
inflation, is being inflated by pumping in 900 cu cm of gas
at which the ladder touches.
per second. The rate at which the radius of the balloon
increases when the radius is 15 cm, is Also, let the foot of the ladder be at B whose distance from
2 1 2 1 the wall is x.
(a) cm/s (b) cm/s (c) cm/s (d) cm/s
p p p2 2p A

Sol. (b) At any instant of time t let the radius of the balloon be r
and its volume be V, then 5m
y Wall
Volume of balloon V = ( 4 /3) p r3
The balloon is being inflated at 900 cu cm/s i.e., the rate of
B x C
change of volume with respect to time is 900 cm3 /s.
Application of Derivatives 701

Given that the bottom of ladder is pulled along the ground at

dx
Tangents and Normals
2 cm/s, so = 2 m/s. A tangent is a straight line, which touches the curve
dt
y = f ( x ) at a point.
As we know that DABC is right angled, so by Pythagoras
theorem, A normal is a striaght line perpendicular to a tangent to
we have x2 + y 2 = 5 2 …(i) the curve y = f ( x ) intersecting at the point of contact.

when x = 4, then Slope of Tangent

y 2 = 5 2 - 4 2 Þ y = 25 - 16 Let y = f ( x ) be a continuous curve and let P ( x1 , y1 ) be the
Þ y =3m æ dy ö
point on it. Then, ç ÷ is the slope of tangent to the
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. time t on both sides, we get è dx ø ( x , y )
1 1
dx dy
2x + 2y =0 curve y = f ( x ) at a point P.
dt dt
Y
dx dy
Þ x +y =0
dt dt
Tangent
dy dx
Þ 4 ´2 + 3 ´ =0 [Q x = 4 and = 2]
dt dt P(x1, y1)
dy 8 q
Þ The rate of fall of height on the wall = - m/s X¢
O
X
dt 3 Normal
Y¢
[negative sign shows that height of ladder on the wall is
8 æ dy ö
decreasing at the rate of m/s] i.e. ç ÷ = tan q = Slope of tangent at P
3 è dx ø P
where, q is the angle which the tangent at P ( x1 , y1 ) makes
Motion in a Straight Line with the positive direction of X-axis as shown in the
If x and v denotes the displacement and velocity of a figure.
particle at any instant t, then velocity is given by Note If tangent is parallel to X-axis, then q = 0°
dx
v= æ dy ö
dt Þ tan q = ç ÷ =0
è dx ø ( x , y )
1 1
dv d æ dx ö d 2x
and a= = ç ÷= If tangent is perpendicular to X-axis (or parallel to Y-axis), then
dt dt è dt ø dt 2
æ dx ö
where, a is acceleration of particle. If the sign of q = 90° Þ tan q = ¥ or cot q = 0 Þ ç ÷ =0
è dy ø ( x , y )
1 1
acceleration is opposite to that of velocity, then the
acceleration is called retardation which means decrease
in magnitude of the velocity. Equation of Tangent
The equation of the tangent to the curve y = f ( x ) at point
1 3
Example 6. If s = t - 6 t , then acceleration at the time æ dy ö
2 P ( x1 , y1 ) is given by y - y1 = ç ÷ ( x - x1 ).
è dx ø P ( x , y )
when the velocity vanishes, is 1 1

(a) 3 units/s 2 (b) 6 units/s2

Slope of Normal
(c) 2 units/s2 (d) None of these
We know that normal to the curve at P ( x1 , y1 ) is a line
1 3
Sol. (b) Given, s = t - 6t perpendicular to tangent at P ( x1 , y1 ) and passing
2
through P.
ds æ 3 t 2 ö
1
\ v= =ç - 6÷ …(i) \ Slope of the normal at P = -
dt è 2 ø Slope of the tangent at P
dv d 2s 1
and a= = = 3t …(ii) Þ Slope of normal at P ( x1 , y1 ) = -
dt dt 2 æ dy ö
when v =0 ç ÷
è dx ø ( x
1 , y1 )
3t2
Þ - 6 = 0 Þ t2 = 4 Þ t = 2 æ dx ö
2 Þ Slope of normal at P ( x1 , y1 ) = - ç ÷
\ Acceleration when velocity vanishes = 3 ´ 2 = 6 units/s2 è dy ø ( x
1 , y1 )
702 JEE Main Mathematics

Note If normal is parallel to X-axis. 1

Þ =1
æ dx ö æ dx ö 1 - cos b
Þ -ç ÷ = 0 or ç ÷ =0
è dy ø ( x , y ) è dy ø ( x , y ) Þ 1 = 1 - cos b Þ cos b = 0
1 1 1 1
Þ sin b = ± 1
If normal is perpendicular to X-axis (or parallel to Y-axis).
Now, as point ( a, b) on the given curve.
æ dy ö
Þ ç ÷ =0 So, b = a + sin b Þ b - a = sin b
è dx ø ( x , y )
1 1
Þ | b - a| = |sin b| Þ | b - a| = 1
Equation of Normal Example 9. Which of the following points lies on the
The equation of the normal to the curve y = f ( x ) at point tangent to the curve x 4 e y + 2 y + 1 = 3 at the point (1, 0)?
-1 (JEE Main 2020)
P ( x1 , y1 ) is given by y - y1 = ( x - x1 ).
æ ö
dy (a) (2, 2) (b) (2, 6)
ç ÷
è dx ø P ( x , y ) (c) (–2, 6) (d) (–2, 4)
1 1
Sol. (c) Equation of the given curve is x4 ey + 2 y + 1 = 3
Or
On differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
æ dx ö
y - y1 = - ç ÷ ( x - x1 ) dy 1 dy
è dy ø ey ( 4x3) + x4 ey + =0
dx y + 1 dx
Example 7. The equation of the normal to the curve \At point P(1, 0),
2y 2 -1 dy 1 dy
y = (1+ x) + cos (sin x) at x = 0 is (JEE Main 2020) e0( 4 ´ 1) + 1 . e0 + =0
dx 0 + 1 dx
(a) y + 4x = 2 (b) y = 4x + 2 (c) x + 4y = 8 (d) 2y + x = 4 dy
Þ = –2
Sol. (c) Equation of the given curve is dx P
y = (1 + x) 2y + cos2(sin -1 x) \Equation of tangent at point P(10 , ) is
Þ y = (1 + x) 2y + 1 - sin 2 (sin -1 x) y = –2( x – 1) Þ 2x + y = 2 …(i)
Þ y = (1 + x) 2y + 1 - x2 [as sin(sin -1 x) = x] …(i) From the option point (–2,6) contain by the tangent (i).
So, at x = 0, y = 2. Example 10. If the tangent to the curve, y = x3 + ax - b at
Now, let a point P (0 , 2) on the curve. the point (1, - 5) is perpendicular to the line, - x + y + 4 = 0,
On differentiating the Eq.(i) both sides w.r.t. x, we get then which one of the following points lies on the curve ?
dy dy
= 2y(1 + x) 2y -1 + 2(1 + x) 2y (log e(1 + x)) - 2x (JEE Main 2019)
dx dx (a) ( -2, 2) (b) (2, - 2) (c) ( -2, 1) (d) (2, - 1)
dy Sol. (b) Given curve is y = x3 + ax - b
So, at point P (0 , 2) =4 …(i)
dx P
passes through point P(1, - 5).
\ Equation of normal to the curve at point ‘P ’ is \ - 5 = 1+ a - b Þ b - a = 6 …(ii)
1 and slope of tangent at point P(1, - 5) to the curve (i), is
y -2 = ( x - 0) Þ x + 4y = 8
-4 dy
m1 = = [3x2 + a](1, -5) = a + 3
dx (1, -5)
Example 8. If the tangent to the curve y = x + sin y at a
Q The tangent having slope m1 = a + 3 at point P(1, - 5) is
æ 3ö æ1 ö
point ( a, b) is parallel to the line joining ç0, ÷ and ç , 2 ÷, perpendicular to line - x + y + 4 = 0 , whose slope is m2 = 1.
è 2ø è2 ø
\ a + 3 = -1 Þ a = -4 [Q m1m2 = -1]
then (JEE Main 2020) Now, on substituting a = -4 in Eq. (ii), we get b = 2
p On putting a = - 4 and b = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
(a)| b - a| = 1 (b)| a + b| = 1 (c) b = a (d) b = +a
2 y = x3 - 4x - 2
Sol. (a) Given curve is y = x + sin y Now, from option (2, - 2) is the required point which lie on it.
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy dy 1 Parametric Form
= 1 + cos y Þ = … (i)
dx dx dx 1 - cos y If the equation(s) of the curve y = f ( x ) are represented in
the form of the parameter t, such that
Q Tangent at point ( a, b) at given curve is parallel to line
æ 3ö æ1 ö x = fx ( t ) and y = fy ( t )
joining ç0 , ÷ and ç , 2÷ .
è 2ø è2 ø (i) Slope of Tangent
dy 2 - (3 /2) æ dy ö dy dt fy ¢
So, = =1 m=ç ÷ Þ m= × Þ m=
dx ( a , b) (1/2) - 0 è dx ø dt dx fx ¢
Application of Derivatives 703

(ii) Slope of Normal Sol. (b) The points of intersection are ( ± 2, 1).
1 f ¢ Since, the curves are symmetrical about Y-axis, the angle of
M =- =- x
m fy ¢ intersection at ( - 2 , 1) = The angle of intersection at ( 2 , 1)
Y
(iii) Equation of Tangent
fy ¢ 2
y = |x –1| y = |x2–3|
y - fy ( t ) = [x - fx ( t )]
fx ¢
(iv) Equation of Normal X¢ X
(–Ö3,0) (–1, 0) (1, 0) (Ö3,0)
fx ¢
y - fy ( t ) = - [x - fx ( t )]
fy ¢
Y¢
Angle of Intersection of Two Curves At ( 2 , 1), m1 = 2x = 2 2 ,m2 = - 2x = - 2 2.
The angle of intersection of two curves is the angle ½4 2½ 4 2 4 2
subtended between the tangents at their point of \ tan q = ½ ½= Þ q = tan -1
intersection. ½1 - 8 ½ 7 7

Let C1 and C2 be two curves having equations y = f ( x ) and

y = g( x ), respectively. Orthogonal Curves
Y If the angle of intersection of two curves is right angle,
C1 then two curves are said to be orthogonal curves.
p
Tangent
If the curves are orthogonal, then q =
P 2
æ dy ö æ dy ö
C2 Þ 1+ ç ÷ ç ÷ = 0
q
q2
è dx øC è dx øC
q1 1 2
X æ dy ö æ dy ö
T1 O T2 Þ ç ÷ ç ÷ = -1
è dx øC è dx øC
1 2
Let PT1 and PT2 be tangents to the curves C1 and C2 at
Þ m1m2 = - 1
their point of intersection.
Let q be the angle between the two tangents PT1 and PT2 If two curves touches each other, then m1 = m2.
and q 1 and q 2 are the angles made by tangents with the Example 12. The curves x = y 2 and xy = k cut at right angle
positive direction of X-axis in anti-clockwise sense.
(orthogonally), if 8k 2 is equal to
æ dy ö
Then, m1 = tan q 1 = ç ÷ (a) 1 (b) 3
è dx øC
1 1
(c) (d) None of these
æ dy ö 2
and m2 = tan q 2 = ç ÷
è dx øC Sol. (a) When the curve cut at right angle, their tangents at the
2

From the figure it follows, point of intersection are also perpendicular i.e., the product
q = q 2 - q1 of their slopes is equal to –1.
tan q 2 - tan q 1 The equation of the given curves are
Þ tan q = tan (q 2 - q 1 ) =
1 + tan q 2 tan q 1 x = y2 …(i)
æ dy ö æ dy ö and xy = k …(ii)
ç ÷ -ç ÷
è dx øC è dx øC m1 - m2 k
Þ tan q = 1 2
= The two curves meet where = y2
æ dy ö æ dy ö 1 + m1m2 y
1+ ç ÷ ç ÷ [eliminating x between Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
è dx øC è dx øC
1 2
Þ y3 = k Þ y = k1/3
Angle of intersection of these curves is defined as acute
On substituting this value of y in Eq. (i), we get
angle between the tangents.
x = (k1/3) 2 = k 2/3
Example 11. The acute angle between the curves \ Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii) intersect at the point (k 2/3 , k1/3).
y = | x 2 - 1| and y = | x 2 - 3| at their points of intersections is
On differentiating Eq. (i), w.r.t. x, we get
p æ4 2ö p æ 4ö dy dy 1
(a) (b) tan -1 ç ÷ (c) (d) tan -1 ç ÷ 1 = 2y Þ =
4 è 7 ø 6 è7ø dx dx 2y
704 JEE Main Mathematics

\ Slope of the tangent to the first curve Eq. (i) at (k2/3 , k1/3) Length of Normal (PN)
1
= 1/3 …(iii) In right angled DPSN right angled at S, we have
2k
| PS |
k dy k cos q = Þ | PN | =| PS | sec q
From Eq. (ii), y= Þ =- 2 | PN |
x dx x
\ Slope of the tangent to the second curve Eq. (ii) at (k2/3 , k1/3) Þ | PN | =| PS | 1 + tan2 q
k 1 \ Length of normal = y 1 + y ¢ 2
=- 2/3 2
=- 1/3
…(iv)
(k ) k
We know that two curves intersect at right angles, if the Length of Subtangent (ST)
tangents to the curves at the point of intersection i.e., at
In right angled DPST , right angled at S, we have
(k2/3 , k1/3) are perpendicular to each other.
| PS | y
This implies that we should have the product of the slope of the tan q = Þ|ST | =
|ST | y¢
tangents
= -1 y
\ Length of subtangent =
æ 1 öæ 1 ö y¢
Þ ç 1/3 ÷ ç - 1/3 ÷ = - 1
è 2k ø è k ø
Length of Subnormal (SN)
Þ 1 = 2k2/3 Þ13 = (2k2/3)3 Þ1 = 8k2 In right angled DPSN , right angled at S, we have
Hence, the given two curves cut at right angles, if 8k2 = 1 | PS |
cot q = Þ |SN | = y tan q Þ |SN | = yy ¢
|SN |
Length of Tangent, Normal, \ Length of subnormal = yy ¢
Subtangent, Subnormal
Condition for a Given Line to Touch
Let y = f ( x ) be the equation of the given curve and P ( x , y ) be
any general point on it. Through P, draw a tangent so that it the Given Curve
intersects the X-axis at point T. Also, PN is the normal line to Let the line ax + by + c = 0 be a tangent to the given curve
the same curve at the same point P (see figure). at ( x1 , y1 ), then write the equation of the tangent as
Now, PT and PN be the length of tangent and normal æ dy ö
y - y1 = ç ÷ ( x - x1 )
respectively and the projections of PT and PN, i.e. ST and è dx ø
SN are the lengths of sub-tangent and sub-normal, On comparing the equation with the given equation, we get
respectively.
ax1 + by1 + c = 0
Length of Tangent (PT) And also, slope of line = slope of tangent to the curve at
In right angled DPTS , right angled at S, we have ( x1 , y1 ). Eliminating, x1, y1, we will get desired values for
| PS | which the line touches the curve.
sin q =
| PT | Example 13. In the curve x m + n = a m - n y 2n, the mth power of
the subtangent varies as the kth power of subnormal, then k is
Y
(a) m (b) n (c) 1/n (d) 1/m
y = f(x)
m+ n m- n 2n
Sol. (b) Given, x =a y
Þ (m + n) log x = (m - n) log a + 2n log y
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
P(x, y) (m + n) 2 n dy dy (m + n) æy ö
=0 + Þ = ç ÷
q x y dx dx 2n è xø
q
X m
O T S N æ dx ö
çy ÷
(subtangent) m è dy ø ym- n
Þ | PT | =| PS | cosec q Now, n
= n
= m+ n
(subnormal) æ dy ö æ dy ö
Þ | PT | =| PS | 1 + cot2 q çy ÷ ç ÷
è dx ø è dx ø
m+ n m+ n
1 x æ 2n ö
Þ | PT | = y 1 + = =ç ÷ ´ am - n
æm + nö
m+ n è m + n ø
y¢ 2 y 2n
ç ÷
è 2n ø
y 1 + y¢ 2
\ Length of tangent = = Constant (independent of x and y)
y¢
Þ (Subtangent) m µ (Subnormal) n
Application of Derivatives 705

Example 14. The equation of family of curves for which the f(x + h ) - f(x)
In the graph,f ¢ ( x ) = lim
length of normal at any point P is equal to the distance of P h ®0 h
from origin, is As x1 < x2 Þ f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )
2 2 2
(a) x = - y + C (b) y = ± x + C Thus, f(x) < f(x + h )
(c) x = ± y + C (d) 2x2 = ± y 2 + C positive
f ¢ ( x ) = lim i.e. f ¢ ( x ) > 0
h ® 0 positive
Sol. (b), Let P( x, y) be the point on the curve.
Thus, f ( x ) will be strictly increasing, if f ¢ ( x ) > 0,
OP = Radius vector = x2 + y 2 " x Î domain.
PN = Length of normal Classification of Strictly Increasing Function
Y Tangent Y Y
f (x)
f (x)
P(x, y) f (x2)
y f (x1)
l
ma
Nor f
O X X X
N O x1 x2 O
Concave up Neither concave up
1 when f ¢(x) > 0 nor concave down
Now, tan f = -
æ ö
dy and f ¢¢(x) > 0, x Î domain when f ¢(x) > 0
ç ÷
è dx ø and f ¢¢(x) = 0, x Î domain
Y
y f (x)
PN = f (x2)
sin f
It is given OP = PN f (x1)
2 2 æ dy ö
2
2
é æ dy ö ù
2
2
2
Þ x + y = y 1+ ç ÷ Þ x + y = y ê1 + ç ÷ ú
è dx ø êë è dx ø ú
û O x1 x2 X
2
æ dy ö dy x Concave down
Þ x2 = y 2 ç ÷ Þ =±
è dx ø dx y when f ¢(x) > 0 and f ¢¢(x) < 0, x Î domain
Þ y dy = ± x dx integrating both sides,
Non-decreasing Function
y 2 = ± x2 + C is the required family of curves.
A function f ( x ) is said to be non-decreasing, if x1 < x2
Increasing and Decreasing Functions Þ f ( x1 ) £ f ( x2 )
As shown in figure.
Increasing Function
These functions are of two types Y

Strictly Increasing Function D

A function f ( x ) is known as strictly increasing function in B C
its domain, if
x1 < x2 Þ f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) A
X
Therefore, for the smaller input, we have smaller output O x1 x2
and for higher value of input we have higher output.
Graphically it can be expressed as, shown in the figure. For AB and CD portion,
Y x1 < x2 Þ f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )
f (x )
f (x2) and for BC, x1 < x2 Þ f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
Hence, as a whole we can say that for non-decreasing
function (or increasing function),
f (x1)
O x1 x2
X if x1 < x2 Þ f ( x1 ) £ f ( x2 )
Obviously, for this f ¢ ( x ) ³ 0, where equality holds for
Here, x1 < x2 Þ f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )
horizontal path of the graph i.e. in the interval of BC.
Thus, f ( x ) is strictly increasing function.
706 JEE Main Mathematics

Decreasing Function Non-Increasing Function

These functions are also of two types A function f ( x ) is said to be non-increasing, if for x1 < x2

Strictly Decreasing Function Þ f ( x1 ) ³ f ( x2 )

A function f ( x ) is known as strictly decreasing function in As shown in figure.

its domain, if Y
x1 < x2 Þ f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ). A
Therefore, for the smaller input we have higher output
and for higher value of input we have smaller output. B C
D
Graphically it can be expressed as shown in the figure.
Y x1 x2 X
O

f(x)
For AB and CD portion, x1 < x2
f(x1) Þ f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 )
and for BC, x1 < x2
f(x2)
X Þ f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
O x1 x2
Hence, as a whole we can say that for non-increasing
Here, x1 < x2 function (or decreasing function), if x1 < x2 Þ f ( x1 ) ³ f ( x2 ).
Þ f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) thus, f ( x ) is strictly decreasing. Obviously, for this f ¢ ( x ) £ 0, where equality holds for
f(x + h ) - f(x) horizontal path of the graph i.e. in the interval of BC.
In graph, f ¢ ( x ) = lim
h ®0 h Example 15. The function f ( x) = cot -1 x + x increases in the
As x1 < x2 interval
Þ f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) (a) (1, ¥) (b) ( -1, ¥) (c) ( - ¥ , ¥) (d) (0 , ¥)
Thus, f ( x + h ) < f ( x ) Sol. (c) Since, f ( x) = cot -1
x+ x
- ve
Þ f ¢ ( x ) = lim i.e. f ¢ ( x ) < 0 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
h ® 0 + ve
1 x2
f ¢ ( x) = - + 1= ³0
Thus, f ( x ) will be strictly decreasing, if f ¢ ( x ) < 0 " x Î 1+ x2
1 + x2
domain.
Hence, f ( x) is increasing function for all x Î ( - ¥ , ¥).
Classification of Strictly Decreasing Function
Y Y Example 16. The function, f ( x) = (3x - 7) x 2/3, x Î R, is
increasing for all x lying in (JEE Main 2020)
f (x) f (x) æ14 ö æ3 ö
(a) ( - ¥ , 0) È ç , ¥ ÷ (b) ( - ¥ , 0) È ç , ¥ ÷
è15 ø è7 ø
X X æ 14 ö æ 14 ö
O O (c) ç - ¥ , ÷ (d) ç - ¥ , - ÷ È (0 , ¥)
è 15 ø è 15 ø
Concave up Neither concave up
when f ¢(x) < 0 nor concave down
and f ¢¢(x) > 0, when f ¢(x) < 0 Sol. (a) Since, the given function f ( x) = (3x - 7) x2 /3 is increasing
x Î domain and f ¢¢(x) = 0, x Î domain for x ÎR .
Y \ f ¢ ( x) ³ 0
2 -1/3 2 /3
f (x) Þ x (3x - 7) + x (3) ³ 0 , x ¹ 0
3
2(3x - 7) + 9x 15x - 14
Þ ³ 0, x ¹ 0 Þ ³0
x1/3 x1/3
X
O æ14 ö
Þ x Î ( - ¥, 0) È ç , ¥÷
Concave down è15 ø
when f ¢(x) < 0
æ14 ö æ14 ö
and f ¢¢(x) < 0, x Î domain Q ( - ¥, 0) È ç , ¥÷ Ì ( - ¥, 0) È ç , ¥÷
è15 ø è15 ø
Application of Derivatives 707

é p pù x - (1 + x) log e(1 + x)
Example 17. Let f ( x) = x cos-1( - sin| x |), x Î ê - , , then for x Î ( -1, ¥) - {0 } =
ë 2 2 úû x2 (1 + x)
which of the following is true? (JEE Main 2020) Let another function
g ( x) = x - (1 + x) log e(1 + x)
æ p ö æ pö
(a) f ¢ is decreasing in ç - , 0 ÷ and increasing in ç0 , ÷ Q g ¢ ( x) = 1 - 1 - log e(1 + x) = - log e(1 + x)
è 2 ø è 2ø
Since, for x Î ( -1, 0), g ¢ ( x) > 0.
æ p ö æ pö
(b) f ¢ is increasing in ç - , 0 ÷ and decreasing in ç0 , ÷ So, g ( x) is increasing function for x Î ( -1, 0) but as
è 2 ø è 2ø
g ( x) < g (0), " x Î ( -1, 0)
(c) f is not differentiable at x = 0
\ g ( x) < 0, " x Î ( -1, 0)
p g ( x)
(d) f ¢ (0) = - \ f ¢ ( x) = 2 < 0
2 x
Sol. (a) Given function Þ f ( x) is decreasing function for x Î ( -1, 0).
é p pù Similarly, for x Î (0 , ¥), g ¢ ( x) < 0, so g ( x) is decreasing
f ( x) = x cos-1( - sin| x|), x Î ê - , ú
ë 2 2û function for x Î (0 , ¥).
So, g ( x) < g (0) Þ g ( x) < 0 , " x Î (0 , ¥)
= x ( p - cos-1(sin| x|)) [Q cos-1( - x) = p - cos-1 x]
g ( x)
\ f ¢ ( x) = 2 < 0
é æp öù é p ù x
= x ê p - ç - sin -1sin| x|÷ ú êQ cos-1 x = - sin -1 xú
ë è 2 ø û ë 2 û Þ f ( x) is decreasing function for x Î (0 , ¥).
ép ù \The given function f ( x) is decreasing function
= x ê + | x|ú [Q sin -1sin x = x] for ( -1, ¥).
ë2 û
æp ö æ p ö Monotonic Function
x ç - x÷ , x Î ç - , 0 ÷
è2 ø è 2 ø
= A function f is said to be monotonic or monotone in an
æp ö æ pö
x ç + x÷ , x Î ç0 , ÷ interval I. If it is either increasing or decreasing in the
è2 ø è 2ø
interval I. f ( x ) = ln x, f ( x ) = 2x , f ( x ) = - 2x + 3 are
p æ p ö monotonic functions. f ( x ) = x 2 is monotonic in ( -¥ , 0) or
- 2x, x Î ç - , 0 ÷
2 è 2 ø
So, f ¢ ( x ) = ( 0, ¥ ) but is not monotonic in R.
p æ pö
+ 2x, x Î ç0 , ÷
2 è 2ø Properties of Monotonic Functions
æ p ö (i) If f ( x ) is continuous on [a , b] such that
-2 , x Î ç - , 0 ÷
è 2 ø f ¢ ( c) £ 0 { f ¢ ( c) < 0} for each c Î( a , b), then f ( x ) is
Þ f ¢ ¢ ( x) =
æ pö monotonically (or strictly) decreasing function on
2, x Î ç0 , ÷
è 2ø [a , b].
æ p ö æ pö (ii) If f ( x ) is continuous on [a , b] such that
\ f ¢ is decreasing in ç - , 0 ÷ and increasing in ç0 , ÷ . f ¢ ( c) ³ 0 [ f ¢ ( c) > 0] for each c Î( a , b), then f ( x ) is
è 2 ø è 2ø
monotonically (strictly) increasing function on
Example 18. Let f : ( - 1, ¥) ® R be defined by f (0) = 1 [a , b].
1 (iii) If f ( x ) and g( x ) are monotonically (or strictly)
and f ( x) = log e (1 + x), x ¹ 0. Then, the function f increasing (or decreasing) functions on [a , b], then
x (JEE Main 2020)
gof ( x ) is a monotonically (or strictly) increasing
(a) decreases in ( - 1,0) and increases in (0, ¥) function on [a , b].
(b) increases in ( -1, ¥)
(iv) If one of the two functions f ( x ) and g( x ) is strictly
(c) increases in ( - 1, 0) and decreases in (0 , ¥) (or monotonically) increasing and other a strictly
(d) decreases in ( - 1, ¥) (monotonically) decreasing, then gof ( x ) is strictly
Sol. (d) Given function (monotonically) decreasing on [a , b].
ì1 (v) If f ( x ) is strictly increasing function on an interval
ï log e(1 + x), x ¹ 0 [a , b] such that it is continuous, then f -1 is
f ( x) = í x , for x Î ( -1, ¥)
îï 1, x=0 continuous on [ f ( a ), f ( b)].
1 log e(1 + x)
Now, f ¢( x) = - ,
x (1 + x) x2
708 JEE Main Mathematics

Operations of Monotonic Functions A point { c, f ( c)} of the graph y = f ( x ) is said to be a point

of inflection of the graph. If f ( x ) is concave up in ( c - d , c)
I : Increasing, D : Decreasing, l : Neither increasing nor decreasing and concave down in ( c, c + d ) (or vice versa), for some
d Î R+ .
f( x ) I D I D
g ( x) I I D D Results
-f( x ) D I D I (i) If f ¢ ¢ ( x ) > 0, " x Î( a , b), then the curve y = f ( x ) is
-g ( x ) D D I I concave up in ( a , b).
f( x ) + g ( x ) I I or D or l I or D or l D (ii) If f ¢ ¢ ( x ) < 0, " x Î( a , b), then the curve y = f ( x ) is
f( x ) - g ( x ) I or D or l D I I or D or l concave down in ( a , b).
f( x ) × g ( x ) I I or D or l I or D or l D (iii) If f is continuous at x = c and f ¢ ¢ ( x ) has opposite
f( x )
signs on either sides of c, then the point { c, f ( c)} is a
I or D or l D I I or D or l
point of inflexion of the curve.
g ( x)
(iv) If f ¢ ¢ ( c) = 0 and f ¢ ¢ ¢ ( c) ¹ 0, then the point { c, f ( c)} is
1 D I D I
a point of inflexion.
f( x )
1 D D I I Example 20. If the graph of the function
g ( x) f ( x) = 3x 4 + 2 x3 + ax 2 - x + 2 is concave up for all real value x,
( fog ) x I D D I then values of a is
1 1
(a) a > (b) a > 0 (c) a < - 2 (d) a <
Use of Monotonicity for Proving Inequalities 2 3
Comparision of two functions f ( x ) and g( x ) can be done by Sol. (a) Given, f ( x) = 3x4 + 2x3 + ax2 - x + 2
analysing the monotonic behaviour of h( x ) = f ( x ) - g( x ), Þ f ¢ ( x) = 12x3 + 6x2 + 2ax - 1
If f ( a ) = g( a ) and f ¢ ( x ) ³ g¢ ( x ) " x ³ a and f ¢¢( x) = 36x2 + 12x + 2a
Þ f ( x ) ³ g( a ) " x ³ a. Since, graph of concave upward for all real x.
Example 19. Which of the following statements is/are true? f ¢¢( x) > 0 Þ 36x2 + 12x + 2a > 0 " x Î x
1
x2 \ 12 2 - 4 (36) (2a) < 0 = 1 - 2a < 0 = a >
(a) log (1 + x) > x - " x Î (0 , ¥) 2
2
x2 Example 21. The points of inflection of the curve
(b) log (1 + x) < x - " x Î (0 , ¥) 2
2 f ( x) = e - x are
æ p pö
(c) sin x < x < tan x " x Î ç - , ÷ æ 1 1 ö
è 2 2ø (a) ( ± 2 , e) (b) ç ± , ÷
è 2 eø
æ pö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
(d) sin x > x > tan x " x Î ç0 , ÷ (c) ç ± , e÷ (d) ç 5 , ÷
è 2ø è ø è
3 eø
x2 2
Sol. (a) Consider the function f ( x) = ln (1 + x) - x + , x Î (0 , ¥) Sol. (b) Given, f ( x) = e- x
2 2

1 x2 Þ f ¢ ( x) = - 2xe- x
Then, f ¢ (x) = -1+ x = > 0 " x Î (0 , ¥) 2 2
1+ x 1+ x Þ f ¢¢( x) = - 2 ( e- x ×1 + x × e-x ( - 2x))
2
Þ f ( x ) increases in (0 , ¥) = 2e- x (2x2 - 1)
Þ f ( x ) > f (0 + ) = 0 For points of inflection f ¢¢( x) = 0
2
x2 Þ 2e- x (2x2 - 1) = 0
i.e. ln (1 + x) > x - 2
2 Þ 2x2 - 1 = 0 [Q e- x ¹ 0 ]
which is the desired result. 1
Þ x=±
2
Concavity and Point of Inflexion 1 1
A function f ( x ) is concave up in ( a , b), if tangent drawn at When x = ± , then y = e-1/ 2 =
2 e
every point ( x0 , f ( x0 )), for x0 Î( a , b) lie below the curve,
æ 1 1 ö
f ( x ) is concave down in ( a , b) if tangent drawn at each \ Points of inflection are ç ± , ÷.
è 2 eø
point ( x0 , f ( x0 )), x0 Î( a , b) lie above the curve.
Application of Derivatives 709

Mean Value Theorem Geometrical Meaning of

Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem
Rolle’s Theorem
Let A{ a , f ( a )} and B{ b, f ( b)} be two points on the curve
If a function f ( x ) y = f ( x ).
(i) continuous in the closed interval [a , b], i.e.
Then, OL = a , OM = b,
continuous at each point in the interval [a , b]
Al = f ( a ), BM = f ( b)
(ii) differentiable in an open interval ( a , b) i.e.
differentiable at each point in the open interval ( a , b) Now, slope of chord AB
(iii) f ( a ) = f ( b) BK
tan q =
Then, there will be atleast one point c in the interval AK
( a , b) such that f ¢ ( c) = 0. f ( b) - f ( a )
= …(i)
b- a
Geometrical Meaning of Rolle’s Theorem
In the graph of a function y = f ( x ) be continuous at each By Lagrange’s mean value theorem
point from the point A{ a , f ( a )} to the point B{ b, f ( b)} and f ( b) - f ( a )
= f ¢ ( c) = Slope of tangent at point P { c, f ( c)}
tangent at each point between point A and B is unique, i.e. b- a
tangent at each point between A and B exists and
ordinates, i.e. y-coordinates of points A and B are equal, Y
then, there will be atleast one point P on the curve between A T
and B at which tangent will be parallel to X-axis. B
Y Y P
E
C
q
T¢ P T T¢ K
A A
B
A B y = f ¢(x) f (a ) f (b)
D q X
O H L M
f ¢(a) f ¢(b) f ¢(a) f ¢(b) a b

X X From Eq. (i),

O L M O L M
a b a b tan q = Slope of tangent at P
In fig. (i) there is only one such point P, where tangent is Slope of chord AB = Slope of tangent at P
parallel to X-axis, but in Fig. (ii) there are more than one Hence, chord AB||tangent PT
such point, where tangents are parallel to X-axis.
Thus, geometrical meaning of mean value theorem
Note Converse of Rolle’s theorem is not true. is as follows
In the graph of a curve y = f ( x ) be continuous at each
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem point from the point A{ a , f ( a )} to the point B{ b, f ( b)}
If a function f ( x ) is and tangent at each point between A and B exists,
(i) continuous in the closed interval [a , b], i.e. tangent is unique, then there will be atleast one
i.e. continuous at each point in the interval [a , b]. point P on the curve between A and B, where tangent
will be parallel to chord AB.
(ii) differentiable in an open interval ( a , b),
i.e. differentiable at each point in the interval ( a , b). In Fig. (i) there is only one such point P where tangent
is parallel to chord AB but in Fig. (ii) there are more
Then, there will be atleast one point c, where a < c < b
than one such points where tangents are parallel to
such that
f ( b) - f ( a ) cord AB.
f ¢ ( c) =
b- a Y Y
E
T
Another Form of Lagrange’s P B C B
Mean Value Theorem
T¢ A D
If a function f ( x ) is A
(i) continuous in the closed interval [a , a + h ] f (b )
f (a ) f (b)
f (a)
(ii) differentiable in the open interval ( a , a + h ) O X O X
L M L M
Then, there exists atleast one value q , 0 < q < 1 a b a b
such that
f ( a + h ) = f ( a ) + hf ¢ ( a + qh )
710 JEE Main Mathematics

Example 20. A value of C for which the conclusion of

mean value theorem holds for the function f ( x) = log e x on the
Maxima and Minima/Extremum
interval [1, 3] is Concept of Local Maxima
1
(a) 2 log3 e (b)
2
log e 3 and Local Minima
(c) log3 e (d) log e 3 Let y = f ( x ) be a function defined at x = a and also in the
vicinity of the point x = a.
Sol. (a) Using mean value theorem, Then, f ( x ) is said to have a local maximum at x = a, if the
f (3) - f (1) é f ( b) - f ( a) ù value of the function at x = a is greater than the value of
f ¢ ( c) = êQ f ¢ ( c) = ú
3 -1 ë b-a û the function at the neighbouring points of x = a.
1 log e 3 - log e 1 Mathematically, f ( a ) > f ( a - h ) and f ( a ) > f ( a + h ),
Þ =
c 2 where h > 0. (very small quantity).
2
\ c= = 2 log3 e
log e 3

Example 21. The value of c in the Lagrange’s mean value

theorem for the function f ( x) = x3 - 4x 2 + 8 x + 11, when
x Î[0, 1] is (JEE Main 2020) a–h a a+h a–h a a+h
7 -2 2 4- 5 4- 7 Similarly, f ( x ) is said to have a local minimum at x = a, if
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 the value of the function at x = a is less than the value of
the function at the neighbouring points of x = a.
Sol. (d) Given function f ( x) = x3 - 4x2 + 8x + 11, when x Î[0 , 1]
Mathematically, f ( a ) < f ( a - h ) and f ( a ) < f ( a + h ),
is a continuous function in interval x Î[0 , 1] and differentiable where h > 0.
in interval x Î(0 , 1,) so according to Lagrange’s mean value
A local maximum or a local minimum is also called a
theorem for x = c Î(0 , 1)
local extremum.
f (1) - f (0)
f ¢ ( c) =
1- 0
Critical Points
(1 - 4 + 8 + 11) - 11
Þ (3x2 - 8x + 8) x = c = It is a collection of points for which,
1- 0
(i) f ( x ) does not exists
Þ 3 c2 - 8 c + 8 = 5 Þ 3 c2 - 8 c + 3 = 0
(ii) f ¢ ( x ) does not exists or
8 - 64 - 36
Þ c= (iii) f ¢ ( x ) = 0
6
All the values of x obtained from above conditions are
4- 7
= [Q c Î(0 , 1]
) said to be critical points.
3
It should be noted that critical points are the interior
Example 22. If the tangent to the curve, y = f ( x) = x log e x, points of an interval.
( x > 0) at a point (c , f (c )) is parallel to the line segment joining
the point (1, 0) and ( e, e) then c is equal to (JEE Main 2020)
Example 23. The number of the critical points for
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö f ( x) = ( x - 2) 2/3(2x + 1) is
çç ÷÷ çç ÷÷
e -1 è e - 1ø è1 - eø 1
(a) (b) e (c) e (d) (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
e e -1
Sol. (c) Given, f ( x) = ( x - 2) 2/3(2x + 1)
Sol. (b) Equation of given curve, 2
y = f ( x) = x log e x, ( x > 0) f ¢ ( x) = ( x - 2) - 1/3(2x + 1) + ( x - 2) 2 / 3 × 2
3
dy
\ = f ¢ ( c) = 1 + log e c é (2x + 1) ( x - 2) 2/3 ù
dx x = c Þ f ¢ ( x) = 2 ê 1/3
+ ú
ë 3 ( x - 2) 1 û
Q The tangent to the given curve y = f ( x) at point x = c is
Clearly, f ¢( x) is not defined at x = 2 , so x = 2 is a critical point.
parallel to line segment joining points (1, 0) and ( e, e).
e Another critical point is given by,
So, 1 + log e c = f ¢ ( x) = 0
e -1
e 1 é (2x + 1) + 3( x - 2) ù
Þ log e c = -1= Þ 2ê 1/3 ú =0
e -1 e -1 ë 3 ( x - 2) û
æ 1 ö
çç ÷÷ Þ 5x - 5 = 0 Þ x = 1
è e - 1ø Hence, x = 1and x = 2 are two critical points of f ( x).
Þ c=e is positive.
Application of Derivatives 711

Test for Local Maximum/Minimum (c) If f ¢ ¢ ( a ) = zero, then we find f ¢ ¢ ¢ ( x ) at x = a.

We have two cases to consider If f ¢ ¢ ¢ ( a ) ¹ 0, then f ( x ) has neither maximum nor
minimum (inflexion point) at x = a.
(a) Test for Local Maximum/Minimum at But, if f ¢ ¢ ¢ ( a ) = 0, then find f iv ( a ).
x = a, if f (x ) is Differentiable at x = a If f iv ( a ) = positive, then f ( x ) is minimum at x = a.
Test for local maximum/minimum is the most important If f iv ( a ) = negative, then f ( x ) is maximum at x = a.
topic of this chapter generally question seen from this
topic. The level of question is from moderate to typical. and so on, process is repeated till point is discussed.
If f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a and if it is a critical point Example 25. Locate the position and nature of any turning
of the function (i.e., f ¢ ( a ) = 0) , then we have the following
points of the function y = x3 - 3x + 2 is
three tests to decide whether f ( x ) has a local maximum or
local minimum or neither at x = a. (a) Maxima at (1, 0)
(b) Minima at (1, 0)
(i) First Derivative Test (c) Maxima at ( -1, 0)
If f ¢ ( a ) = 0 and f ¢ ( x ) changes its sign while passing (d) None of the above
through the point x = a, then
Sol. (b) We need to find where the turning points are and
(a) f ( x ) would have a local maximum at x = a, if whether we have maximum or minimum points.
f ¢ ( a - 0) > 0 and f ¢ ( a + 0) < 0. It means that f ¢ ( x ) dy
should change its sign from positive to negative. First of all, we carry out the differentiation and set equal
dx
(b) f ( x ) would have local minimum at x = a, if to zero. This will enable us to look for any stationary points.
f ¢ ( a - 0) < 0 and f ¢ ( a + 0) > 0. It means that f ¢ ( x ) Including any turning points.
should change its sign from negative to positive. y = x3 - 3x + 2
(c) If f ¢ ( x ) does not change its sign while passing dy
= 3x2 - 3
through x = a, then f ( x ) would have neither a dx
maximum nor minimum at x = a dy
At stationary points, = 0 and so
\ At x = - 1, we have local maximum Þ f ( x ) = - 2 and dx
at x = 1, we have local minimum Þ fmin ( x ) = 2 3x2 - 3 = 0

1 3( x2 - 1) = 0 [factorising]
Example 24. Let f ( x) = x + , x ¹ 0, then at which f ( x)
x 3( x - 1) ( x + 1) = 0
assumes maximum and minimum are respectively [factorising the difference of two squares]
(a) -1, 1 (b) 1, - 1
It follows that either x - 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
(c) 0 , 1 (d) None of these and so either x = 1or x = - 1
1 We have found the x-coordinates of the points on the graph,
Sol. (a) Here, f ¢ ( x) = 1 - 2 dy
x where = 0, that is the stationary points. We need the
x2 - 1 ( x - 1) ( x + 1) dx
Þ f ¢ ( x) = = y-coordinates which are found by substituting the x values in
x2 x2
the original function y = x 3 - 3x + 2.
Sign scheme for f ¢( x )
+
When x = 1 , y = 13 - 3 (1) + 2 = 0
– +
–1 1 When x = -1, y = ( -1)3 - 3 ( -1) + 2 = 4
Using number line rule, we have maximum at x = -1and To summarise, we have located two stationary points and
minimum at x = 1. these occur at (1,0) and ( -1, 4).
\ At x = - 1, we have local maximum Þ fmax ( x) = - 2 and at Next, we need to determine whether, we have maximum or
x = 1, we have local minimum Þ fmin ( x) = 2. minimum points, or possibly points such as C in which are
neither maxima nor minima.
(ii) Second Derivative Test We have seen that the first derivative
dy
= 3x2 - 3 .
First we find the roots of f ¢ ( x ) = 0. Suppose x = a is one of dx
the roots of f ¢ ( x ) = 0. Differentiating this we can find the second derivative.
Now, find f ¢ ¢ ( x ) at x = a . d 2y
= 6x
(a) If f ¢ ¢ ( a ) = negative, then f ( x ) is maximum at x = a . dx2
We now take each point in turn and use our test.
(b) If f ¢ ¢ ( a ) = positive, then f ( x ) is minimum at x = a .
712 JEE Main Mathematics

d 2y Remark It is advisable to draw the graph of the function

When x = 1, = 6x = 6 (1) = 6.
dx2 in the vicinity of the point x = a, because the
We are not really interested in this value. What is important graph would give us the clear picture about the
is its sign. Because it is positive. We know, we are dealing existence of local maxima/minima at x = a.
with a minimum point.
Example 26. Let
d 2y
When x = -1, = 6x = 6 ( -1) = - 6 ì x3 + x2 + 10 x, x < 0
dx2 f ( x) = í , then at x = 0 f ( x) is
Again, what is important its sign. Because it is negative we î -3 sin x , x³0
have a maximum point. (a) local minimum (b) local maximum
(c) Neither maximum nor minimum
nth Derivative Test (d) None of the above
It is nothing but the general version of the Sol. (b) Clearly, f ( x) is continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable
second derivative test, it says that if,
at x = 0 as f (0) = f (0 - 0) = f (0 + 0) = 0
f ¢ ( a ) = f ¢¢( a ) = f ¢¢¢ ( a ) = K f n ( a ) = 0 and f n + 1 ( a ) ¹ 0 (all f ( - h) - f (0) - h3 + h 2 - 10h - 0
derivatives of the function up to order n vanishes and f ¢ - (0) = lim = lim = 10
h® 0 -h h® 0 -h
( n + 1)th order derivative does not vanish at x = a , then
f (h) - f (0) - 3 sin h
f ( x ) would have a local maximum or local minimum at But f+¢ (0) = lim = lim = -3
x = a, if n is odd natural number and that x = a would be
h® 0 -h h® 0 h
a point of local maxima, if f n + 1 ( a ) < 0 and would be a Since, f-¢ (0) > 0 and f+¢ (0) < 0, x = 0 is the point of local
point of local minima, if f n + 1 ( a ) > 0. maximum.
However if n is even, then f has neither a maxima nor a
Example 27. If p( x) be a polynomial of degree three that has
minima at x = a. It is clear that the last two tests are
basically the Mathematical representation of the first a local maximum value 8 at x = 1and a local minimum value
derivative test. But that should not diminish the 4 at x = 2; then p(0) is equal to (JEE Main 2020)
importance of these tests. Because at that times it (a) -24 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) -12
becomes very difficult to decide whether f ¢ ( x ) changes it’s Sol. (d) Since, p¢( x) = 0 at x =1and x =2 and p( x) is cubic polynomial.
sign or not while passing through point x = a and the
So, p¢ ( x) = a( x - 1) ( x - 2) = a ( x2 - 3x + 2)
remaining tests may come handy in these kind of
situations. æ x3 3 ö
\ p( x) = aç - x2 + 2x÷ + b
è3 2 ø
Note It must be remembered that this method is not applicable to
those critical points, where f ¢( x ) remains undefined. According to the question,
\ at x = - 1, we have local maximum Þ fmax ( x ) = - 2 and at x = 1, æ1 3 ö
p(1) = 8 Þ aç - + 2÷ + b = 8
we have local minimum Þ fmin ( x ) = 2. è3 2 ø
æ 1 1ö
Þ aç + ÷ + b = 8 Þ 5a + 6b = 48 … (i)
(b) Test for Local Maximum/Minimum at è3 2ø
x = a, if f (x ) is not Differentiable at x = a. and
æ8 ö
p(2) = 4 Þ aç - 6 + 4÷ + b = 4
è3 ø
Case I When f ( x ) is continuous at x = a and f ¢ ( a - h )
and f ¢ ( a + h ) exists and are non-zero, then f ( x ) Þ 2a + 3b = 12 … (ii)
has a local maximum or minimum at x = a, if From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
f ¢ ( a - h ) and f ¢ ( a + h ) are of opposite signs. a = 24, b = - 12
Q p(0) = b = - 12
If f ¢ ( a - h ) > 0 and f ¢ ( a + h ) < 0, then x = a will
be a point of local maximum. Example 28. If x = 1is a critical point of the function
If f ¢ ( a - h ) < 0 and f ¢ ( a + h ) > 0, then x = a will f ( x) = (3x 2 + ax - 2 - a) e x, then (JEE Main 2020)
be a point of local minimum.
2
Case II When f ( x ) is continuous and f ¢ ( a - h ) and (a) x = 1and x = - are local minima of f
3
f ¢ ( a + h ) exist but one of them is zero, we should
2
infer the following about the existence of local (b) x = 1and x = - are local maxima of f
3
maxima/minima from the basic definition of
2
local maxima/ minima. (c) x = 1is a local maxima and x = - is a local minima of f
3
Case III If f ( x ) is not continuous at x = a and f ¢ ( a - h ) 2
and/ or f ¢ ( a + h ) are not finite, then compare the (d) x = 1is a local minima and x = - is a local maxima of f
3
values of f ( x )at the neighbouring points of x = a.
Application of Derivatives 713

Sol. (d) It is given that x = 1is a critical point of the function Now, M1 is the maximum value of f ( x ) in [a , b], so M1 is
f ( x) = (3x2 + ax – 2 – a) ex absolute maximum and M 2 is the minimum value of f ( x )
So, f '(1) = ex(6x + a) + ex(3x2 + ax – 2 – a)| x=1 = 0 in [a , b], so M 2 is absolute minimum.
Let y = f ( x ) be the function defined on [a , b] in the graph,
Þ 6 + a + 3 + a - 2 - a = 0 Þ a = –7
then
æ 2ö
\ f '( x) = ex[3x2 – x – 2] = 0 Þ x = 1or ç – ÷ Y Local maximum Absolute
è 3ø maximum
and f ¢ ¢ ( x) = ex(6x – 1 + 3x2 – x – 2) = ex(3x2 + 5x – 3)
Q f ¢ ¢ (1) = 5e > 0
Þ x = 1is the point of local minima.
Absolute
æ 2ö æ 4 10 ö
and f ¢¢ ç – ÷ = e–2 / 3 ç – – 3 ÷ = – 5 e– 2 / 3 < 0 minimum
è 3ø è3 3 ø
Local minimum
2
Þ x = – is the point of local maxima.
3
X¢ X
a a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 b
3 2
Example 29. If the function f ( x) = 2 x - 9 ax + 12 a x + 1, 2 Y¢

where a > 0, attains its maximum and minimum at p and q (i) f ( x ) has local maximum values at x = a1 , a3 , a5 , a7
respectively, such that p 2 = q, then a is equal to (ii) f ( x ) has local minimum values at
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1/2 x = a2 , a4 , a6 , a8
Sol. (c) Q 3 2 2
f ( x) = 2x - 9ax + 12a x + 1 (iii) The absolute maximum value of the function is f ( a7 )
and absolute minimum value is f ( a ).
\ f ¢ ( x) = 6x2 - 18ax + 12a2
For maxima or minima, put f ¢ ( x) = 0 Note • Between two local maximum values, there is a local
\ 6 ( x2 - 3ax + 2 a2) = 0 minimum value and vice-versa.
• A local minimum value may be greater than a local
Þ x2 - 3ax + 2 a2 = 0
maximum value. In the above graph, local minimum at a6
Þ x - 2ax - ax + 2 a2 = 0
2
is greater than local maximum at a1 .
Þ x( x - 2 a) - a( x - 2 a) = 0
Þ ( x - a)( x - 2 a) = 0 Absolute Maxima or Minima in (a, b)
Þ x = a, x =2a To find the absolute maxima and minima in ( a , b) step
Now, f ¢ ¢ ( x) = 12 x - 18 a I and step II are same. Now,
At x = a, f ¢ ¢ ( x) = 12 a - 18 a = - 6 a Step III Find M1 = max { f ( c1 ), f ( c2 ), .... , f ( cn )}
So, f ( x) will be maximum at x = a. i.e. p = a and M 2 = min { f ( c1 ), f ( c2 ), K , f ( cn )}
Again, at x = 2a , f ¢ ¢ ( x) = 24 a - 18 a = 6 a
Now, if lim f ( x ) > M1 or lim f ( x ) < M 2 , then
So, f ( x) will be minimum at x = 2 a. i.e. q = 2 a x ® a+ x ® a+
Given, p 2 = q Þ a2 = 2 a or x ® b- or x ® b-

\ a=2 f ( x ) would not have absolute maximum or absolute

minimum in ( a , b)
Concept of Global (Absolute) and if lim f ( x ) < M1
Maximum and Minimum x ® a + and x ® b-

Let y = f ( x ) be a given function with domain D. Let and lim f ( x ) > M 2,

x ® a + and x ® b-
[a , b] Í D. Global maximum/minimum of f ( x ) in [a , b] is
basically the greatest/least value of f ( x ) in [a, b]. then M1 and M 2 would respectively be the absolute
maximum and absolute minimum of f ( x ) in ( a , b).
Global maximum and minimum in [a, b] would occur at
critical point of f ( x ) within [a , b] or at the end points of
Example 30. Let f ( x) = 2 x3 - 9 x 2 + 12 x + 6, then absolute
the interval.
maxima of f ( x) in [0, 2] and (1, 3) are respectively
Global (Absolute) Maxima or Minima in[a , b ] (a) 0, 2 (b) 1, 2
Step I Find out all the critical points of f ( x ) in ( a , b). Let (c) 2, 2 (d) None of these
c1 , c2 , ... , cn be the different critical points.
Sol. (b) f ( x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 6
Step II Find the value of the function at these critical
f ¢ ( x) = 6x2 - 18x + 12 = 6 ( x - 1) ( x - 2)
points and also at the end points of the domain.
Let the values are f ( c1 ), f ( c2 ), ... , f ( cn ). In [0, 2], Critical point of f ( x) in [0 , 2] is x = 1.
\ f(0) = 6, f(1) = 11, f(2) = 10
Step III Find M1 = max { f ( a ), f ( c1 ), f ( c2 ), K , f ( cn ), f ( b)}
Thus, x = 0 is the point of absolute minimum and x = 1is the
and M 2 = min { f ( a ), f ( c1 ), f ( c2 ), ... , f ( cn ), f ( b)}
point of absolute maximum of f ( x) in [0, 2].
714 JEE Main Mathematics

In (1, 3), Critical point of f ( x) in (1, 3) is x = 2. Some Cases of Extremum of

\ f(2) = 10 , lim f ( x) = 11
x ®1 + Discontinuous Functions
and lim f ( x) = 15 Y
x ® 3-
Thus, x = 2 is the point of absolute minimum in (1, 3) and
absolute maximum in (1, 3) does not exist.

Points of Inflection
Consider function f ( x ) = x3 . At x = 0. f ¢ ( x ) = 0. Also,
f ¢¢( x ) = 0 at x = 0. X¢ X
x=a–h x=ax=a+h
Such point is called point of inflection, where 2nd Y¢
derivatives is zero.
Consider another function f ( x ) = sin x , f ¢¢( x ) = - sin x. Clearly, x = a is point of maxima as f ( a ) > f ( a - h ) and
f(a) > f(a + h )
Now, f ¢¢( x ) = 0 when x = np, then these points are called
points of inflection. Y

At point of inflection
(i) It is not necessary that Ist derivative is zero.
(ii) 2nd derivative must be zero or 2nd derivative
changes sign in the neighbourhood of point of
inflection.
(iii) Graph of curve changes its concavity.
X¢ X
(iv) If f ¢¢ ( x ) > 0 graph is concave towards negative x=a–hx=ax=a+h
Y-axis and if f ¢¢( x ) < 0, graph is concave towards Y¢
positive Y-axis.
Clearly, x = a is not a point of extremum as f ( a ) > f ( a + h )
Note • For a continous function maximum and minimum value and f ( a ) < f ( a - h )
occurs alternately.
• If a function is discontinuous at a point x = a, it may have
maximum value although it decreases on the left and
increases on the right side of x = a.
Y Global Y
maxima
Local Global
maxima maxima

x=a–h x=a x=a+h

Local
minima
Clearly, x = a is a point of minima as f ( a ) < f ( a - h ) and
X¢ X X¢ X f ( a ) < f ( a + h ).
O a b O a b c d
Y¢ Y¢
[Range = – ¥, f(b)] Range [(f (b), f (c)]
Y Y

Local Local
maxima maxima

Local minima Local minima

x=a–h x=a x=a+h
X¢ X X¢ X
a b c d a b c d
O O Clearly, x = a is not a point of extremum as f ( a ) < f ( a - h )
Y¢ Y¢
Function has no global maxima and minima. and f ( a ) > f ( a + h ).
Range (f (a), f (d)) Range [f (a), f (d)]
Application of Derivatives 715

Application of Maxima and Minima to For a maxima or minima, we have (dV / dh) = 0
dV 3 2R
Problems (Mensuration and Geometry) Now, = 0 Þ pR 2 - ph 2 = 0 Þ h =
dh 4 3
For solving this type of problem, we follows these steps. é d 2V ù 3 2R
ê 2ú =- p´ = pR 3 < 0
Step I First, we read the given problem very carefully ë dh û h =( 2R/ 3 ) 2 3
for an objective function. 2R
So, V is maximum when h =
Step II If objective function is of two parameter, then we 3
converts it in terms of one parameter with the 2R
Hence, the height of the cylinder of maximum volume is .
help of other given condition in the problem. 3
1 é 2 4R 2 ù 2R 4pR3
Step III Now, we proceed the second derivative test for Largest volume of the cylinder = p ´ ê 4R - ú´ =
maxima/minima and get the desired result. 4ë 3 û 3 3 3

Example 31. The height of the cylinder of maximum volume Example 32. An open box is to be made out of a piece of
that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R and the volume paper of cardboard measuring (24 cm ´ 24 cm) by cutting off
of the largest cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius R are equal squares from the corners and turning up the sides, then
2R 4pR3 2R 4pR3 2R 4p R3 the height of the box when it has maximum volume is
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) None of these
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 (a) 2 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 8 cm
Sol. (a) Let r be the radius and h the height of the inscribed Sol. (b) Let the length of the side of each square cut off from the
cylinder ABCD. Let V be its volume. corners be x cm. Then, height of the box = x cm.
Then, V = pr 2h …(i) \ V = (24 - 2x) 2 ´ ( x) = 4x3 - 96x2 + 576x
Clearly, AC = 2R dV d 2V
Þ = 12( x2 - 16x + 48) and 2 = 24( x - 8)
Aslo, AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 dx dx
1 dV
Þ (2R) 2 = (2r) 2 + h 2 Þ r 2 = ( 4R 2 - h 2) …(ii) Now, = 0 Þ x2 - 16x + 48 = 0
4 dx
Using Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get i.e. ( x - 12) ( x - 4) = 0 Þ x = 4 [Q x ¹ 12]
ph
V= ( 4R 2 - h 2) éd V ù
2
4 ê 2ú = - 96 < 0
dV æ 2 3 ö ë dx û x = 4
Þ = ç pR - ph 2 ÷
dh è 4 ø \V is maximum at x = 4.
d 2V 3 Hence, the volume of the box is maximum when its height
and 2
= - ph is 4 cm.
dh 2
 Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems
Derivatives at the Rate of change 6. x and y are the sides of two squares such that
1. The position of a moving car at time t is given by y = x - x 2 . The rate of the change of the area of
f ( t) = at 2 + bt + c, t > 0, where a, b and c are real second square with respect to the first square is
numbers greater than 1. Then, average speed of the (a) 2x2 - 3x + 1 (b) x2 - 4
car over the time interval [ t1, t2 ] is attained at the (c) x2 - x + 1 (d) 3x2 + 2x + 3
point (JEE Main 2020)
7. A lizard, at an initial distance of 21 cm behind an
(a) (t2 - t1 ) / 2 (b) a (t2 - t1 ) + b
insect, moves from rest with an acceleration of
(c) (t1 + t2) / 2 (d) 2a (t1 + t2) + b
2 cm/s 2 and pursues the insect which is crawling
2. A water tank has the shape of an inverted right uniformly along a straight line at a speed of
circular cone, whose semi-vertical angle is 20 cm/s. Then, the lizard will catch the insect after
æ1ö
tan -1ç ÷ . Water is poured into it at a constant rate (a) 24 s (b) 21 s (c) 1 s (d) 20 s
è2ø
2
of 5 cu m/min. Then, the rate (in m/min) at which 8. A point on the parabola y = 18 x at which the
the level of water is rising at the instant when the ordinate increases at twice the rate of the abscissa,
depth of water in the tank is 10 m is (JEE Main 2019) is
2 1 1 1 æ 9 9ö æ9 9ö
(a) (2, 4) (b) (2, – 4) (c) ç - , ÷ (d) ç , ÷
(a) (b) (c) (d) è 8 2ø è8 2ø
p 5p 15p 10p
3. A spherical iron ball of 10 cm radius is coated with 9. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing
a layer of ice of uniform thickness that melts at a at the rate of 2 cm/s. The rate at which the area
rate of 50 cm 3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm, increases, when the side is 10 cm, is
then the rate (in cm/ min.) at which of the thickness (a) 3 cm 2/s (b) 10 cm 2/s
of ice decreases, is 10
(JEE Main 2020) (c) 10 3 cm 2/s (d) cm 2/s
5 1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6p 54p 36p 18p 10. If the volume of a sphere is increasing at a constant
4. The radius of the base of a cone is increasing at the rate, then the rate at which its radius is increasing,
rate of 3 cm/min and the altitude is decreasing at is
the rate of 4 cm/min. The rate of change of lateral (a) a constant
surface when the radius is 7 cm and altitude is 24 (b) proportional to the radius
cm is (c) inversely proportional to the radius
(d) inversely proportional to the surface area
(a) 50 cm 2/min (b) 54 p cm 2/min
(c) 62 p cm 2/min (d) 66 p cm 2/min 11. Moving along the X-axis there are two points with
5. A spherical balloon is filled with 4500p cu m of x = 10 + 6 t, x = 3 + t 2 . The speed with which they
helium gas. If a leak in the balloon causes the gas are reaching from each other at the time of
to escape at the rate of 72 p cu m / min, then the encounter is (x is in centimetre and t is in seconds)
(a) 16 cm/s (b) 20 cm/s (c) 8 cm/s (d) 12 cm/s
rate (in m/min) at which the radius of the balloon
decreases 49 min after the leakage began is 12. Gas is being pumped into a spherical balloon at the
9 7 2 9 rate of 30 ft 3 / min. Then, the rate at which the
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 9 9 2 radius increases when it reaches the value 15 ft, is
Application of Derivatives 717

1 1 20. If there is 2% error in measuring the radius of

(a) ft/min (b) ft/min
30p 15p
sphere, then the percentage error in the surface
1 1
(c) ft/min (d) ft/min area is
20 15
(a) 3% (b) 1% (c) 4% (d) 2%
13. An object is moving in the clockwise direction
21. The approximate volume of metal in a hollow
around the unit circle x 2 + y 2 = 1. As it passes
æ1 3ö spherical shell whose internal and external radii
through the point çç , ÷, its y-coordinate is
÷ are 3 cm and 3.0005 cm, is
è2 2 ø
(a) 0.0180 p cm3 (b) 0.023 p cm3
decreasing at the rate of 3 units per second. The (c) 0.0540 p cm3 (d) 0.0432 p cm3
rate at which the x-coordinate changes at this point
is (in unit per second) Tangent and Normals
(a) 2 (b) 3 3 (c) 3 (d) 2 3 22. For the curve y = 4 x 3 - 2 x 5 , the points at which the
14. The position of a point in time ‘ t ’ is given by tangent passes through the origin are
x = a + bt - ct 2 , y = at + bt 2 . Its acceleration at time (a) (0, 0), (1, 2) and (-1, - 2)(b) (0, 0), (2, 4) and (-1, - 3)
‘ t ’ is (c) (0, 0), (2, 3) and (-3, - 1) (d) None of these
(a) b - c (b) b + c (c) 2 b - 2 c (d) 2 b2 + c2 23. The point at which the tangent to the curve
15. Water is dripping out from a conical funnel of y = 2 x 2 - x + 1 is parallel to y = 3x + 9, will be
p (a) (2, 1) (b) (1, 2) (c) (3, 9) (d) (- 2 , 1)
semi-vertical angle at the uniform rate of 2 cm 2 /s
4 24. The length of subtangent to the curve x 2 y 2 = a 4 at
in the surface area, through a tiny hole at the
the point ( - a, a) is
vertex of the bottom. When the slant height of cone
(a) 3 a (b) 2 a (c) a (d) 4a
is 4 cm, the rate of decrease of the slant height of
2
water, is 25. For the curve xy = c , the subnormal at any point
2 1 varies
(a) cm/s (b) cm/s
4p 4p (a) x 2 (b) x3 (c) y 2 (d) y3
1
(c) cm/s (d) None of these 26. The abscissa of the points, where the tangent to the
p 2
curve y = x 3 - 3x 2 - 9 x + 5 is parallel to X-axis, are
Errors and Its Approximations (a) x = 0 and 0 (b) x = 1 and - 1
(c) x = 1 and - 3 (d) x = - 1 and 3
16. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with
an error of 0.02 m, then the approximate error in 27. The slope of the tangent to the curve
calculating its volume is x = 3 t 2 + 1, y = t 3 - 1, at x = 1 is
1
(a) 3.12 p m3 (b) 3.92 p m3 (a) 0 (b) (c) ¥ (d) - 2
2
(c) 3.56 p m3 (d) 4.01 p m3
28. If tangent to the curve x = at 2 , y = 2 at is
17. The approximate value of f (5.001), where
perpendicular to X-axis, then its point of contact is
f ( x) = x 3 - 7 x 2 + 15, is (a) (a , a ) (b) (0, a ) (c) (0, 0) (d) (a , 0)
(a) - 34.995 (b) - 33.995
(c) - 33.335 (d) - 35.993 29. The equation of the tangent to the curve
(1 + x 2 ) y = 2 - x, where it crosses the X-axis, is
18. If the error committed in measuring the radius of (a) x + 5 y = 2 (b) x - 5 y = 2
the circle is 0.05%, then the corresponding error in (c) 5x - y = 2 (d) 5x + y - 2 = 0
calculating the area is
30. The point on the curve x + y = a at which the
(a) 0.05% (b) 0.0025% (c) 0.25% (d) 0.1%
normal is parallel to the X-axis, is
19. If 1° = a radius, then the approximate value of (a) (0, 0) (b) (0, a ) (c) (a , 0) (d) (a , a )
cos (60 °1¢ ) is 31. Coordinates of a point on the curve y = x log x at
1 3 3 4 which the normal is parallel to the line 2 x - 2 y = 3,
(a) - (b) -
2 120 4 21 are
1 2 4 5 (a) (0, 0) (b) (e, e)
(c) - (d) -
3 100 3 121 (c) (e2, 2 e2) (d) (e- 2, - 2 e- 2)
718 JEE Main Mathematics

32. The length of the normal at point ‘t’ of the curve 42. If y = 4 x - 5 is tangent to the curve y 2 = px 3 + q at
x = a ( t + sin t), y = a (1 - cos t) is ( 2, 3) , then ( p, q) is
(a) a sin t (b) 2 a sin3 (t/2)sec (t/2) (a) (2, 7) (b) (-2, 7)
(c) 2 a sin (t/2) tan (t/2) (d) 2 a sin (t/2) (c) (-2, -7) (d) (2, -7)
33. The tangent drawn at the point (0, 1) on the curve 43. The triangle formed by the tangent to the curve
y = e2 x , meets X-axis at the point f ( x) = x 2 + bx - b at the point (1, 1) and the
æ1 ö æ 1 ö coordinate axes, lies in the first quadrant. If its
(a) ç , 0÷ (b) ç - , 0÷ (c) (2, 0) (d) (0, 0)
è2 ø è 2 ø area is 2, then the value of b is
34. The tangent to the curve y = 2 x 2 - x + 1 at a point (a) - 1 (b) 3 (c) - 3 (d) 1
P is parallel to y = 3x + 4, then the coordinates of P 44. If the tangent at ( x1, y1) to the curve x + y 3 = a 3
3

are
meets the curve again at ( x2 , y2 ), then
(a) (2, 1) (b) (1, 2) (c) (- 1, 2) (d) (2 , - 1) x2 y2 x 2 x1
(a) + = -1 (b) + = -1
35. The product of the lengths of subtangent and x1 y1 y1 y2
subnormal at any point of a curve is x y1 x y
(c) 1 + = -1 (d) 2 + 2 = 1
(a) square of the abscissa (b) square of the ordinate x2 y2 x1 y1
(c) constant (d) None of these
45. The angle between the curves y = sin x and y = cos x
36. If the normal to the curve y = f ( x) at the point (3, 4) is
3p (a) tan -1 (2 2 ) (b) tan -1 (3 2 )
makes an angle with the positive X-axis, then
2 (c) tan -1 (3 3 ) (d) tan -1 (5 2 )
f ¢ (3) is equal to x2 y2
3 4 46. The condition for the curves - = 1, xy = c2 to
(a) - 1 (b) - (c) (d) 1 a 2 b2
4 3
intersect orthogonally, is
37. Tangent of the angle at which the curves y = a x and (a) a 2 + b 2 = 0 (b) a 2 - b 2 = 0
x
y = b ( a ¹ b > 0) intersect, is given by (c) a = b (d) None of these
a 2x
log 47. y = log(1 + x) - , x > - 1, is an increasing
log ab b
(a) (b) 2+x
1 + log ab 1 + (log a )(log b)
function of x throughout in,
log ab
(c) (d) None of these (a) x > - 1 (b) x > 1 (c) x < 0 (d) x > 0
1 + (log a )(log b)
x
48. If the tangent to the curve y = 2 , x Î R,
38. The equation of tangent to the curve y = be- x / a at x -3
the point where it crosses Y-axis, is
( x ¹ ± 3), at a point ( a, b) ¹ (0, 0) on it is parallel to
(a) ax + by = 1 (b) ax - by = 1
the line 2 x + 6 y - 11 = 0, then (JEE Main 2019)
x y x y
(c) - =1 (d) + =1 (a) |6a + 2b | = 19 (b) |6a + 2b | = 9
a b a b
(c) |2a + 6b | = 19 (d) |2a + 6b | = 11
39. At what point on the curve x 3 - 8 a 2 y = 0, the slope
2 49. Let S be the set of all values of x for which the
of the normal is - ? tangent to the curve y = f ( x) = x 3 - x 2 - 2 x at ( x, y)
3
is parallel to the line segment joining the points
(a) (a , a ) (b) (2 a , - a )
(1, f (1)) and ( -1, f ( -1)), then S is equal to
(c) (2 a , a ) (d) None of these
(JEE Main 2019)
40. The curve y - exy + x = 0 has a vertical tangent at ì1 ü
(a) í , - 1ý
ì1 ü
(b) í , 1ý
the point î3 þ î3 þ
(a) (1, 0) (b) at no point ì 1 ü ì 1 ü
(c) í- , 1ý (d) í- , - 1ý
(c) (0, 1) (d) (0, 0) î 3 þ î 3 þ

41. The point (s) on the curve y 3 + 3x 2 = 12 y, where the 50. If q denotes the acute angle between the curves,
y = 10 - x 2 and y = 2 + x 2 at a point of their
tangent is vertical (parallel to Y-axis), is (are)
intersection, then|tan q|is equal to (JEE Main 2019)
æ 4 ö æ 11 ö æ 4 ö 7 8 4 8
(a) ç ± , - 2÷ (b) çç ± , 1÷÷ (c) (0, 0) (d) ç ± , 2÷ (a) (b) (c) (d)
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø 17 15 9 17
Application of Derivatives 719

51. The two curves x 3 - 3xy 2 + 2 = 0 and 60. If the curves y 2 = 6 x, 9 x 2 + by 2 = 16 intersect each
3x 2 y - y 3 - 2 = 0 other at right angles, then the value of b is
(JEE Main 2018)
(a) cut at right angle (b) touch each other 7 9
p p (a) 6 (b) (c) 4 (d)
(c) cut at an angle (d) cut at an angle 2 2
3 4
4 61. The equation of a tangent to the parabola, x 2 = 8 y,
52. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = x + ,
which makes an angle q with the positive direction
x2
i.e. parallel to X-axis, is of X-axis, is (JEE Main 2019)

(a) y = 0 (b) y = 1 (c) y = 2 (d) y = 3 (a) y = x tan q - 2 cot q (b) x = y cot q + 2 tan q
(c) y = x tan q + 2 cot q (d) x = y cot q - 2 tan q
53. The normal to the curve x = a (1 + cos q), y = a sin q
62. The tangent to the curve y = x 2 - 5 x + 5, parallel to
at q always passes through the fixed point
the line 2 y = 4 x + 1, also passes through the point
(a) (a , 0) (b) (0, a ) (c) (0, 0) (d) (a , a )
(JEE Main 2019)
54. The normal to the curve æ1 7ö æ 7 1ö æ 1 ö æ1 ö
(a) ç , ÷ (b) ç , ÷ (c) ç - , 7÷ (d) ç , - 7÷
x = a (cos q + q sin q), y = a (sin q - q cos q) at any è4 2 ø è 2 4ø è 8 ø è8 ø
2
point q is such that 63. The tangent to the curve, y = xex passing through
(a) it is at a constant distance from the origin
æ ap ö the point (1, e) also passes through the point
(b) it passes through ç , - a÷ (JEE Main 2019)
è 2 ø
æ4 ö æ5 ö
p (a) ç , 2e÷ (b) (3, 6e) (c) (2, 3e) (d) ç , 2e÷
(c) it makes angle - q with the X-axis è 3 ø è 3 ø
2
æ 1 + sin x ö
(d) it passes through the origin
64. Consider f ( x) = tan -1ç ÷, x Î æç 0, p ö÷.
ç 1 - sin x ÷ è 2ø
55. Angle between the tangents to the curve è ø
p
y = x 2 - 5 x + 6 at the points (2, 0) and (3, 0) is A normal to y = f ( x) at x = also passes through
p p p p 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 6 4 3 the point (JEE Main 2016)
æ 2p ö æp ö æp ö
56. The normal to the curve x 2 + 2 xy - 3 y 2 = 0 (a) (0, 0) (b) ç0, ÷ (c) ç , 0÷ (d) ç , 0÷
è 3ø è6 ø è4 ø
at (1, 1) (JEE Main 2015)
(a) does not meet the curve again Increasing and Decreasing Function
(b) meets the curve again in the second quadrant 65. The function x x is increasing, when
(c) meets the curve again in the third quadrant 1 1
(d) meets the curve again in the fourth quadrant (a) x > (b) x <
e e
57. The intercepts on X-axis made by tangents to the (c) x < 0 (d) for all real x
x
curve, y = ò |t |dt, x Î R, which are parallel to the
0
66. If g ( x) = min ( x, x 2 ), where x is real number, then
line y = 2 x, are equal to (JEE Main 2013) (a) g (x) is an increasing function
(a) ± 1 (b) ± 2 (c) ± 3 (d) ± 4 (b) g (x) is a decreasing function
(c) f (x) is a constant function
58. For which of the following curves, the line (d) g (x) is a continuous function except at x = 0
æ3 3 1 ö
x + 3 y = 2 3 is the tangent at the point çç , ÷÷ ? x
67. The function f ( x) = is
è 2 2ø 1 + |x |
(JEE Main 2021) (a) strictly increasing
(a) x2 + 9 y2 = 9 (b) 2x2 - 18 y2 = 9 (b) strictly decreasing
1
(c) y2 = x (d) x2 + y2 = 7 (c) neither increasing nor decreasing
6 3 (d) not differential at x = 0
59. The normal to the curve y ( x - 2) ( x - 3) = x + 6 at the 68. The function f ( x) = x + cos x is
point, where the curve intersects the Y -axis passes (a) always increasing
through the point (JEE Main 2017) (b) always decreasing
æ 1 1ö æ1 1ö æ1 1ö æ1 1ö (c) increasing for certain range of x
(a) ç - , - ÷ (b) ç , ÷ (c) ç , - ÷ (d) ç , ÷
è 2 2ø è2 2ø è2 3ø è2 3ø (d) None of the above
720 JEE Main Mathematics

69. 2 x 3 - 6 x + 5 is an increasing function, if 77. The function which is neither decreasing nor
(a) 0 < x < 1 (b) -1 < x < 1 æ p 3p ö
increasing in ç , ÷, is
1 è2 2 ø
(c) x < -1 or x > 1 (d) - 1 < x < -
2 (a) cosec x (b) tan x (c) x2 (d) |x - 1|
70. The length of the longest interval, in which the 78. The value of x for which the polynomial
3
function 3 sin x - 4 sin x is increasing, is 2 x 3 - 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 is a decreasing function of x, is
p p 3p (a) -1 < x < 1(b) 0 < x < 2 (c) x > 3 (d) 1 < x < 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) p
3 2 2 1
79. If f ( x) = - log (1 + x), x > 0, then f is
x+1
71. If f ( x) = xex (1 - x ) , then f ( x) is
(a) an increasing function
é 1 ù (b) a decreasing function
(a) increasing on - , 1 (b) decreasing on R
êë 2 úû
(c) both increasing and decreasing function
é 1 ù (d) None of the above
(c) increasing on R (d) decreasing on - , 1
êë 2 úû
80. If f ( x) = sin x - cos x, the interval in which function
72. Let f be a real valued function, defined on is decreasing in 0 £ x £ 2 p, is
R - { -1, 1} and given by é 5p 3p ù é p pù
(a) , (b) ,
êë 6 4 úû êë 4 2 úû
x -1 2
f ( x) = 3 log e - é 3p 5p ù
x + 1 x -1 (c) , (d) None of these
êë 2 2 úû
Then in which of the following intervals, function
f ( x) is increasing? (JEE Main 2021)
81. The function f ( x) = x1/ x is
æé1 ö (a) increasing in (1, ¥ )
ö
(a) (- ¥ , - 1) È ç , ¥ ÷ - {1}÷ (b) (- ¥ , ¥ ) - { - 1, 1} (b) decreasing in (1, ¥ )
ê
èë2 ø ø
(c) increasing in (1, e) and decreasing in (e, ¥ )
é 1ö é 1ö
(c) - 1, ÷ (d) - ¥ , ÷ - { - 1} (d) decreasing in (1, e) and increasing in (e, ¥ )
êë 2ø êë 2ø
p 82. The range of a Î R for which of the function
73. f ( x) = cos increases in
x æxö æxö
f ( x) = ( 4 a - 3) ( x + log e 5) + 2 ( a - 7) cot ç ÷ sin 2 ç ÷
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö è2ø è2ø
(a) çç , ÷ (b) çç , ÷
è 2 n + 1 2 n ÷ø è 2 n + 2 2 n + 1 ÷ø x + 2 np, n Î N , has critical points, is (JEE Main 2021)
(c) (0, 2n ) (d) R æ 4 ù
(a) (- 3, 1) (b) ç - , 2
74. The function f ( x) = sin 4 x + cos4 x increases, if è 3 úû
(c) [1, ¥ ) (d) (- ¥ , - 1]
p p 3p
(a) 0 < x < (b) <x<
8 4 8 ½ x2 ½
83. g ( x) = 2 f ½ ½ + f (6 - x 2 ) for all x Î R. It is given
3p 5p 5p 3p 2
½ ½
(c) <x< (d) <x<
8 8 8 4
that f ¢ ¢ ( x) > 0 for all x Î R, then g ( x) decreases for
75. The function ‘ g ’ defined by (a) (-¥ , 3 ) È (0, 3 ) (b) R
2 2
g ( x) = f ( x - 2 x + 8) + f (14 + 2 x - x ), where f ( x) is (c) (- 3 , 0) È ( 3 , ¥ ) (d) (-¥ , - 2) È (0, 2)
twice differentiable function, f ¢ ¢ ( x) ³ 0 for all real l sin x + 6 cos x
84. Function f ( x) = is monotonic
numbers x. The function g ( x) is increasing in the 2 sin x + 3 cos x
interval increasing, if
(a) [-1, 1] È [2, ¥ ) (b) (¥ , - 1] È [1, 3] (a) l > 1 (b) l < 1 (c) l < 4 (d) l > 4
(c) [-1, 1] È [3, ¥ ) (d) (¥ , - 2] È [1, ¥ ) 85. Let f ( x) = ex - x and g ( x) = x 2 - x, " x Î R. Then,
76. The function f ( x) = log (cos x) is strictly decreasing the set of all x Î R, where the function
and strictly increasing in h( x) = ( fog) ( x) is increasing, is (JEE Main 2019)

æ pö æ p pö æ pö æ p 3p ö é 1ù é -1 ù é 1 ö
(a) ç0, ÷ and ç , ÷ (b) ç0, ÷ and ç , ÷ (a) 0, È [1, ¥ ) (b) -1, È , ¥÷
è 4ø è4 2ø è 3ø è2 2 ø êë 2 úû êë 2 úû êë 2 ø
æ p ö æp ö æ p ö æ p 3p ö é -1 ù
(c) ç0, ÷ and ç , p ÷ (d) ç0, ÷ and ç , ÷ (c) [0, ¥ ) (d) , 0 È [1, ¥ )
è 2ø è2 ø è 4ø è4 2 ø êë 2 úû
Application of Derivatives 721

86. Let f : [0, 2 ] ® R be a twice differentiable 94. If Rolle’s theorem holds for the function
function such that f ¢ ¢ ( x) > 0, for all x Î (0, 2). æ4ö
f ( x) = x 3 - ax 2 + bx - 4, x Î[1, 2 ] with f ¢ ç ÷ = 0,
If f( x) = f ( x) + f ( 2 - x) , then f is (JEE Main 2019) è3ø
(a) increasing on (0, 1) and decreasing on (1, 2) then ordered pair ( a, b) is equal to (JEE Main 2021)
(b) decreasing on (0, 2) (a) (- 5, 8) (b) (5, 8) (c) (5, - 8) (d) (- 5, - 8)
(c) decreasing on (0, 1) and increasing on (1, 2)
95. Rolle’s theorem holds for the function x 3 + bx 2 + cx,
(d) increasing on (0, 2)
4
x d -x 1 £ x £ 2 at the point , the values of b and c are
87. Let f ( x) = - , x Î R, where 3
a2 + x2 b2 + ( d - x) 2
(a) b = 8, c = - 5 (b) b = - 5, c = 8
a, b and d are non-zero real constants. Then, (c) b = 5, c = - 8 (d) b = - 5, c = - 8
(JEE Main 2019)
(a) f is an increasing function of x
96. Suppose the cubic equation x 3 - px + q = 0 has three
(b) f ¢ is not a continuous function of x distinct real roots, where p > 0 and q > 0. Then,
(c) f is a decreasing function of x which one of the following holds?
(d) f is neither increasing nor decreasing p p
(a) The cubic has minima at both and -
function of x 3 3
88. Let f : R ® R be a positive increasing function p p
(b) The cubic has maxima at both and -
f (3x) f ( 2 x) 3 3
with lim = 1. Then, lim is equal to p p
x®¥ f ( x) x ® ¥ f ( x) (c) The cubic has minima at and maxima at -
2 3 3 3
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 3 p p
3 2 (d) The cubic has minima at - and maxima at
3 3
89. The function f ( x) = tan -1 (sin x + cos x) is an
97. If 2 a + 3b + 6 c = 0, then the equation
increasing function in
æ p pö æ p pö æ pö æ p pö ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has atleast one real root in
(a) ç , ÷ (b) ç - , ÷ (c) ç0, ÷ (d) ç - , ÷ æ 1ö æ1 1ö
è4 2ø è 2 4 ø è 2ø è 2 2ø (a) (0, 1) (b) ç0, ÷ (c) ç , ÷ (d) (-1, 1)
è 2ø è4 2ø
Mean Value Theorem 98. For all twice differentiable functions
3 2
90. If the function f ( x) = x - 6 x + ax + b satisfies f : R ® R, with f (0) = f (1) = f ¢ (0) = 0 (JEE Main 2020)

Rolle’s theorem in the interval [1, 3] and (a) f ¢ ¢ (x) ¹ 0 at every point x Î (0, 1)
æ 2 3 + 1ö (b) f ¢ ¢ (x) = 0 at every point x Î (0, 1)
f ¢ çç ÷ = 0, then (c) f ¢ ¢ (0) = 0
è 3 ÷ø
(d) f ¢ ¢ (x) = 0 at some point x Î (0, 1)
(a) a = - 11 (b) a = - 6 (c) a = 6 (d) a = 11
99. If c is a point at which Rolle’s theorem holds for the
91. f ( x) satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorem in æ x2 + a ö
function, f ( x) = log e ç ÷ in the interval [3, 4],
[1, 2] and f ( x) is continuous in [1, 2], then ç 7x ÷
2 è ø
ò f ¢ ( x) dx is equal to
1 where a Î R, then f ¢ ¢ ( c) is equal to (JEE Main 2020)
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 1 1 1 3
(a) - (b) - (c) (d)
92. If f ( x) satisfies the conditions for Rolle’s theorem in 24 12 12 7
5
[3, 5], then ò f ( x) dx is equal to Critical Points and Test for Local
3

(a) 2 (b) - 1 (c) 0 (d) -

4 Maximum/Minimum
3
100. The critical points of the function
f ( b) - f ( a)
93. In the mean value theorem = f ¢ ( c), if æ xö æ xö æ xö
f (x) = 2 sin 2 ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ - ç ÷
b-a 6
1 è ø è3ø è3ø
a = 0, b = and f ( x) = x ( x - 1) ( x - 2), then value of c
2 whose coordinates satisfy the inequality
is x 2 - 10 < -19. 5 x, is
15 21 9p
(a) 1 - (b) 1 + 15 (c) 1 - (d) 1 + 21 (a) - 6 p (b) 6 p (c) (d) - 4p
6 6 2
722 JEE Main Mathematics

x sin t 111. On the interval [0,1], the function x 25 (1 - x)75 takes

101. The points of extrema of f ( x) = ò dt in the
0 t
its maximum value at the point
domain x > 0 are
p p (a) 0 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/3
(a) (2 n + 1) , n = 1, 2 ,... (b) (4n + 1) , n = 1, 2 ,... -x
2 2 112. The function f ( x) = x , ( x > 0) attains a maximum
p
(c) (2 n + 1) , n = 1, 2 ,... (d) np, n = 1, 2 ,... value at x which is
4 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d) 1
102. The number of critical points of e
f (x) =|x|(x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3) is 113. The function y = a (1 - cos x) is maximum when x is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 equal to
103. At what points in the interval [0, 2p], does the (a) p (b) p / 2 (c) - p / 2 (d) - p / 6
function sin 2x attain its maximum value? 114. The function f ( x) = x + sin x has
p 5p p 3p
(a) x = and x = (b) x = and x = (a) a minimum but no maximum
4 4 4 4
(b) a maximum but no minimum
-p -3p
(c) x = and x = (d) None of these (c) neither maximum nor minimum
4 4
(d) both maximum and minimum
104. It is given that at x = 1, the function
115. If a differential function f ( x) has a relative
x 4 - 62 x 2 + ax + 9 attains its maximum value, on minimum at x = 0, then the function
the interval [0, 2 ]. Find the value of a. f( x) = f ( x) + ax + b has a relative minimum at x = 0
(a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 75 (d) 120 for
105. The maximum and minimum values of x + sin 2 x on (a) all a and all b (b) all b, if a = 0
(c) all b > 0 (d) all a > 0
[0, 2p] is
(a) 2p and 0 (b) p and
1 116. The denominator of a fraction is greater than 16 of
2 the square of numerator, then least value of fraction
p is
(c) and -1 (d) None of these
2 (a) - 1 /4 (b) - 1 / 8
106. The maximum value of [ x ( x - 1) + 1]1/ 3, 0 £ x £ 1 is (c) 1/12 (d) 1/16
1 /3
æ1ö 1 b
(a) ç ÷ (b) (c) 1 (d) zero 117. The function f ( x) = ax + , b, x > 0 takes the least
è3ø 2 x
value at x equal to
107. The function f ( x) = 4 x 3 - 18 x 2 + 27 x - 7 has
(a) b (b) a
(a) one local maxima
b
(b) one local minima (c) b (d)
a
(c) one local maxima and two local minima
x
(d) neither maxima nor minima 118. In ( - 4, 4) the function f ( x) = ò ( t 4 - 4) e- 4 t dt has
- 10
108. All the points of local maxima and local minima of (a) no extrema (b) one extremum
-3 4 45 2
the function f ( x) = x - 8 x3 - x + 105 are (c) two extrema (d) four extrema
4 2
119. The function f ( x) = a cos x + b tan x + x has extreme
(a) x = 0, - 5 and x = - 3 (b) x = 1, 3 and x = - 2
p
(c) x = 0, - 3 and x = - 2 (d) None of these values at x = 0 and x = , then
6
109. The value of ‘a’ for which the function (a) a = -
2
(b) a =
2
, b = -1 , b = -1
1 p 3 3
f ( x) = a sin x + sin 3x has an extremum at x = is
3 3 2 2
(c) a = - , b = 1 (d) a = , b = 1
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) 0 3 3

110. If f ( x) = x + 1, "x Î R and g ( x) = ex , "x Î [ -2, 0 ], then 120. The absolute maximum and minimum values of the
function f given by f ( x) = cos2 x + sin x, x Î[0, p]
the maximum value of f (|x|) - g ( x) is
1 1 1 1 (a) 2.25 and 2 (b) 1.25 and 1
(a) 3 + (b) 3 + (c) -3 - (d) 3 - (c) 1.75 and 1.5 (d) None of these
e e2 e2 e2
Application of Derivatives 723

x (c) four irrational numbers

121. The maximum value of f ( x) = on [ -1, 1] is
4 + x + x2 (d) two irrational and one rational number
1 1 1 1
(a) - (b) - (c) (d) 129. If m is the minimum value of k for which the
4 3 6 5
function f ( x) = x kx - x 2 is increasing in the
122. In interval [1, e], the greatest value of x 2 log x is interval [0, 3] and M is the maximum value of f in
1 1 the interval [0, 3] when k = m, then the ordered
(a) e2 (b) log
e e pair ( m, M ) is equal to (JEE Main 2019)
(c) e2 log e (d) None of these (a) (4, 3 2 ) (b) (4, 3 3 ) (c) (3, 3 3 ) (d) (5, 3 6 )
123. The function f ( x) =| px - q|+ r |x|, x Î ( - ¥, ¥), 130. Let f ( x) = 5 -|x - 2|and g ( x) =|x + 1,
| x Î R. If f ( x)
where p > 0, q > 0, r > 0 assumes its minimum value attains maximum value at a and g ( x) attains
only on one point, if ( x - 1) ( x 2 - 5 x + 6)
minimum value of b, then lim
(a) p ¹ q (b) r ¹ q (c) r ¹ p (d) p = q = r x ® - ab x2 - 6 x + 8
124. If S1 and S2 are respectively the sets of local is equal to (JEE Main 2019)

minimum and local maximum points of the (a) 1/2 (b) - 3 / 2 (c) - 1 / 2 (d) 3/2
function, f ( x) = 9 x 4 + 12 x 3 - 36 x 2 + 25, x Î R, then 131. The maximum value of the function
(JEE Main 2019)
f ( x) = 3x 3 - 18 x 2 + 27 x - 40 on the set
(a) S1 = { -2} ; S 2 = {0,1} (b) S1 = { -2, 0} ; S 2 = {1}
S = { x Î R : x 2 + 30 £ 11x } is (JEE Main 2019)
(c) S1 = { -2, 1} ; S 2 = {0} (d) S1 = { -1} ; S 2 = {0, 2}
(a) 122 (b) - 122 (c) - 222 (d) 222
125. The set of all real values of l for which the function 2 1 1
æ p pö 132. Let f ( x) = x + 2 and g ( x) = x - , x Î R - { -1, 0, 1}.
f ( x) = (1 - cos2 x). ( l + sin x), x Î ç - , ÷, has exactly x x
è 2 2ø f ( x)
If h( x) = , then the local minimum value of h( x)
one maxima and exactly one minima, is g ( x)
(JEE Main 2020)
æ 1 1ö æ 3 3ö is (JEE Main 2018)
(a) ç - , ÷ - {0} (b) ç - , ÷
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø (a) 3 (b) -3 (c) -2 2 (d) 2 2
æ 1 1ö æ 3 3ö
(c) ç - , ÷ (d) ç - , ÷ - {0} 133. Let f ( x) be a polynomial of degree four having
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø
extreme values at x = 1 and x = 2. If
126. Let f ( x) be a polynomial of degree 5 such that é f ( x) ù
lim 1 + 2 ú = 3, then f ( 2) is equal to
x = ± 1 are its critical points. x ®0 ê
ë x û (JEE Main 2015)
æ f ( x) ö
If lim ç 2 + 3 ÷ = 4, then which one of the (a) -8 (b) -4 (c) 0 (d) 4
x®0 è x ø
134. If x = -1 and x = 2 are extreme points of
following is not true? (JEE Main 2020)
f ( x) = a log|x|+ bx 2 + x, then (JEE Main 2014)
(a) f is an odd function. 1 1
(b) x = 1 is a point of minima and x = - 1 is a point of (a) a = -6, b = (b) a = -6, b = -
2 2
maxima of f. 1 1
(c) f (1) - 4 f (-1) = 4. (c) a = 2, b = - (d) a = 2, b =
2 2
(d) x = 1 is a point of maxima and x = - 1 is a point of
5p ö x
minimum of f. 135. For x Î æç 0, ÷, define f ( x) = ò0 t sin t dt. Then, f
è 2 ø
127. Suppose f ( x) is a polynomial of degree four, having
has
critical points at - 1, 0, 1. If T = { x Î R } f ( x) = f (0),
(a) local minimum at p and 2p
then the sum of squares of all the elements of T is
(b) local minimum at p and local maximum at 2p
(JEE Main 2020)
(c) local maximum at p and local minimum at 2p
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 6
(d) local maximum at p and 2p
128. If f ( x) is a non-zero polynomial of degree four,
136. Let f : R ® R be defined by
having local extreme points at x = - 1, 0, 1, then the ì k - 2 x, if x £ - 1
set S = { x Î R : f ( x) = f (0)} contains exactly f ( x) = í . If f has a local minimum
(JEE Main 2019) î 2 x + 3, if x > - 1
(a) four rational numbers at x = -1, then a possible value of k is
(b) two irrational and two rational numbers 1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) - (d) -1
2
724 JEE Main Mathematics

Point of Inflection and Application of 146. The maximum area of an isosceles triangle
x2 y2
Maxima and Minima inscribed in the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 with its vertex
a b
137. The point of inflexion for the curve y = x 5 / 2 is at one end of the major axis.
(a) (1, 1) (b) (0, 0) (c) (1, 0) (d) (0, 1) 3 3
(a) ab sq unit (b) 3 ab sq unit
4 4
138. The two positive numbers x and y such that their 3
(c) ab sq unit (d) None of these
sum is 35 and the product is x 2 y 5 is maximum, are 4
(a) 15 and 20 (b) 10 and 25
147. The sum of the perimeter of a circle and square is k,
(c) 5 and 30 (d) None of these
where k is some constant, then the sum of their
139. The two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the areas is least when the side of square is
sum of whose cubes is minimum, are (a) equal to the radius of the circle
(a) 4 and 12 (b) 6 and 10 (b) double the radius of the circle
(c) 8 and 8 (d) None of these (c) triple the radius of the circle
140. A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made (d) None of the above
into a box without top, by cutting off square from 148. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted
each corner and folding up the flaps of the box. by a semi-circle opening. The perimeter of the
What should be the side of the square to be cut-off window is 10 m. The dimensions of the window to
so that the volume of the box is maximum possible? admit maximum light through the whole opening is
1
(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 9 cm (a) length = breadth =
p+ 4
141. The closed right circular cylinder of given surface 20 10
and maximum volume is such that its height is (b) length = and breadth =
p+4 p+4
equal to 2 1
(c) length = and breadth =
(a) the radius of the base p+4 p+4
(b) the diameter of the base
(d) None of the above
(c) the twice of diameter of the base
(d) None of the above 149. The altitude of the right circular cone of maximum
volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius r
142. The right circular cone of least curved surface area
is
and given volume has an altitude equal to r r 3r 4r
(a) two times the radius of the base. (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 3
(b) 3 times the radius of the base.
150. The height of the cylinder of maximum volume that
(c) 2 times the radius of the base.
can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R and the
(d) None of the above
maximum volume respectively
143. The semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum 2R 4pR 3 R pR 3
(a) and (b) and
volume and of given slant height is 3 3 3 3 3 3
(a) tan -1 3 (b) tan -1 2 4R 2pR 3
(c) and (d) None of these
æ 1 ö 3 3 3
(c) tan -1 ç ÷ (d) None of these
è 2ø 151. The height of the cylinder of greatest volume which
144. The semi-vertical angle of right circular cone of can be inscribed in a circular cone of height h and
given surface area and maximum volume is having semi-vertical angle a and the greatest
æ1ö volume of cylinder are respectively
sin -1 ç ÷.
è3ø 2 2
(a) that of the cone, ph3 tan a
æ1ö æ1ö 3 27
(a) sin -1 ç ÷ (b) sin -1 ç ÷ 4 4
è3ø è2ø (b) that of the cone, ph 2 tan3 a
3 27
(c) sin -1 ( 3 ) (d) None of these 1 4
2 (c) that of the cone, ph3 tan 2 a
145. The point on the curve x = 2 y which is nearest to 3 27
the point (0, 5) is 5 4
(d) that of the cone, ph tan a
(a) (2 2 , 4) (b) (2 2 , 0) (c) (0, 0) (d) (2, 2) 3 27
Application of Derivatives 725

152. If the sum of the length of the hypotenuse and a (a) an empty set
side of a right angled triangle is given. Then, the (b) (-3 3 , - 2 3 )
area of the triangle is maximum when the angle (c) (2 3 , 3 3 )
between them is (d) (- 3 3 , - 2 3 ) È (2 3 , 3 3 )
p p p p
(a) (b) (c) (d) 163. The tangent to the curve y = x 3 - 6 x 2 + 9 x + 4,
6 4 3 2
0 £ x £ 5 has maximum slope at x which is equal to
153. Maximum slope of the curve y = - x 3 + 3x 2 + 9 x - 27 is (a) 2 (b) 3
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 32 (c) 4 (d) None of these
154. If PQ and PR are the two sides of a triangle, then 164. Let P (h,k) be a point on the curve y = x 2 + 7 x + 2,
the angle between them which gives maximum nearest to the line y = 3x - 3. Then, the equation of
area of the triangle, is the normal to the curve at P is (JEE Main 2020)
(a) p (b) p / 3 (c) p / 4 (d) p / 2
(a) x - 3 y - 11 = 0 (b) x - 3 y + 22 = 0
155. If ab = 2 a + 3b, a > 0, b > 0, then the minimum value (c) x + 3 y - 62 = 0 (d) x + 3 y + 26 = 0
of ab is 165. The height of a right circular cylinder of maximum
(a) 12 (b) 24
volume inscribed in a sphere of radius 3 is
1
(c) (d) None of these (JEE Main 2019)
4
(a) 6 (b) 2 3
156. The minimum radius vector of the curve 2
(c) 3 (d) 3
a 2 b2 3
+ 2 = 1 is of length
x2 y 166. The maximum volume (in cum) of the right circular
(a) a - b (b) a + b cone having slant height 3 m is (JEE Main 2019)
(c) 2a + b (d) None of these 4
(a) p (b) 2 3p (c) 3 3p (d) 6p
157. The perimeter of a sector is p. The area of the 3
sector is maximum, when its radius is 167. A helicopter is flying along the curve given by
1 p p
(a) p (b) (c) (d) y - x 3/ 2 = 7, ( x ³ 0). A soldier positioned at the point
p 2 4
æ1 ö
ç , 7 ÷ wants to shoot down the helicopter when it
158. If xy = c2 , then minimum value of a x + by is è2 ø
(a) c ab (b) 2 c ab (c) - c ab (d) - 2 c ab is nearest to him. Then, this nearest distance is
2 4 2 4 6 (JEE Main 2019)
159. If a x + b y = c , then maximum value of xy is
1 7 5 1 7 1
c2 c3 c3 c3 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3 3 6 6 3 2
ab ab 2 ab 2 ab
168. If 20 m of wire is available for fencing off a flower-bed
160. A cone of maximum volume is inscribed in the in the form of a circular sector, then the maximum
given sphere, then ratio of the height of the cone to area (in sq m) of the flower-bed is (JEE Main 2017)
diameter of the sphere is (a) 12.5 (b) 10 (c) 25 (d) 30
2 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 169. The radius of a circle having minimum area, which
3 4 3 4
touches the curve y = 4 - x 2 and the lines y =|x |, is
161. A given right circular cone has O (JEE Main 2017)
a
volume p and the largest right Q x (a) 2 ( 2 + 1) (b) 2 ( 2 - 1)
circular cylinder that can be (c) 4 ( 2 - 1) (d) 4 ( 2 + 1)
inscribed in the cone has a
170. A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which
volume q. Then, p : q is
(a) 9 : 4 (b) 8 : 3 A L H P are bent respectively to form a square of side
(c) 7 : 2 (d) None of these = x units and a circle of radius = r units. If the sum
of the areas of the square and the circle so formed
162. The set of all values of the parameter a for which the
is minimum, then (JEE Main 2016)
points of minimum of the function y = 1 + a 2 x - x 3
(a) 2x = (p + 4)r (b) (4 - p )x = pr
x2 + x + 2 (c) x = 2r (d) 2x = r
satisfy the inequality 2 £ 0, is
x + 5x + 6
726 JEE Main Mathematics

ROUND II Mixed Bag

Only One Correct Option (a)
22
(b)
6
7 7
1. Line joining the points (0, 3) and (5, - 2) is a
(c) –6 (d) None of these
ax
tangent to the curve y = , then 9. The values of a for which the function
1+ x
( a + 2) x 3 - 3ax 2 + 9 ax - 1 = 0 decreases
(a) a = 1 ± 3 (b) a = f
monotonically throughout for all real x, are
(c) a = - 1 ± 3 (d) a = - 2 ± 2 3
(a) a < - 2 (b) a > - 2
2. If f ( x) = x 3 + bx 2 + cx + d and 0 < b2 < c, then in (c) -3 < a < 0 (d) -¥ < a £ - 3
( -¥, ¥) x x
10. If f ( x) = and g ( x) = , where 0 < x £ 1, then
(a) f (x) is strictly increasing function sin x tan x
(b) f (x) has a local maxima in this interval
(c) f (x) is a strictly decreasing function (a) both f (x) and g (x) are increasing functions
(d) f (x) is unbounded (b) both f (x) and g (x) are decreasing
x (c) f (x) is an increasing function
3. f ( x) = ò |log 2 [log 3{log 4 (cos t + a)}]|dt. If f ( x) is (d) g (x) is an increasing function
0
increasing for all real values of x, then a sin x + b cos x
11. The function is decreasing, if
(a) a Î (-1, 1) (b) a Î (1, 5) c sin x + d cos x
(c) a Î (1, ¥ ) (d) a Î (5, ¥ ) (a) ad - bc > 0 (b) ad - bc < 0
2 2 (c) ab - cd > 0 (d) 0 £ x £ -2
4. The parabolas y = 4 ax and x = 4 by intersect
orthogonally at point P ( x1, y1), where x1, y1 ¹ 0, then 12. The maximum slope of the curve
(a) b = a 2 (b) b = a3 1 4
y= x - 5 x 3 + 18 x 2 - 19 x occurs at the point
(c) b 3 = a 2 (d) None of these 2 (JEE Main 2021)
5. y = f ( x) is a parabola, having its axis parallel to æ 21 ö
(a) (2, 9) (b) (2, 2) (c) ç3, ÷ (d) (0, 0)
y-axis. If the line y = x touches this parabola at è 2ø

x = 1, then 13. The function f ( x) = x ( x + 3) e- (1/ 2 ) x satisfies all the

(a) f ¢ ¢ (1) + f ¢ (0) = 1 (b) f ¢ ¢ (0) - f ¢ (1) = 1 conditions of Rolle’s theorem in [ -3, 0 ]. The value of c
(c) f ¢ ¢ (1) - f ¢ (0) = 1 (d) f ¢ ¢ (0) + f ¢ (1) = 1 is
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) -2 (d) -3
6. If f ¢ ( x) > 0 and f ¢ ¢ ( x) > 0, "x Î R, then for any two
real numbers x1 and x2 , ( x1 ¹ x2 ) 14. Let f ( x) satisfy all the conditions of mean value
æ x + x 2 ö f (x1 ) + f (x 2) 1
(a) f ç 1 ÷> theorem in [0, 2 ]. If f (0) = 0 and| f ¢ ( x)|£ for all x,
è 2 ø 2 2
æ x1 + x 2 ö f (x1 ) + f (x 2) in [0, 2 ], then
(b) f ç ÷<
è 2 ø 2 (a) f (x) < 2
æ x + x 2ö f ¢ (x1 + f ¢ (x 2)
) (b) | f (x)| £ 1
(c) f¢ ç 1 ÷>
è 2 ø 2 (c) f (x) = 2x
æ x1 + x 2 ö f ¢ (x1 ) + f ¢ (x 2) (d) f (x) = 3 for atleast one x in [0, 2]
(d) f¢ ç ÷<
è 2 ø 2 15. The function f ( x) = x 3 - 6 x 2 + ax + b satisfy the
pö conditions of Rolle’s theorem in [1, 3]. The values of
7. Let f ¢ (sin x) < 0 and f ¢ ¢ (sin x) > 0, "x Î æç 0, ÷ and
è 2ø a and b are
g ( x) = f (sin x) + f (cos x), then g ( x) is decreasing in (a) 11, - 6 (b) -6, 11 (c) -11, 6 (d) 6, - 11
æ p pö æ pö 2
(a) ç , ÷ (b) ç0, ÷ 16. The function f ( x) = ( x - 3) satisfies all the
è4 2ø è 4ø
conditions of mean value theorem in [3, 4 ]. A point
æ pö æ p pö
(c) ç0, ÷ (d) ç , ÷ on y = ( x - 3) 2 , where the tangent is parallel to the
è 2ø è6 2ø
chord joining (3, 0) and ( 4, 1) is
8. The slope of tangent to the curve x = t 2 + 3t - 8, æ 7 1ö æ 7 1ö
(a) ç , ÷ (b) ç , ÷ (c) (1, 4) (d) (4, 1)
2 è 2 2ø è 2 4ø
y = 2 t - 2 t - 5 at the point ( 2, - 1) is
Application of Derivatives 727

17. In the mean value theorem, 26. The values of a in order that
f ( b) - f ( a) = ( b - a) f ¢ ( c), if a = 4, b = 9 and f ( x) = 3 sin x - cos x - 2 ax + b decreases for all real
f ( x) = x , then the value of c is values of x, is given by
(a) 8.00 (b) 5.25 (c) 4.00 (d) 6.25 (a) a < 1 (b) a ³ 1
18. Let a + b = 4, a < 2 and g ( x) be a monotonically (c) a £ 2 (d) a < 2
increasing function of x. Then, 27. In [0, 1], Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not
a b applicable to
f ( x) = ò g ( x) dx + ò0 g ( x) dx
0 ì 1 1
- x, x<
(a) increases with increase in (b - a ) ïï 2 2
(b) decreases with increase in (b - a ) (a) f (x) = í 2
æ 1 ö 1
ïç - x÷ , x ³
(c) increases with decreases in (b - a ) ïîè 2 ø 2
(d) None of the above ìïsin x
, x¹0
19. The sum of intercepts on coordinate axes made by (b) f (x) = í x
ïî 1, x=0
tangent to the curve x + y = a is
(a) a (b) 2a (c) f (x) = x|x|
(c) 2 a (d) None of these (d) f (x) =|x|
2 28. The tangent to the curve y = ex drawn at the point
20. Let f ¢ ( x) = ex and f (0) = 10. If A < f (1) < B can be
( c, ec ) intersects the line joining the points
concluded from the mean value theorem, then the
( c - 1, ec - 1) and ( c + 1, ec + 1)
largest value of ( A - B) is equals
(a) on the left of x = c (b) on the right of x = c
(a) e (b) 1 - e
(c) at no point (d) at all points
(c) e - 1 (d) 1 + e
21. The function f ( x) = cos x - 2 px is monotonically 29. The tangent at (1, 7) to the curve x 2 = y - 6 touches
the circle x 2 + y 2 + 16 x + 12 y + c = 0 at
decreasing for (a) (6, 7) (b) (-6, 7) (c) (6, - 7) (d) (-6, - 7)
1 1
(a) p < (b) p >
2 2 30. If m be the slope of a tangent to the curve
(c) p < 2 (d) p > 2 e y = 1 + x 2 , then
22. The abscissa of the points of the curve y = x 3 in the (a) |m| > 1 (b) m < 1 (c) |m| < 1 (d) |m| £ 1
interval [ -2, 2 ], where the slope of the tangents can 31. If the line joining the points (0, 3) and (5, - 2) is a
be obtained by mean value theorem for the interval c
tangent to the curve y = , then the value of c is
[ -2, 2 ], are x+1
2 3 (a) 1 (b) –2
(a) ± (b) + 3 (c) ± (d) 0
3 2 (c) 4 (d) None of these
23. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = 1 - ex / 2 32. The total number of parallel tangents of
at the point of intersection with the Y-axis is f1 ( x) = x 2 - x + 1 and f2 ( x) = x 3 - x 2 - 2 x + 1 are
(a) x + 2 y = 0 (b) 2 x + y = 0 (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) infinite
(c) x - y = 2 (d) None of these
33. The angle of intersection of curves,
24. The chord joining the points, where x = p and x = q y = [|sin x |+ |cos x |] and x 2 + y 2 = 5, where [×]
2
on the curve y = ax + bx + c is parallel to the denotes greatest integral function is
tangent at the point on the curve whose abscissa is p æ1ö
p+ q p-q (a) (b) tan -1 ç ÷
(a) (b) 4 è2ø
2 2 (c) tan -1 (2) (d) None of these
pq
(c) (d) None of these
2 34. The area of the triangle formed by the coordinate
x axes and a tangent to the curve xy = a 2 at the point
25. If f ( x) = ( ab - b2 - 2) x + ò (cos4 q + sin 4 q) dq is
0 ( x1, y1) on it is
decreasing function of x for all x Î R and b Î R, b a 2x1 a 2x 2
being independent of x, then (a) (b)
y1 x1
(a) a Î(0, 6 ) (b) a Î (- 6 , 6 )
(c) 2a 2 (d) 4a 2
(c) a Î (- 6 , 0) (d) None of these
728 JEE Main Mathematics

35. The equation of tangent to the curve æ 1 ö

n n
If x is increasing at the rate ç ÷ mph and q is
æxö æ yö è 12 ø
ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 2 at ( a, b) is p
èaø è bø increasing at the rate of radius/h, then the rate
x y x y 1 180
(a) + =2 (b) + = in m 2 /h at which the area of the triangle is
a b a b 2
p
x y increasing when x = 12 m and q =
(c) - =2 (d) ax + by = 2 4
b a
æ 2p ö 73 1/ 2
36. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the curve (a) 21/ 2 ç1 + ÷ (b) ×2
è 5ø 2
xy = 1, then 31/ 2 p æ1 pö
(a) a > 0, b > 0 (b) a > 0, b < 0 (c) + (d) 21/ 2 ç + ÷
2 5 è2 5 ø
(c) a < 0, b < 0 (d) None of these
43. f ( x) = x 2 - 4 |x |and
37. The interval in which
f ( x) = 3 cos4 x + 10 cos3 x + 6 cos3 x - 3 decreases is ì min { f ( t) : - 6 £ t £ x }, x Î [ - 6, 0 ]
g ( x) = í , then g ( x)
x Î[0, p] î max { f ( t) : 0 < t £ x }, x Î (0, 6 ]
æ p ö æ 2p ö æ p 2p ö has
(a) ç0, ÷ È ç , p÷ (b) ç , ÷
è 2ø è 3 ø è2 3 ø (a) exactly one point of local minima
æ p ö æ 2p ö (b) exactly one point of local maxima
(c) ç0, ÷ È ç , p÷ (d) None of these
è 3ø è 3 ø (c) no point to local maxima but exactly one point of
local minima
38. Function f ( x) = 2 x 2 - log|x |, x ¹ 0 monotonically (d) neither a point of local maxima nor minima
increases in
x2 - 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1 ö æ1 ö 44. The function f ( x) = has
(a) ç -¥ , - ÷ È ç0, ÷ (b) ç - , 0÷ È ç , ¥ ÷ x2 - 4
è 2ø è 2ø è 2 ø è2 ø
æ1 ö (a) no point of local minima
(c) (-¥ , 0) È ç , ¥ ÷ (d) None of these
è2 ø (b) no point of local maxima
(c) exactly one point of local minima
39. Let f ( x) and g ( x) be two continuous functions (d) exactly one point of local maxima
defined from R ® R, such that f ( x1) > f ( x2 ) and x
g ( x1) < g ( x2 ), "x1 > x2 , then solution set of
45. If f ( x) = ò ( t 2 - 1) cos t dt, x Î (0, 2p). Then, f ( x)
0
f { g ( a 2 - 2 a)} > f { g (3a - 4)} is attains local maximum value at
(a) R (b) f (c) (1, 4) (d) R - [1, 4] p 3p
(a) x = (b) x = 1 (c) x = (d) None of these
ln ( p + x) 2 2
40. The function f ( x) = is
ln ( e + x) ì 4 x - x 3 + log ( a 2 - 3a + 3), 0 £ x <3
46. f ( x) = í
(a) increasing on (0, ¥ ) î x - 18 , x ³3
(b) decreasing in (0, ¥ )
(c) increasing on (0, p /e), decreasing on (p /e, ¥ ) Complete the set of values of a such that f ( x) has a
(d) decreasing on (0 , p /e), increasing on (p /e, ¥ ) local maxima at x = 3, is
(a) [-1, 2] (b) (-¥ , 1) È (2, ¥ )
41. Assuming the petrol burnt (per hour) in driving a (c) [1, 2] (d) (-¥ , - 1) È (2, ¥ )
motorboat varies as the cube of its velocity, then
ax + b
the most economical speed when going against a 47. The function f ( x) = has a local
( x - 1) ( x - 4)
current of c miles per hour
c 2c 3c maxima at ( 2, - 1), then
(a) mph (b) mph (c) mph (d) 2c mph
2 3 2 (a) b = 1, a = 0 (b) a = 1, b = 0
(c) b = - 1, a = 0 (d) a = - 1, b = 0
42. Let x be the length of one of the equal sides of an
x æ pö
isosceles triangle and let q be the angle between 48. If f ( x) = , x Î ç 0, ÷, then
1 + x tan x è 2ø
them.
(a) f (x) has exactly one point of minima
q (b) f (x) has exactly one point of maxima
æ pö
x x (c) f (x) is increasing in ç0, ÷
è 2ø
æ pö
(d) f (x) is decreasing in ç0, ÷
è 2ø
Application of Derivatives 729

49. A straight line is drawn through the point P (3, 4) 1

(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)
meeting the positive direction of coordinate axes at 2
the points A and B. If O is the origin, then 58. Let f ( x) = 1 + 2 x 2 + 2 2 x 4 + K + 210 x 20 , then f ( x) has
minimum area of DOAB is equal to (a) more than one minimum
(a) 12 sq units (b) 6 sq units (b) exactly one minimum
(c) 24 sq units (d) 48 sq units (c) atleast one maximum
50. Let A ( x1, y1), B ( x 2 , y2 ) and C ( x3, y3) be the (d) None of the above

vertices of a DABC. A parallelogram AFDE is 59. The point in the interval [0, 2p] , where
drawn with D, E and F on the line segment BC, CA f ( x) = ex sin x has maximum slope is
and AB, respectively. Then, maximum area of such p p
(a) (b)
a parallelogram is 4 2
1 1 (c) p (d) None of these
(a) (area of DABC ) (b) (area of DABC)
2 4 ì 3 1ö
æ
1 1 |x + x 2 + 3x + sin x|ç 3 + sin ÷, x ¹ 0
(c) (area of DABC) (d) (area of DABC ) 60. Let f ( x) = ïí è xø ,
6 8 ïî 0, x =0
51. Let y = f ( x) be a parametrically defined expression then number of points [where, f ( x) attains its
such that x = 3 t 2 - 18 t + 7 and minimum value] is
y = 2 t 3 - 15 t 2 + 24 t + 10, ", x Î [0, 6 ] . Then, the (a) 1 (b) 2
minimum and maximum values of y = f ( x) are (c) 3 (d) infinite many
(a) 36, 3 (b) 46, 6 (c) 40, -6 (d) 46, -6
2
61. If f ( x) = a log e |x|+ bx 2 + x has extremum at x = 1
ì|x - 2 |,
ï -1 £ x < 3 and x = 3, then
ï x
52. Let f ( x) = í , 3 £ x < 2 3, then the (a) a = - 3 / 4, b = - 1 / 8 (b) a = 3 / 4, b = - 1 / 8
ï 3 (c) a = - 3 / 4, b = 1 / 8 (d) None of these
ïî 3 - x, 2 3 £x£4
62. The total number of local maxima and local minima
points, where f ( x) takes maximum and minimum ì ( 2 + x) 3, - 3 < x £ - 1
values, are of the function f ( x) = í 2 / 3 is
(a) 1, 4 (b) 0, 4
î x , -1 < x < 2
(c) 2, 4 (d) None of these (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
53. The value of a so that the sum of the squares of the
roots of the equation x 2 - ( a - 2) x - a + 1 = 0
63. If f ( x) = x 2 + 2 bx + 2 c2 and g ( x) = - x 2 - 2 cx + b2
assume the least value is such that minimum f ( x) > g ( x), then the relation
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0 between b and c is
x 2 (a) 0 < c < b 2
54. A minimum value of ò te- t dt is (b) | c| < | b| 2
0

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0 (c) | c| > | b| 2

2
(d) no real values of b and c
55. If y = a log x + bx + x has its extremum value at
64. The curved surface of the cone inscribed in a given
x = 1 and x = 2, then ( a, b) is equal to
sphere is maximum, if
æ 1ö æ1 ö æ -1 ö æ -2 -1 ö 4R R
(a) ç1, ÷ (b) ç , 2÷ (c) ç2 , ÷ (d) ç , ÷
è 2ø è2 ø è 2 ø è 3 6 ø (a) h = (b) h =
3 3
56. If P = (1, 1), Q = (3, 2) and R is a point on x-axis, 2R
(c) h = (d) None of these
3
then the value of PR + RQ will be minimm at
æ5 ö æ1 ö 65. The minimum intercepts made by the axes on the
(a) ç , 0÷ (b) ç , 0÷ (c) (3 , 0) (d) (1, 0)
è3 ø è3 ø x2 y2
tangent to the ellipse + = 1 is
16 9
57. If the function f ( x) = 2 x 3 - 9 ax 2 + 12 a 2 x + 1, where
(a) 25 (b) 7
a > 0 attains its maximum and minimum at p and q
(c) 1 (d) None of these
respectively such that p 2 = q, then a is equal to
730 JEE Main Mathematics

x
1 72. The coordinates of a point of the parabola
66. Maximum value of æç ö÷ is
èxø y = x 2 + 7 x + 2 which is closest to the straight line
e 1/ e
(a) (e) (b) (e) y = 3x - 3 is
e
æ1ö (a) (-2,8) (b) (-2, -8)
(c) (e)- e (d) ç ÷
è eø (c) (2, -8) (d) None of these
n2
67. The largest term in the sequence an = 3
is Numerical Value Type Questions
n + 200
73. If the tangent to the curve, y = ex at a point ( c, ec )
given by
and the normal to the parabola, y 2 = 4 x at the point
529 8
(a) (b) (1, 2) intersect at the same point the X-axis, then
49 89
49 the value of c is .......... . (JEE Main 2020)
(c) (d) None of these
543 74. Let f ( x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that
p f ( - 1) = 10, f (1) = - 6, f ( x) has a critical point at
68. If A > 0, B > 0 and A + B = , then the maximum
3 x = - 1 and f ¢ ( x) has a critical point at x = 1. The
value of tan A × tan B is f ( x) has a local minima at x = .............
1 1 (JEE Main 2020)
(a) (b)
3 3
75. The x-coordinate of the point on the curve 9 y 2 = x 3,
(c) 3 (d) 3
where the normal to the curve makes equal
69. All possible values of the parameter a so that the intercepts with the axes is ……… .
function f ( x) = x 3 - 3(7 - a) x 2 - 3( 9 - a 2 ) x + 2 has a
76. The curve y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + 5 touches the X-axis
negative point of local minimum are
(a) all real values at P ( -2, 0) and cuts the Y-axis at a point Q, where
(b) no real values its gradient is 3. Then, the value of c - 4 a - 12 b is
(c) (0, ¥ ) ……… .
(d) (-¥ ,0)
77. A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be
ì px
made into a box without top, by cutting off square
70. f ( x) = ïí cos 2 , x > 0,
ïî x + a, x £ 0 from each corner and folding up the flaps. Then,
the length of the side of the square to be cut-off so
then x =0 will be a point of local maxima for f ( x), if that the volume of the box is maximum is ……… .
(a) a Î (-1,1) (b) a Î (0,1)
78. The minimum value of f ( x) =|3 - x|+|2 + x|+|5 - x|
(c) a £ 0 (d) a ³ 1
is ……… .
71. Let (h, k) be a fixed point, where h > 0, k > 0. A
1
straight line passing through this point cuts the 79. If S = 4 t + is the equation of motion of a particle,
t
positive direction of the coordinate axes at the
then its acceleration when velocity vanishes is
points P and Q. Which of the following is the
minimum area of the DOPQ, O being the origin? ……… .
(a) hk (b) 2hk 80. Let f ( x) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 5 sin 2 x be an increasing
1
(c) hk (d) None of these function on the set R and if a 2 - 3b + l < 0 , then the
2
value of l is ……… .
Application of Derivatives 731

Answers
Round I
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (a)
71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (c) 77. (a) 78. (d) 79. (b) 80. (d)
81. (c) 82. (b) 83. (d) 84. (d) 85. (a) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (d)
91. (b) 92. (d) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (b)
101. (d) 102. (d) 103. (a) 104. (d) 105. (a) 106. (c) 107. (d) 108. (a) 109. (c) 110. (d)
111. (b) 112. (c) 113. (a) 114. (a) 115. (b) 116. (b) 117. (d) 118. (c) 119. (a) 120. (b)
121. (c) 122. (a) 123. (c) 124. (c) 125. (d) 126. (d) 127. (b) 128. (d) 129. (b) 130. (a)
131. (a) 132. (d) 133. (c) 134. (c) 135. (c) 136. (c) 137. (b) 138. (b) 139. (c) 140. (a)
141. (b) 142. (c) 143. (b) 144. (a) 145. (a) 146. (b) 147. (b) 148. (b) 149. (d) 150. (a)
151. (c) 152. (c) 153. (b) 154. (d) 155. (b) 156. (b) 157. (d) 158. (b) 159. (c) 160. (a)
161. (a) 162. (d) 163. (d) 164. (d) 165. (b) 166. (b) 167. (c) 168. (c) 169. (c) 170. (c)

Round II
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (d) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (d) 55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (a) 62. (c) 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (d)
71. (b) 72. (b) 73. (4) 74. (3) 75. (4) 76. (14) 77. (5) 78. (7) 79. (16) 80. (15)
 Solutions
Round I On differentiating w.r.t. ‘t’, we get
1. The average speed of the car, for time interval [t1 , t2] is dV dx
= 4p(10 + x)2 , … (i)
dt dt
f (t2) - f (t1 ) a (t22 - t12) + b (t2 - t1 ) d ( f (t ))
= = where t is time in min.
t2 - t1 t2 - t1 dt
dV
\ 2at + b = a (t2 + t1 ) + b It is given, the = - 50 cm3 / min,
dt
t + t2
Þ t= 1 Now when x is 5 cm, then
2
dx
\The average speed of the car over the time interval - 50 = 4p(10 + 5)2 [from Eq. (i)]
t + t2 dt
[t1 , t2] is attained at the point 1 . dx 50 1
2 Þ =- =- cm/min
dt 4p(225) 18p
2. Given, semi-vertical angle of right circular cone
Negative sign indicates the thickness of ice layer
æ1ö
= tan -1 ç ÷ decreases with time. Hence, option (d) is correct.
è2ø
4. Let r , l and h be the radius, slant height and height of
æ1ö
Let a = tan -1 ç ÷ cone respectively at any time t. Then,
è2ø
l2 = r 2 + h 2
1
Þ tan a = dl dr dh
2 Þ 2l = 2r + 2h
r 1 r dt dt dt
Þ = [from figure tan a = ] dl dr dh
h 2 h Þ l =r +h = 7 (3) + 24 (- 4)
1 dt dt dt
Þ r= h …(i)
2 = - 75
é dh dr ù
r êQ dt = - 4 and dt = 3ú
ë û
Now, l2 = 72 + 242
l h Þ l2 = 625 Þ l = 25
a dl
\ = -3
dt
ds d é dr dl ù
\ = (prl) = p ê l +r ú
1 2 dt dt ë dt dt û
Q Volume of cone is (V ) = pr h
3
= p [25 ´ 3 + 7 ´ (- 3)]
2
1 æ1 ö 1
\ V = p ç h ÷ (h ) = ph3 [from Eq. (i)] = p (54)
3 è2 ø 12 = 54 p cm2/min
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. ‘t’, we get
5. Given
dV 1 dh (i) Volume (V = 4500 p m3 /min) of the helium gas filled
= p(3h 2)
dt 12 dt in a spherical balloon.
dh 4 dV (ii) Due to a leak, the gas escapes the balloon at the rate
Þ =
dt ph 2 dt of 72 p m3 /min.
dh 4 dV
Þ = ´5 [Q given = 5 m3 /min] \ Rate of decrease of volume of the balloon is
dt ph 2 dt
dV
Now, at h = 10 m, the rate at which height of water = - 72 p m3 /min
dt
dh 4 1
level is rising = = ´5 = m/min To find The rate of decrease of the radius of the
dt h = 10 p(10)2 5p
balloon 49 min after the leakage started.
3. It is given that, a spherical iron ball of 10 cm radius is dr
i.e. at t = 49 min
coated with a layer of ice of uniform thickness, let the dt
thickness is ‘x’ cm, then volume of the ball is [assuming that the leakage started at time t = 0]
4 Now, the balloon is spherical in shape, hence the
V = p(10 + x)3
3
Application of Derivatives 733

4 3 Þ 21 + 20 t = t 2 [from Eq. (i)]

volume of the balloon is V = pr ×
3 Þ 2
t - 20 t - 21 = 0
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get 2
dV 4 æ 2 dr ö Þ t - 21 t + t - 21 = 0
= p ç3r ´ ÷
dt 3 è dt ø Þ t (t - 21 ) + 1 ( t - 21) = 0
dr dV /dt Þ ( t + 1)( t - 21) = 0
Þ = …(i)
dt 4 pr 2 Þ t = -1, 21
dr dV \ t = 21 s [Q neglecting t = -1]
Now, to find at t = 49 min, we require and the
dt dt 2
8. Equation of parabola is y = 18x.
radius (r ) at that stage,
dV On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get
= - 72 p m3 /min
dt dy dx
2y = 18
\ Amount of volume lost in 49 min = 72 p ´ 49 m3 dt dt
\ Final volume at the end of 49 min é dy dx ù
Þ 2 × 2 y = 18 êQ dt = 2 dt , given ú
3
= (4500 p - 3528 p ) m = 972 p m 3 ë û
9
If r is the radius at the end of 49 min, then Þ y=
4 3 2
pr = 972p Þ r3 = 729 Þ r = 9
3 From equation of parabola,
2
\ Radius of the balloon at the end of 49 min = 9 m æ9ö 81
ç ÷ = 18x Þ = 18x
Hence, from Eq. (i), we get è2ø 4
dr d V /dt 9
= Þ x=
dt 4 pr 2 8
æ dr ö (dV /dt )t = 49 æ9 9ö
Þ ç ÷ = Hence, required point is ç , ÷.
è dt ø t = 49 4 p (r 2)t = 49 è8 2ø
72p 2 9. If x is the side of an equilateral triangle and A is its area,
= = m/min
4p(92) 9 then
3 2 dA 3 dx
6. Since, x and y are the sides of two squares. A= x Þ = 2x
4 dt 4 dt
Thus, the area of two squares is x2 and y2. dx
dy Here, x = 10 cm and = 2 cm/s
2y dt
d ( y2 ) dx = y dy
\ 2
= …(i) 3
d (x ) 2 x x dx \ A= 2 (10) 2 = 10 3 cm2/s
4
Given, y = x - x2
dV
dy 10. Given that, =k (say)
Þ = 1 - 2x dt
dx
4
d ( y2 ) y Q V = pR3
\ = (1 - 2x) [using Eq. (i)] 3
d (x2) x
dV dR dR k k
(x - x2) (1 - 2x) Þ = 4pR2 Þ = =
= dt dt dt 4pR2 S
x
2 Rate of increasing radius is inversely proportional to its
= (2x - 3x + 1) surface area.
Thus, the rate of change of the area of second square
with respect to first square is (2x2 - 3x + 1). 11. They will encounter, if
10 + 6 t = 3 + t 2
7. Let lizard catch the insect C. 2
Þ t -6 t - 7 = 0 Þ t = 7
And distance covered by insect = S
S At t = 7 s, moving in a first point
Time taken by insect, t = …(i) d
20 v1 = (10 + 6 t ) = 6 cm/s
dt
Distance covered by lizard = 21 + S
1 At t = 7 s, moving in a second point
\ 21 + S = (2) × t 2 …(ii) d
2 v2 = (3 + t 2) = 2 t = 2 ´ 7 = 14 cm/s
1 dt
[QS = u t + at 2; here u = 0, a = 2 cm/s 2 and S = 20 t]
2 \ Resultant velocity = v2 - v1 = 14 - 6 = 8 cm/s
734 JEE Main Mathematics

dv Let r be the radius of the sphere and Dr be the error in

12. Given that, = 30 ft3 /min and r = 15 ft
dt measuring radius.
Volume of spherical balloon Then, r = 7 m and Dr = 0.02 m
4 dV dr 4 3
V = pr3 Þ = 4pr 2 Now, volume of a sphere is given by V = pr
3 dt dt 3
dr dV æ 4 ö
Þ 30 = 4pr 2 On differentiate w.r.t. r, we get = ç p ÷ (3r 2) = 4pr 2
dt dr è 3 ø
dr 30 1 æ dV ö
Þ = = ft/min \ DV = ç ÷ Dr = (4pr 2)Dr = 4p ´ 72 ´ 0.02 = 3.92 p m3
dt 4 ´ p ´ 15 ´ 15 30p è dr ø
13. The equation of given circle is Hence, the approximate error in calculating the volume
x2 + y2 = 1 is 3.92 p m3 .
On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get
dx dy 17. Firstly, break the number 5.001 as x = 5 and Dx = 0.001
2x + 2y =0 ~ f (x) + Dx f ¢ (x).
and use the relation f (x + Dx) -
dt dt
1 3 dy Consider f (x) = x3 - 7x2 + 15
But we have, x = , y = and = - 3, then
2 2 dt Þ f ¢ (x) = 3x2 - 14x
1 dx 3 dx Let x=5
+ (- 3) = 0 Þ =3 3
2 dt 2 dt and Dx = 0.001
Also, f (x + Dx) -~ f (x) + Dx f ¢ (x)
14. Given point is x = a + bt - ct 2
d 2x Therefore, f (x + Dx) - (x3 - 7x2 + 15) + Dx (3x2 - 14x)
~
Acceleration in x direction = = -2 c Þ ~ (53 - 7 ´ 52 + 15)
f (5.001) -
dt 2
d 2y + (3 ´ 52 - 14 ´ 5)(0.001)
and acceleration in y direction = 2 = 2 b [as x = 5, Dx = 0.001]
dt
2 2 = 125 - 175 + 15 + (75 - 70)(0.001)
æ d 2x ö æ d 2y ö
\ Resultant acceleration = çç 2 ÷÷ + çç 2 ÷÷ = - 35 + (5)(0.001)
è dt ø è dt ø = - 35 + 0.005 = - 34.995
= (-2 c)2 + (2 b)2 = 2 b2 + c2 18. We know that, area of circle, A = pr 2
15. If S represents the surface area, then Taking log on both sides, we get
dS log A = log p + 2 log r
= 2 cm2/s DA Dr
dt \ ´ 100 = 2 ´ ´ 100 = 2 ´ 0.05 = 0.1%
A r
r
19. Let y = cos x
dy
h l \ = - sin x
dx
p/4
Dy = cos (x + Dx) - cos x
= cos (60°1¢ ) - cos 60°
Since, dy is approximately equal to Dy and it is given
p p 2 by
S = prl = pl × sin
l= l
4 2 æ dy ö
Dy = ç ÷ Dx
dS 2p dl dl è dx ø x = 60°
Therefore, = l× = 2pl ×
dt 2 dt dt - 3 - 3 1
dl l 1 2 = ´ 1¢ = ´
when l = 4 cm, = ×2 = = cm/s 2 2 60
dt 2p × 4 2 2p 4p 1 3
\ cos (60°1¢ ) = -
16. Use the relation between volume V and radius r 2 120
4 3 dr 2r
i.e. V = pr , then differentiate it w.r.t. r and use 20. Given, ´ 100 = 2 Þ dr =
3 r 100
æ dV ö Surface area, S = 4pr 2
DV = ç ÷ Dr, to find the approximate change in
è dr ø 2r 16pr 2
Þ dS = 4p × 2r × dr = 8pr × =
volume V. 100 100
Application of Derivatives 735

Now, percentage error in surface area Since, this is parallel to the given curve y = 3x + 9.
dS 16pr 2 1 \ These slopes are equal.
= ´ 100 = ´ ´ 100 = 4%
S 100 4pr 2 Þ 4x - 1 = 3 Þ x=1
21. Volume of hollow, spherical shell, 2
At x = 1, y = 2 (1) - 1 + 1 Þ y=2
4 Thus, the point is (1, 2).
V = p [(3.0005)3 - (3)3 ]
3
24. Equation of the curve is x2y2 = a 4.
Now, (3.0005)3 = y + Dy, x = 3 and Dx = 0.0005
dy On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Let y = x3 Þ = 3 x2 dy
dx x22 y + y22x = 0
dy dx
\ Dy = ´ Dx = 3x2 ´ 0.0005 dy - y
dx Þ =
= 3 ´ 32 ´ 0.0005 dx x
æ dy ö æ a ö
= 0.0135 Þ ç ÷ = - çç ÷ =1
dx ÷
\ (3.0005)3 = y + Dy = 33 + 0.0135 è ø ( - a, a) è-aø
= 27.0135 Therefore, length of subtangent at the point (-a , a )
4 y a
\ V = p [27.0135 - 27.000] = = =a
3 æ dy ö 1
ç ÷
4 è dx ø
= p [0.0135]
3 25. Given curve is xy = c2 …(i)
= 4p ´ (0.0045)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
= 0.0180 p cm3
dy - c2
22. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve and write the = 2
dx x
general equation for tangent. Since, tangent passes
through the origin, so (0, 0) will satisfy it. dy y ´ (- c)2 - yc2
Length of subnormal = y = =
dx x2 æ c2 ö
2
The equation of the given curve is y = 4x3 - 2x5 ç ÷
dy ç y÷
è ø
= 12x2 - 10x4
dx é c2 ù
Therefore, the slope of the tangent at point (x, y) is ê from Eq. (i), x = ú
êë y úû
12x2 - 10x4.
- yc2y2 - y3
The equation of the tangent at (x, y) is given by = = 2
c4 c
Y - y = (12x2 - 10x4 ) (X - x) …(i)
\ Subnormal varies as y3 .
When the tangent passes through the origin (0, 0), then
X =Y = 0 26. Q y = x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 5
Therefore, Eq.(i) reduced to On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2 4 3 5 dy
- y = (12x - 10x )(- x) Þ y = 12x - 10x = 3 x2 - 6 x - 9
dx
Also, we have y = 4x3 - 2x5
Since, tangent is parallel to X-axis.
\ 12x3 - 10x5 = 4x3 - 2x5
dy
Þ 8x5 - 8x3 = 0 \ = 0 Þ 3 x2 - 6 x - 9 = 0
dx
Þ x5 - x3 = 0
Þ (x + 1)(x - 3) = 0 Þ x = -1, 3
Þ x3 (x2 - 1) = 0
27. Given curve is x = 3 t + 1, y = t3 - 1
2
Þ x = 0, ± 1
For x = 1, 3 t2 + 1 = 1 Þ t = 0
When x = 0, y = 4 (0)3 - 2(0)5 = 0. When x = 1,
dx dy
y = 4 (1)3 - 2(1)5 = 2. \ = 6 t, = 3 t2
3 5
dt dt
When x = - 1, y = 4 (-1) - 2(-1) = - 2 æ dy ö
ç ÷
Hence, the required points are (0, 0), (1, 2) and (–1, –2). dy ç dt ÷ 3 t 2 t
Now, = = =
23. Given curve is y = 2 x2 - x + 1 dx ç dx ÷ 6 t 2
ç ÷
è dt ø
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
æ dy ö 0
dy \ ç ÷ = =0
= 4x - 1 è dx ø ( t = 0) 2
dx
736 JEE Main Mathematics

dx Þ log x = - 2 Þ x = e- 2
28. We have, x = at 2 Þ = 2 at
dt and y = - 2 e- 2
dy
and y = 2 at Þ =2a \ Coordinates of the point are (e- 2, - 2 e- 2).
dt
dy 2 a 1 32. Given curve is
\ Slope of tangent = = =
dx 2 at t x = a (t + sin t ), y = a (1 - cos t )
1 dx dy
Þ =¥ Þ = a (1 + cos t ), = a (sin t )
t dt dt
dy dy / dt a (sin t )
Þ t = 0 Þ Point of contact is (0, 0). \ = =
dx dx / dt a (1 + cos t )
2
29. The given curve is (1 + x ) y = 2 - x …(i)
t t
2 sin cos
It meets X-axis, where y = 0 Þ 0 = 2 - x Þ x = 2
= 2 2 = tan t
So, Eq. (i) meets x-axis at the point (2, 0). t 2
2 cos 2
2-x 2
Also, from Eq. (i), y =
1 + x2 æ dy ö
2
Length of the normal = y 1 + ç ÷
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get è dx ø
dy (1 + x2)(-1) - (2 - x) (2 x) ætö
= = a (1 - cos t ) 1 + tan 2ç ÷
dx (1 + x2)2 è2ø
dy x2 - 4x - 1 ætö
Þ = = a (1 - cos t )sec ç ÷
dx (1 + x2)2 è2ø
22 - 4 (2) - 1 ætö ætö
\ Slope of tangent at (2, 0) = = 2 a sin 2ç ÷ secç ÷
(1 + 22)2 è2ø è2ø
4 -8 -1 5 1 ætö ætö
= =- =- = 2 a sin ç ÷ tan ç ÷
(1 + 4)2 25 5 è2ø è2ø
1
\ Equation of tangent at (2, 0) with slope - is 33. Given curve is y = e2x
5
1 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
y - 0 = - (x - 2) dy æ dy ö
5 = 2 e2x Þ ç ÷ = 2 e0 = 2
dx è dx ø ( 0, 1)
Þ 5y = - x + 2
Þ x + 5y = 2 Equation of tangent at (0, 1) with slope 2 is
30. The equation of given curve is x + y = a . y - 1 = 2(x - 0) Þ y = 2 x + 1
This tangent meets X-axis.
1 1 dy dy y
\ + =0 Þ =- \ y=0
2 x 2 y dx dx x
1
The normal is parallel to X-axis, if Þ 0 = 2x + 1 Þ x=-
2
æ dx ö æ 1 ö
çç ÷÷ = 0 Þ x1 = 0 \ Coordinates of the point on X-axis is ç - , 0÷ .
è dy ø ( x1 , y1 ) è 2 ø
\ From equation of curve, y1 = a 34. Given curve is y = 2 x2 - x + 1.
\ Required point is (0, a ). Let the coordinate of P are (h , k).
31. Given curve is y = x log x On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dy
= 4x - 1
dy dx
= 1 + log x
dx æ dy ö
1 -1 At the point (h , k), the slope = ç ÷ = 4h - 1
The slope of the normal = - = è dx ø ( h, k)
(dydx
/ ) 1 + log x
Since, the tangents is parallel to the given line
The slope of the given line 2x - 2 y = 3 is 1.
y = 3x + 4.
Since, these lines are parallel.
Þ 4h - 1 = 3 Þ h = 1, k = 2
-1
\ =1 \ Coordinates of point P are (1, 2).
1 + log x
Application of Derivatives 737

dx 39. Given curve is x3 - 8 a 2y = 0.

35. Length of subtangent = y
dy
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy
and length of subnormal = y dy
dx 3 x2 - 8 a 2 =0
2
dx
\ Product = y
dy 3x2
Þ Required product is the square of the ordinate. Þ =
dx 8 a 2
3p
36. Slope of the curve at an angle q = is 1 1 8 a2
4 \ Slope of the normal = - =- 2
=- 2
æ dy ö 3x 3x
dy 3p ç ÷
= tan = -1 è dx ø 8 a2
dx 4
-1 -8 a 2 - 2
Slope of the normal = Given, = Þ x2 = 4a 2
/
dydx 3 x2 3
æ dy ö Þ x=±2a
\ ç ÷ =1
è dx ø (3 , 4) At x = ± 2 a, y = ±a
Þ f ¢ (3) = 1 (x, y) = (2 a , a )

37. The equations of given curves are 40. Given equation is

y = ax …(i) y - exy + x = 0 Þ exy = x + y
and y = bx …(ii) On taking log both sides, we get
dy log (x + y) = xy
From Eq. (i), m1 = = a x log a
dx On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1 æ dy ö dy
and from Eq. (ii), m2 = = bx log b ç1 + ÷=x +y
dx x+ y è dx ø dx
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get dy æ 1 ö 1
Þ ç - x÷ = y -
x
a =b x dx çè y + x ÷ø y+ x
Þ x=0 dy y ( y + x) - 1
Þ =
Let a be the angle at which the two curves intersect. dx 1 - x( y + x)
m - m2 Since, the curve has a vertical tangent.
\ tan a = 1
1 + m1m2 dy
\ = ¥ Þ 1 - x(x + y) = 0
a x log a - bx log b dx
=
1 + a x bx (log a )(log b) which is satisfied by the point (1, 0).
a 41. Given curve is y3 + 3x2 = 12 y
log
= b On differentiating w.r.t. y, we get
1 + (log a )(log b) dy dy
3 y2 + 6x = 12
38. Given equation of curve is y = be- x/ a …(i) dx dx
dy
Since, the curve crosses Y-axis i.e., x = 0. Þ (3 y2 - 12) + 6x = 0
dx
Þ y = be- 0 dy 6x
Þ y=b Þ =
dx 12 - 3 y2
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dx 12 - 3 y2
dy - b - x/ a Þ =
= e dy 6x
dx a
Since, tangent is parallel to Y-axis.
æ dy ö - b - 0/ a - b
At point (0, b), ç ÷ = e = dx
è dx ø ( 0, b) a a = 0 Þ 12 - 3 y2 = 0
dy
\ Required equation of tangent is Þ y2 = 4 Þ y=±2
-b 4
y-b = (x - 0) Then, at y = 2, x = ±
a
3
y x
Þ -1 = - At y = - 2 , x cannot be real.
b a
x y æ 4 ö
\ The required point is ç ± , 2÷ .
Þ + =1 è 3 ø
a b
738 JEE Main Mathematics

42. Curve is y2 = px3 + q y32 - y13

Þ =1
dy x13 - x32
\ 2y = 3 px2
dx y2 - y1 x2 + x22 + x1x2
Þ = 12
Þ
æ dy ö
=
3p×4 x1 - x2 y1 + y22 + y1 y2
ç ÷
è dx ø ( 2, 3 ) 2 ×3 x12 x12 + x22 + x1x2
Þ =
Þ 4 = 2p y12 y12 + y22 + y1 y2
Þ p=2 Þ x12y12 + x12y22 + x12y1 y2 = y12x12 + x22y12 + y12x1x2
Also, curve is passing through (2, 3).
Þ x22y12 - y22x12 = x1 y1 (x1 y2 - x2y1 )
\ 9 = 8p + q
Þ x2y1 + y2x1 = - x1 y1
Þ q = -7 x2 y2
Þ + = -1
\ ( p, q) is (2 , - 7). x1 y1
43. Given curve is y = f (x) = x2 + bx - b. 45. Equation of given curves are
dy
On differentiating, we get =2x+ b y = sin x …(i)
dx
and y = cos x …(ii)
The equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
æ dy ö
y -1 = ç ÷ (x - 1) p
è dx ø (1, 1) x=
4
Þ y - 1 = (b + 2)(x - 1) æp 1 ö
\ Point of intersection of curves is ç , ÷.
Þ (2 + b)x - y = 1 + b è4 2ø
x y dy
Þ - =1 For y = sin x, = cos x
(1 + b) 1 + b dx
(2 + b) æ dy ö 1
1+ b Þ ç ÷ = = m1 (say)
So, OA = and OB = - (1 + b) dx
è øx =p/4 2
2+ b
dy
Y For y = cos x, = - sin x
dx
B æ dy ö 1
Þ ç ÷ =- = m2 (say)
(1, 1) è dx ø x = p/4 2
1 1 2
y = x 2 + bx – b +
m1 - m2
X \ tan q = = 2 2 = 2
O A 1 + m1m2 1 - 1 × 1 1
2 2 2
1 1+ b
Now, area of D AOB = × × [- (1 + b)] = 2 (given) Þ tan q = 2 2 Þ q = tan -1 (2 2 )
2 2+ b
Þ 4 (2 + b) + (1 + b)2 = 0 46. Let the curves intersect at (x1 , y1 ).
Þ 8 + 4b + 1 + b2 + 2 b = 0 x2 y2 2x 2 y dy
2 Therefore, - =1 Þ - =0
Þ b + 6b + 9 = 0 a 2 b2 a 2 b2 dx
Þ (b + 3)2 = 0 dy b2x
Þ =
Þ b = -3 dx a 2y
dy x2 Þ Slope of tangent at the point of intersection
44. = - 12
dx y1 b2x
(m1 ) = 2 1
The tangents cuts the curve again at (x2, y2) a y1
y - y1 dy dy - y
\ Slope of tangent = 2 Again, xy = c2 Þ x + y=0 Þ =
x2 - x1 dx dx x
- x12 y2 - y1 -y
\ = Þ m2 = 1
y12 x2 - x1 x1

Also, x13 + y13 = a3 and x32 + y32 = a3 For orthogonality, m1 ´ m2 = - 1

b2
Þ x13 + y13 = x32 + y32 Þ = 1 or a 2 - b2 = 0
a2
Application of Derivatives 739

47. y is an increasing function throughout its domain, if y2 - y1

m = tan q =
y¢ > 0 throughout the domain. x2 - x1
2x \Slope of line joining points (1, f (1)) and (-1, f (-1)) is
Given, y = log (1 + x) - .
(2 + x) f (1) - f (-1) -2 - 0
m= = = -1
dy d é 2x ù 1 - (-1) 1+1
On differentiating, we get = ê log(1 + x) - ú dy
dx dx ë 2 + xû Now, = 3 x2 - 2 x - 2
dx
d d
(2 + x) (2x) - 2x (2 + x) [differentiating Eq. (i), w.r.t. ‘x’]
1 dx dx
= -
1+ x (2 + x)2 According to the question,
dy
=
1
-
4 + 2x - 2x
=
1
-
4 = m Þ 3 x2 - 2 x - 2 = - 1
dx
1+ x (2 + x)2 1 + x (2 + x)2
Þ 3x2 - 2x - 1 = 0
(2 + x)2 - 4 (1 + x) 4 + x2 + 4x - 4 - 4x
= = 1
(1 + x)(2 + x)2 (1 + x)(2 + x)2 Þ (x - 1) (3x + 1) = 0 Þ x = 1 ,-
3
x2 ì 1 ü
= Therefore, set S = í- , 1ý.
(1 + x)(2 + x)2 î 3 þ
x2 50. Given equation of curves are
When, x Î (-1, ¥ ), then > 0 and( 1 + x) > 0
(2 + x)2 y = 10 - x2 …(i)
\ y¢ > 0 when x > - 1 and y = 2 + x2 …(ii)
Hence, y is an increasing function throughout (x > - 1) For point of intersection, consider
its domain. 10 - x2 = 2 + x2
48. Equation of given curve is Þ 2 x2 = 8
x Þ x2 = 4 Þ x = ± 2
y= 2
, x Î R, (x ¹ ± 3 ) …(i)
x -3 Clearly, when x = 2 , then y = 6 [using Eq. (i)]
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get and when x = - 2, then y = 6
dy (x2 - 3) - x(2x) (- x2 - 3) Thus, the point of intersection are (2, 6) and (-2, 6).
= = 2
dx (x2 - 3)2 (x - 3)2 Let m1 be the slope of tangent to the curve (i) and m2
be the slope of tangent to the curve (ii)
It is given that tangent at a point (a , b ) ¹ (0, 0) on it is
dy dy
parallel to the line 2x + 6 y - 11 = 0. For curve (i) = -2x and for curve (ii) = 2x
2 dy dx dx
\ Slope of this line = - = \ At (2, 6), slopes m1 = - 4 and m2 = 4, and in that case
6 dx ( a , b )
m2 - m1 4+4 8
a2 + 3 1 |tan q| = = =
Þ - 2 2
=- 1 + m1m2 1 - 16 15
(a - 3) 3
At (-2, 6), slopes m1 = 4 and m2 = - 4 and in that case
Þ 3a 2 + 9 = a 4 - 6 a 2 + 9
m2 - m1 -4 - 4 8
Þ a - 9 a 2 = 0 Þ a = 0, - 3, 3
4
|tan q| = = =
1 + m1m2 1 - 16 15
Þ a = 3 or - 3, [Q a ¹ 0]
a 51. The equations of two curves are
Now, from Eq. (i), b = 2
a -3 x3 - 3xy2 + 2 = 0 …(i)
Þ b=
3
or
-3 1
= or -
1 and 3x2y - y3 - 2 = 0 …(ii)
9 -3 9 -3 2 2 On differentiating Eqs. (i) and (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
According to the options,|6 a + 2 b | = 19 at æ dy ö x2 - y2
ç ÷ =
æ 1ö è dx ø C1 2 xy
(a , b ) = ç ± 3, ± ÷
è 2ø
æ dy ö -2 xy
and ç ÷ = 2
49. Given curve is y = f (x) = x3 - x2 - 2x ...(i) è dx ø C2 x - y2
So, f (1) = 1 - 1 - 2 = -2 æ dy ö æ dy ö æ x2 - y2 ö æ -2 xy ö
Now, ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = çç ÷ç ÷ = -1
and f (-1) = -1 - 1 + 2 = 0 è dx ø C1 è dx ø C2 è 2 xy ÷ø çè x2 - y2 ÷ø
Since, slope of a line passing through (x1 , y1 ) and
(x2, y2) is given by Hence, the two curves cut at right angle.
740 JEE Main Mathematics

4 æ dy ö
52. We have, y = x+ and m2 = ç ÷ =6 -5 =1
x2 è dx ø (3 , 0)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Now, m1m2 = - 1 ´ 1 = - 1
dy 8
=1- 3 p
dx x Hence, angle between the tangents is .
2
Since, the tangent is parallel to X-axis, therefore
dy 56. Given equation of curve is
= 0 Þ x3 = 8 x2 + 2xy - 3 y2 = 0 …(i)
dx
Þ x = 2 and y = 3 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2x + 2xy¢ + 2 y - 6 yy¢ = 0
53. Given that, x = a (1 + cos q), y = a sin q
x+ y
On differentiating w.r.t. q, we get Þ y¢ =
3y - x
dx dy
= a (- sin q) and = a cos q At x = 1, y = 1, y¢ = 1
dq dq
æ dy ö
dy - cos q i.e. ç ÷ =1
\ = è dx ø (1, 1)
dx sin q
-1 Equation of normal at (1, 1) is
\Slope of normal =
(- cos q/sin q) 1
y - 1 = - (x - 1)
1
Equation of normal at the given points is
sin q Þ y - 1 = - (x - 1)
y - a sin q = [x - a (1 + cos q)]
cos q Þ x+ y=2 …(ii)
It is clear that in the given options, normal passes On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) simultaneously, we get
through the point (a , 0). x2 + 2x(2 - x) - 3(2 - x)2 = 0
54. Given that, x = a (cos q + q sin q) Þ x + 4x - 2x2 - 3(4 + x2 - 4x) = 0
2

and y = a (sin q - q cos q) Þ - x2 + 4x - 12 - 3x2 + 12x = 0

On differentiating w.r.t. q respectively, we get Þ -4x2 + 16x - 12 = 0
dx Þ 4x2 - 16x + 12 = 0
= a (- sin q + sin q + q cos q)
dq Þ x2 - 4 x + 3 = 0
dx Þ (x - 1)(x - 3) = 0
Þ = aq cos q …(i)
dq Þ x = 1, 3
dy Now, when x = 1, then y = 1
and = a (cos q - cos q + q sin q)
dq and when x = 3, then y = - 1
dy
Þ = aq sin q …(ii) \ P = (1, 1) and Q = (3, - 1)
dq
Hence, normal meets the curve again at (3, - 1) in
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get fourth quadrant.
dy x
= tan q 57. Given, y = ò |t| dt
dx 0
dx dy
Since, slope of normal = - = - cot q \ =| x|
dy dx
So, equation of normal is Since, tangent to the curve is parallel to line y = 2x.
cos q dy
y - a sin q + aq cos q = - (x - a cos q - a q sin q) Þ =2
sin q dx
Þ y sin q - a sin 2 q + aq cos q sin q \ x=±2
± 2
= - x cos q + a cos 2 q + aq sin q cos q \ Points, y=ò
0
| t | dt = ± 2
Þ x cos q + y sin q = a \ Equation of tangents are
So, it is always at a constant distance ‘a’ from origin. y - 2 = 2 (x - 2)
55. Q y = x2 - 5 x + 6 or y + 2 = 2 (x + 2)
dy For x-intercept, put y = 0, we get
\ = 2x - 5
dx 0 - 2 = 2 (x - 2)
æ dy ö or 0 + 2 = 2 (x + 2)
Now, m1 = ç ÷ = 4 - 5 = -1
è dx ø ( 2, 0) Þ x=±1
Application of Derivatives 741

æ3 3 1ö So, x = 4 tan q Þ 8 y = (4 tan q)2

58. Tangent to x2 + 9 y2 = 9 at point çç , ÷÷ is
è 2 2ø [on putting x = 4 tan q in Eq. (i)]
æ3 3 ö Þ y = 2 tan 2 q
x çç ÷ + 9 y æç 1 ö÷ = 9
2 ÷ è2ø Now, equation of required tangent is
è ø
3 3x + 9 y = 18 y - 2 tan 2 q = tan q (x - 4 tan q)
x + 3y = 2 3 Þ y = x tan q - 2 tan 2 q
Þ x = y cot q + 2 tan q
59. Given curve is
y(x - 2)(x - 3) = x + 6 …(i) 62. The given curve is y = x2 - 5x + 5 …(i)
Put x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get Now, slope of tangent at any point (x, y) on the curve is
y(- 2) (- 3) = 6 Þ y = 1 dy
= 2x - 5 …(ii)
So, point of intersection is (0, 1). dx
x+6 [on differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x]
Now, y =
(x - 2)(x - 3) Q It is given that tangent is parallel to line
dy 1 (x - 2)(x - 3) - (x + 6)(x - 3 + x - 2) 2 y = 4x + 1
Þ = dy
dx (x - 2)2(x - 3)2 So, =2
dx [Q slope of line 2 y = 4x + 1 is 2]
æ dy ö 6 + 30 36 7
Þ ç ÷ = = =1 Þ 2x - 5 = 2 Þ 2x = 7 Þ x =
è dx ø ( 0, 1) 4 ´ 9 36 2
7
\ Equation of normal at (0, 1) is given by On putting x = in Eq. (i), we get
2
-1 49 35 69 35 1
y-1 = (x - 0) Þ x + y - 1 = 0 y= - +5 = - =-
1 4 2 4 2 4
æ1 1ö Now, equation of tangent to the curve (i) at point
which passes through the point ç , ÷.
è2 2ø æ 7 1ö
ç ,- ÷ and having slope 2, is
2 dy dy 3 è 2 4ø
60. We have, y = 6x Þ 2 y =6 Þ =
dx dx y 1 æ 7ö 1
y + = 2 ç x - ÷ Þ y + = 2x - 7
3 4 è 2ø 4
Slope of tangent at (x1 , y1 ) is m1 =
y1 29
Þ y = 2x - …(iii)
Also, 9x2 + by2 = 16 4
dy æ1 ö
Þ 18x + 2by =0 On checking all the options, we get the point ç , - 7÷
dx è8 ø
dy -9x satisfy the line (iii).
Þ = 2
dx by 63. Given equation of curve is y = xex …(i)
Slope of tangent at (x1 , y1 ) is Note that (1, e) lie on the curve, so the point of contact
-9x1 is (1, e).
m2 = Now, slope of tangent, at point (1, e), to the curve (i) is
by1
dy 2 2
Since, these are intersection at right angle. = (x (2x) ex + ex )(1, e) = 2e + e = 3 e
dx (1, e)
27x1
\ m1m2 = - 1 Þ =1 Now, equation of tangent is given by
by12
( y - y1 ) = m (x - x1 )
27x1
Þ =1 [Q y12 = 6x1] y - e = 3e(x - 1) Þ y = 3ex - 2e
6bx1
æ4 ö
9 On checking all the options, the option ç , 2e÷ satisfy
Þ b= è3 ø
2
the equation of tangent.
61. Given parabola is x2 = 8 y …(i) 1 + sin x æ pö
64. We have, f (x) = tan - 1 , x Î ç0, ÷
Now, slope of tangent at any point (x, y) on the 1 - sin x è 2ø
parabola (i) is 2
dy x æ x xö
= = tan q ç cos + sin ÷
dx 4 è 2 2 ø
Þ f (x) = tan - 1 2
[Q tangent is making an angle q with the positive æ x xö
ç cos - sin ÷
direction of X-axis] è 2 2ø
742 JEE Main Mathematics

æ x xö 68. Q f (x) = x + cos x

ç cos + sin ÷
= tan -1 ç 2 2 ÷ On differentiating, we get f ¢ (x) = 1 - sin x
ç x x÷
ç cos - sin ÷ f ¢ (x) > 0 for all values of x
è 2 2ø
é x x x pù [Qsin x is lying between -1 to +1]
êQ cos 2 > sin 2 for 0 < 2 < 4 ú \ f (x) is always increasing.
ë û
æ
ç 1 + tan ÷
xö 69. Let f (x) = 2 x3 - 6x + 5
= tan - 1 ç 2÷ On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
ç x÷
ç 1 - tan ÷ f ¢ (x) = 6x2 - 6
è 2ø
é æ p xö ù p x Since, it is increasing function.
= tan - 1 ê tan ç + ÷ ú = + Þ 6 x2 - 6 > 0
ë è 4 2øû 4 2
1 æ pö 1 Þ (x - 1) (x + 1) > 0
Þ f ¢ (x) = Þ f ¢ ç ÷ = Þ x > 1 or x < - 1
2 è6ø 2
p 70. Let f (x) = 3 sin x - 4 sin3 x = sin 3x
Now, equation of normal at x = is given by
6 é p pù
é Since, sin x is increasing in the interval ê - , ú ×
æ pöù æ pö æ pö æ pö ë 2 2û
ê y - f ç ÷ú = - 2 çx - ÷ Þ ç y - ÷ = - 2 çx - ÷
ë 6
è øû è 6 ø è 3 ø è 6 ø p p p p
\ - £ 3x £ Þ - £ x £
é æ pö p p 4p p ù 2 2 6 6
êQ f ç ÷ = + = = ú
ë è 6 ø 4 12 12 3 û p æ pö p
Thus, length of interval = - ç - ÷ =
æ 2p ö 6 è 6ø 3
which passes through ç0, ÷.
è 3ø
71. Q f (x) = xex(1 - x )
65. Let y = xx On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get f ¢ (x) = ex(1 - x ) + x × ex(1 - x ) × (1 - 2 x)
dy
= xx (1 + log x) = ex(1 - x ) {1 + x (1 - 2 x)}
dx
dy = ex(1 - x ) × (-2 x2 + x + 1)
For increasing function, >0 It is clear that ex(1 - x ) > 0 for all x.
dx
Þ xx (1 + log x) > 0 Þ 1 + log x > 0 Now, by sign rule for -2 x2 + x + 1
1 1 é 1 ù
Þ log e x > log e Þ x> f ¢ (x) > 0, if x Î ê - , 1ú .
e e ë 2 û
1 é 1 ù
Function is increasing when x > . So, f (x) is increasing on ê - , 1ú ×
e ë 2 û
66. Q g (x) = min (x, x2) 2
72. f (x) = 3 ln (x - 1) - 3 ln (x + 1) -
ì x, x £ 0 x-1
ï
g (x) = íx2, 0 < x £ 1 f ¢ (x) =
3
-
3
+
2
ï x, x > 1
î x - 1 x + 1 (x - 1)2
Y 4 (2x - 1)
y = x2 y = x
f ¢ (x) = Þ f ¢ (x) ³ 0
(x - 1)2(x + 1)
é1 ö
(1, 1) Þ x Î (- ¥ , - 1) È ê , 1÷ È (1, ¥ )
ë2 ø
X¢ X
O æ p ö é -p ù
73. f ¢ (x) = - sin ç ÷ ê 2 ú
Y¢ è2ø ë x û
Clearly, g (x) is an increasing function. p æ pö
= sin ç ÷
x x2 è xø
67. Given, f (x) =
1 + | x| f ¢ (x) > 0
| x| p æ pö p
(1 + | x|) × 1 - x × sin ç ÷ > 0 Þ sin > 0
x x2 è xø x
\ f ¢ (x) =
(1 + | x|)2 p
2np < < (2n + 1) p
1 x
= > 0, " x Î R
(1 + | x|)2 1 1
<x<
Þ f (x) is strictly increasing. 2n + 1 2n
Application of Derivatives 743

74. f (x) = (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) - 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x 78. Let f (x) = 2 x3 - 9x2 + 12 x + 4
1 Þ f ¢ (x) = 6x2 - 18x + 12
=1 -sin 2 2x
2 f ¢ (x) < 0 for function to be decreasing
Now, evaluate f ¢ (x) and decide monotonicity.
Þ 6 (x2 - 3x + 2) < 0
Þ f ¢ (x) = - sin 2x cos 2x (2) = - sin 4x
Þ (x2 - 2 x - x + 2) < 0
f is increasing when f ¢ (x) > 0
Þ (x - 2)(x - 1) < 0 Þ 1 < x < 2
Þ - sin 4x > 0 Þ sin 4x < 0
1
p p 79. Given curve is f (x) = - log(1 + x)
Þ p < 4x < 2p Þ < x < x+1
4 2
p 3p On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Þ <x< 1 1
4 8 f ¢ (x) = - -
(x + 1)2 1 + x
75. f ¢ ¢ (x) ³ 0
é 1 1 ù
Þ f ¢ (x) is increasing function and Þ f ¢ (x) = - ê + 2ú
ë x + 1 (x + 1) û
g ¢ (x) = (2x - 2) [ f ¢ (x2 - 2x + 8) - f ¢ (14 + 2x - x2)] Þ f ¢ (x) = - ve, when x > 0
For g ¢ (x) > 0 \ f (x) is a decreasing function.
(i) x > 1 and x2 - 2x + 8 > 14 + 2x - x2 Þ x Î (3, ¥ )
80. Q f (x) = sin x - cos x
or (ii) x < 1 and x2 - 2x + 8 < 14 + 2x - x2 Þ x Î (- 1, 3)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
\ From (i) and (ii) x Î [- 1, 1] È [3, ¥ )
f ¢ (x) = cos x + sin x
76. Given, f (x) = log (cos x) æ 1 1 ö
= 2ç cos x + sin x÷
1 è 2 2 ø
Þ f ¢ (x) = . (- sin x) = - tan x [differentiate w.r.t. x]
cos x æ p p ö
= 2 ç cos cos x + sin sin x÷
æ pö è 4 4 ø
In interval ç0, ÷, tan x > 0 [Q tan x is in Ist quadrant]
è 2ø é æ pöù
= 2 ê cos ç x - ÷ ú
Þ - tan x < 0 [Q tan x is in Ist quadrant] ë è 4øû
æ pö For decreasing, f ¢ (x) < 0
\ f ¢ (x) < 0 in ç0, ÷
è 2ø p æ p ö 3p
< çx - ÷ < [within 0 £ x £ 2 p]
2 è 4ø 2
æ pö
Hence, f is strictly decreasing in ç0, ÷. p p æ p p ö 3p p
è 2ø Þ + < çx - + ÷ < +
2 4 è 4 4ø 2 4
æp ö
Also, in interval ç , p ÷, tan x < 0 Þ - tan x > 0 3p 7p
è2 ø Þ <x<
4 4
[Q tan x is in IInd quadrant] 81. Let y = x1/ x
æp ö
\ f ¢ (x) > 0 in ç , p ÷ On taking log on both sides, we get
è2 ø 1
log y = log x
æp ö x
Hence, f is strictly increasing in ç , p ÷.
è2 ø 1 dy 1 log x 1 - log x
Þ = - 2 =
æ p 3p ö y dx x2 x x2
77. The graph of cosec x is opposite in interval ç , ÷×
è2 2 ø dy æ 1 - log x ö
Þ = x1/ x ç ÷
Y dx è x2 ø
Now, x1/ x > 0 for all positive values of x
1
1 - log x
and > 0 in (1, e)
p 2p
X x2
0 p/2 3p/2 1 - log x
and < 0 in (e, ¥ )
x2
–1
\ f (x) is increasing in (1, e) and decreasing in (e, ¥ ).
744 JEE Main Mathematics

82. f (x) = (4a - 3) (x + log e 5) + (a - 7)sin x l sin x + 6 cos x

84. Q f (x) = …(i)
2 sin x + 3 cos x
f ¢ (x) = (4a - 3) (1) + (a - 7) cos x = 0
3 - 4a On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Þ cos x = é (2 sin x + 3 cos x) (l cos x - 6 sin x) ù
a-7 ê ú
- (l sin x + 6 cos x) (2 cos x - 3 sin x)û
Þ
3 - 4a
³ -1 f ¢ (x) = ë 2
a-7 (2 sin x + 3 cos x)
3 - 4a The function is monotonic increasing, if f ¢ (x) > 0
Þ + 1 ³0
a-7 Þ 3l (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) - 12 (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) > 0
3 - 4a + a - 7 Þ 3l - 12 > 0 [Q sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1]
Þ ³0
a-7 Þ l >4
- 3a - 4 85. The given functions are
Þ ³0
a-7 f (x) = ex - x and g (x) = x2 - x, " x Î R
3 - 4a Then, h (x) = ( fog )(x) = f ( g (x))
and <1
a-7 Now, h ¢ (x) = f ¢ ( g (x)) × g ¢ (x) = (eg( x ) - 1) × (2x - 1)
2
3 - 4a = (e( x - x)
- 1) (2x - 1)
Þ -1 <0
a-7 x( x - 1 )
= (e - 1) (2x - 1)
3 - 4a - a + 7
Þ <0 Q It is given that h (x) is an increasing function, so
a-7
h ¢ (x) ³ 0 Þ (ex( x - 1) - 1)(2x - 1) ³ 0
- 5a + 10
Þ <0 Case I (2x - 1) ³ 0 and (ex( x - 1) - 1) ³ 0
a-7
1
5a - 10 Þ x ³ and x(x - 1) ³ 0
Þ >0 2
a-7 Þ x Î [1 / 2, ¥ ) and xÎ (- ¥ , 0] È [1, ¥ ), so xÎ [1, ¥ )
5 (a - 2) Case II (2x - 1) £ 0 and [ex( x - 1) - 1] £ 0
Þ >0
a-7 1
Þ x £ and x(x - 1) £ 0
é 4 ö 2
\ a Î ê - , 2÷
ë 3 ø æ 1ù é 1ù
Þ x Î ç -¥ , ú and x Î [0, 1], so x Î ê0, ú
é 4 ö è 2û ë 2û
Check end point ê - , 2÷
ë 3 ø é 1ù
From the above cases, x Î ê0, ú È [1, ¥ ).
ìï æ x2 ö ü ë 2û
83. g ¢ (x) = 2x í f ¢ çç ÷ - f ¢ (6 - x2)ïý
÷
ïî è 2 ø ïþ 86. Given, f(x) = f (x) + f (2 - x), " x Î (0, 2)
x2 Þ f¢ (x) = f ¢ (x) - f ¢ (2 - x) …(i)
Case I > 6 - x2 Þ x2 > 4
2 Also, we have f ¢ ¢ (x) > 0 " x Î (0, 2)
Þ x Î (- ¥ , - 2) È (2, ¥ ) Þ f ¢ (x) is a strictly increasing function
æ x2 ö " x Î (0, 2).
Þ f ¢ çç ÷÷ > f ¢ (6 - x2) Now, for f(x) to be increasing,
è2ø
f¢ (x) ³ 0
æ x2 ö
Þ f ¢ çç ÷÷ - f ¢ (6 - x2) > 0 Þ f ¢ (x) - f ¢ (2 - x) ³ 0 [using Eq. (i)]
è2ø Þ f ¢ (x) ³ f ¢ (2 - x) Þ x > 2 - x
if x > 0 Þ g ¢ (x) > 0 Þ x Î (2, ¥ ) [Q f ¢ is a strictly increasing function]
if x < 0 Þ g ¢ (x) < 0 Þ x Î (- ¥ , - 2) Þ 2x > 2 Þ x > 1
x2 Thus, f(x) is increasing on (1, 2).
Case II < 6 - x2 Þ x2 < 4 Þ x Î (- 2, 2) Similarly, for f(x) to be decreasing,
2
æ x2 ö f¢ (x) £ 0
Þ f ¢ çç ÷÷ - f ¢ (6 - x2) < 0 Þ f ¢ (x) - f ¢ (2 - x) £ 0 [using Eq. (i)]
è2ø
Þ f ¢ (x) £ f ¢ (2 - x) Þ x < 2 - x
if x > 0 Þ g ¢ (x) < 0 Þ x Î (0, 2)
[Q f ¢ is a strictly increasing function]
if x < 0 Þ g ¢ (x) > 0 Þ x Î (- 2, 0)
Þ 2x < 2 Þ x < 1
For g (x) decreasing x Î (- ¥ , - 2) È (0, 2).
Thus, f(x) is decreasing on (0, 1).
Application of Derivatives 745

x (d - x) 2 2
87. We have, f (x) = - 91. ò1 f ¢ (x) dx = [ f (x)]1 = f (2) - f (1) = 0
(a + x2)1/ 2 (b2 + (d - x)2)1/ 2
2

[Q f (x) satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorem]

Differentiating above w.r.t. x, we get
1 2x \ f (2) = f (1)
(a 2 + x2)1/ 2 - x
2 (a 2 + x2)1/ 2 92. Since, f (x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem
f ¢ (x) =
(a 2 + x2) in [3, 5].
2 2 1/ 2 2(d - x )(-1)
(b + (d - x ) ) (-1) - (d - x ) Let f (x) = (x - 3)(x - 5)
2(b2 + (d - x ) 2 )1/ 2
- 2 2
= x2 - 8x + 15
(b + (d - x ) ) 5 5 2
Now, ò3 f (x) dx = ò3 (x - 8x + 15) dx
[by using quotient rule of derivative]
a 2 + x2 - x2 b2 + (d - x)2 - (d - x)2 é x3 8x2 ù
5
= + =ê - + 15xú
(a 2 + x2)3/ 2 (b2 + (d - x)2)3/ 2
êë 3 2 úû 3
a2 b2 æ 125 ö
= 22 3/ 2
+ 2 > 0, " x Î R =ç - 100 + 75÷ - (9 - 36 + 45)
(a + x ) (b + (d - x)2)3/ 2 è 3 ø
Hence, f (x) is an increasing function of x. 50 4
= - 18 = -
88. Since, f (x) is a positive increasing function. 3 3
f (b) - f (a )
Þ 0 < f (x) < f (2x) < f (3x) 93. From mean value theorem f ¢ (c) =
f (2x) f (3x) b-a
Þ 0 <1 < < Given, a = 0 Þ f (a ) = 0
f (x) f (x)
1 3
f (2x) f (3x) and b= Þ f (b) =
Þ lim 1 £ lim £ lim 2 8
x ®¥ x ®¥ f (x) x ®¥ f (x)
Now, f ¢ (x) = (x - 1)(x - 2) + x(x - 2) + x(x - 1)
f (2x)
By Sandwich theorem, lim =1 \ f ¢ (c) = (c - 1)(c - 2) + c(c - 2) + c(c - 1)
x ®¥ f (x)
= c2 - 3 c + 2 + c2 - 2 c + c2 - c
89. Since, f (x) = tan -1 (sin x + cos x)
Þ f ¢ (c) = 3 c2 - 6 c + 2
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get By definition of mean value theorem
1 f (b) - f (a )
f ¢ (x) = (cos x - sin x) f ¢ (c) =
1 + (sin x + cos x)2 b-a
ì p pü æ3ö
2 ícos x × cos - sin x × sin ý ç ÷ -0
î 4 4þ 8 3
= Þ 3 c2 - 6 c + 2 = è ø =
1 + (sin x + cos x)2 æ1ö 4
ç ÷ -0
æ pö è2ø
2 cos ç x + ÷
è 4ø 5
= Þ 3 c2 - 6 c + = 0
1 + (sin x + cos x)2 4
For f (x) to be increasing, This is a quadratic equation in c.
p p p 3p p 6 ± 36 - 15 6 ± 21 21
- <x+ < Þ - <x< \ c= = =1±
2 4 2 4 4 2 ´3 6 6
Hence, option (b) is correct, which lies in the above é 1ù
interval. Since, c lies between ê0, ú .
ë 2û
90. Q f (x) = x3 - 6x2 + ax + b
21 é 21 ù
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get \ c=1- ê neglecting c = 1 + ú
6 ë 6 û
f ¢ (x) = 3x2 - 12 x + a
By the definition of Rolle’s theorem 94. f (1) = f (2)
æ 1 ö Þ 1 - a + b - 4 = 8 - 4a + 2b - 4
f ¢ (c) = 0 Þ f ¢ ç2 + ÷ =0
è 3ø 3a - b = 7
æ 1 ö
2
æ 1 ö f ¢ (x) = 3x2 - 2ax + b
Þ 3 ç2 + ÷ - 12 ç2 + ÷ + a =0 æ4ö 16 8
è 3ø è 3ø Þ f¢ ç ÷ = 0Þ 3 ´ - a + b =0
æ 1 4 ö æ 1 ö è3ø 9 3
Þ 3 ç4 + + ÷ - 12 ç2 + ÷ + a =0
è 3 3ø è 3ø Þ - 8a + 3b = - 16
Þ 12 + 1 + 4 3 - 24 - 4 3 + a = 0 Þ a = 11 a = 5, b = 8
746 JEE Main Mathematics

95. f (1) = f (2) c(2c) - (c2 + 12)

Þ =0
Þ 1 + b + c = 8 + 4b + 2c Þ 3b + c = - 7 (c2 + 12)c
16 4 Þ c2 - 12 = 0 [Q c Î (3, 4)]
f ¢ (4 /3) = 0 Þ 3 × + 2b + c = 0
9 3 Þ c = 12 [Q c Î (3, 4)]
On solving both, we get b = - 5, c = 8. 2 2
c(c + 12)(2c) - (c - 12)(3c + 12) 2
\ f ¢ ¢ (c = 12 ) =
96. As f (x) = 0 has three real and distinct zero, so ((c2 + 12)c)2
f ¢ (x) = 3x2 - p = 0 has two real and distinct zeroes by (2 ´ 12 ´ 24) - (0 ´ 48) 1
Rolle’s theorem = =
(24)2(12) 12
p
x=± æ1ö æ xö æ xö æ1ö x æ1ö
3 100. Q f ¢ (x ) = 2 ç ÷ sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ + ç ÷ cos -ç ÷
è3ø è6ø è6ø è3ø 3 è3ø
p
f ¢ (x) > 0 if x < - æ1ö é æ xö æ xö 2 æ xö ù
3 =ç ÷ ê2 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ - 2 sin ç ÷ ú
è3ø ë è 6 ø è 6 ø è6øû
p p
f ¢ (x) < 0 if - <x< æ2ö æ xö é æ xö æ xö ù
3 3 = ç ÷ sin ç ÷ ê cos ç ÷ - sin ç ÷ ú
3
è ø 6
è øë 6
è ø è6øû
p
and f ¢ (x) > 0 if x > æ xö æ xö
3 Put f ¢ (x) = 0 Û sin ç ÷ = 0 Þ tan ç ÷ = 1
p è6ø è6ø
Thus, f (x) has a local maximum at x = - and local x x p
3 Þ = kp, k Î I or = np + , n Î I
p 6 6 4
minimum at x = .
3 x2 - 10 < - 19.5x
97. Let f ¢ (x) = ax2 + bx + c Û (x + 9.75)2 < 105.0625

2ax3 + 3bx2 + 6 cx + 6d Û (x - 0.5 ) (x + 20) < 0

Þ f (x) = Û -20 < x < 0.5
6
d So, the critical points satisfying the last inequality will
Þ f (0) = f (1) = 9p
6 be 0, 6p , - .
2
Thus, f (x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s
x sin t
theorem. So, there exists at least one a Î (0, 1) for 101. Given curve is f (x ) = ò dt
which f ¢ (a ) = 0, so ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root 0 t
in (0, 1). On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
98. Given function f : R ® R with f (0) = f (1) = f ¢ (0) = 0. sin x
f ¢ (x ) =
So, by Rolle’s theorem, for some c Î (0, 1) f ¢ (c) = 0. x
And as f ¢ (0) = 0 and function ‘f’ is twice differential. For point of extrema, put f ¢ (x ) = 0
So, again for some x Î (0, 1). sin x
Þ =0
f ¢¢(x) = 0 [by Rolle’s theorem] x
æ x2 + a ö Þ sin x = 0
99. The given function f (x) = log e çç ÷ holds the Rolle’s
÷ Þ x = np, n = 1, 2 , 3,...
è 7x ø
102. We have, f (x ) =|x|(x - 1 ) (x - 2) (x - 3)
theorem for the interval [3, 4].
ì x (x - 1 ) (x - 2) (x - 3), x ³ 0
So, f (3) = f (4) =í
æ9 + a ö æ 16 + a ö î- x(x - 1 ) (x - 2) (x - 3), x < 0
Þ log e ç ÷ = log e ç ÷
è 21 ø è 28 ø Y
9 + a 16 + a
Þ =
3 4 O a g
X¢ X
Þ 36 + 4a = 48 + 3a 1 b 2 3
Þ a = 12 …(i)
and f ¢ (c) = 0, for some c Î (3, 4) Y¢
é 7x 7x(2x + 0) - (x2 + a )7 ù
Þ ê 2 ´ ú =0 It is clear from the figure that, there are four critical
êë x + a (7x)2 úû x = c points i.e., 0, a , b , g.
Application of Derivatives 747

103. Let f (x ) = sin 2x Þ f ¢ (x ) = 2 cos 2x 2p 2p 4p 8p 10p

Then, 2x = 2n ±, n Î Z Þ 2x = , , ,
3 3 3 3 3
For maxima or minima put f ¢ (x ) = 0 p 2p 4p 5p
Þ x= , , , Î [0, 2p ]
Þ 2 cos 2x = 0 Þ cos 2x = 0 3 3 3 3
p 3p 5p 7p Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical points
Þ 2x = , , ,
2 2 2 2 p 2p 4p 5p
p 3p 5p 7p x= , , ,
Þ x= , , , 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 and at the end points of the interval [0, 2p ].
Thus, we evaluate the values of f at critical points At x = 0, f (0) = 0 + sin 0 = 0
p 3p 5p 7p
x= , , , and at the end points of the interval p æ pö p 2p p p p 3
4 4 4 4 At x = , f ç ÷ = + sin = + sin = +
[0, 2p]. 3 è3ø 3 3 3 3 3 2
At x = 0, f (0) = sin (2 ´ 0) = 0 2p æ 2p ö 2p 4p 2p p 2p 3
At x = ,f ç ÷ = + sin = - sin = -
At x = 2p, f (2p ) = sin (2 ´ 2p ) = 0 3 è3ø 3 3 3 3 3 2
p æ pö æ pö p 4p æ 4p ö 4p 8p 4p 2p 4p 3
At x = , f ç ÷ = sin ç2 ´ ÷ = sin = 1 At x = , f ç ÷ = + sin = + sin = +
4 4
è ø è 4 ø 2 3 è3ø 3 3 3 3 3 2
3p æ 3p ö æ 3p ö 3p 5p æ 5p ö 5p 10p 5p 2p
At x = , f ç ÷ = sin ç2 ´ ÷ = sin At x = ,f ç ÷ = + sin = - sin
4 è4ø è 4ø 2 3 è3ø 3 3 3 3
æ pö p 5p 3
= sin ç p + ÷ = - sin = - 1 = -
è 2ø 2 3 2
5p æ 5p ö æ 5p ö 5p At x = 2p, f (2p ) = 2p + sin 4p = 2p + 0 = 2p
At x = , f ç ÷ = sin ç2 ´ ÷ = sin
4 è 4ø è 4ø 2 Thus, maximum value is 2p at x = 2p and minimum
æ pö p value is 0 at x = 0.
= sin ç2p + ÷ = sin = 1
è 2ø 2 106. Let f (x ) = [x(x - 1 ) + 1 ] 1/3 , 0 £ x £ 1 = (x2 - x + 1 )1/3
7p æ 7p ö æ 7p ö 7p On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
At x = , f ç ÷ = sin ç2 ´ ÷ = sin
4 è 4 ø è 4 ø 2 1
1 2 -1 1( 2x - 1 )
æ 3p ö 3p f ¢ (x) = (x - x + 1 )3 (2x - 1 ) =
= sin ç2p + ÷ = sin = -1 3 /
3 ( x2 - x + 1 )23
è 2ø 2
1
Hence, we can conclude that absolute maximum value Now, put f ¢ (x ) = 0 Þ 2x - 1 = 0 Þ x = Î [0, 1].
p 5p 2
of f on [0, 2p] is 1 occurring at x = and x = 1
4 4 So, x = is a critical point.
2
104. Let f (x ) = x4 - 62x2 + ax + 9 1
Now, we evaluate the value of f at critical point x =
Þ f ¢ (x ) = 4x3 - 124x + a 2
It is given that function f attains its maximum value on and at the end points of the interval [0, 1].
the interval [0, 2] at x = 1. At x = 0, f (0) = (0 - 0 + 1)1/3 = 1
\ f ¢ (1) = 0 At x = 1, f (1) = (1 - 1 + 1)1/3 = 1
3 1/3 1/3
Þ 4 ´ 1 - 124 ´ 1 + a = 0 1 æ1ö æ1 1 ö æ3ö
At x = , f ç ÷ = ç - + 1÷ =ç ÷
Þ 4 - 124 + a = 0 Þ a = 120 2 è2ø è4 2 ø è4ø
Hence, the value of a is 120.
\ Maximum value of f (x ) is 1 at x = 0, 1. Hence, (c) is
105. Let f (x ) = x + sin 2x, f ¢ (x ) = 1 + 2 cos 2x the correct option.
For maxima or minima put f ¢ (x ) = 0 107. f (x ) = 4x 3 - 18x2 + 27x - 7
1 f ¢ (x ) = 12x2 - 36x + 27 = 3(4x2 - 12x + 9) = 3(2x - 3)2
Þ 1 + 2 cos 2x = 0 Þ cos 2x = -
2 3
p 2p f ¢ (x ) = 0 Þ x = (critical point)
Þ cos 2x = - cos = cos 2
3 3 3 3
æ pö æ pö Since, f ¢ (x) > 0 for all x < and for all x >
Þ cos 2x = cos ç p - ÷ , cos ç p + ÷ , 2 2
è 3 ø è 3 ø 3
æ pö æ pö Hence, x = is a point of inflexion i.e. neither a point of
cos ç3p - ÷ , cos ç3p + ÷ 2
è 3ø è 3ø 3
maxima nor a point of minima. x = is the only critical
[Q we know that cos x is negative in second and 2
third quadrant] point and f has neither maxima nor minima.
748 JEE Main Mathematics

108. f ¢ (x ) = - 3x3 - 24x2 - 45x 114. Given function is f (x ) = x + sin x

= - 3x ( x2 + 8x + 15) = - 3x( x + 5 ) ( x + 3 ) On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ x = -5, x = - 3, x = 0 f ¢ (x ) = 1 + cos x
For maxima or minima put f ¢ (x ) = 0
f ¢¢(x) = - 9x2 - 48x - 45 = - 3(3x2 + 16x + 15)
Þ 1 + cos x = 0 Þ cos x = - 1 Þ x = p
f ¢¢(0) = - 45 < 0. Therefore, x = 0 is point of local maxima
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f ¢¢(-3) = 18 > 0. Therefore, x = - 3 is point of local f ¢ ¢ (x) = - sin x, at x = p, f ¢ ¢ (p ) = 0
minima
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f ¢¢(-5) = - 30 < 0. Therefore, x = -5 is point of local f ¢ ¢ ¢ (x ) = - cos x, f ¢ ¢ ¢ (p ) = 1
maxima
At x = p, f (x ) is minimum.
æ pö a
109. f ¢ ç ÷ = 0 Þ - 1 = 0 Þ a = 2 115. f¢ (x ) = f ¢ ( x ) + a
è3ø 2
ì- x + 1 ; x < 0 Q f¢ (0) = 0 Þ f ¢ (0) + a = 0 Þ a = 0 [Q f ¢ (0) = 0]
110. f ( x ) = x + 1 = í , g (x) = { ex ,- 2 £ x £ 0 Also, f¢¢ (0) > 0 [Q f ¢ ¢ (0) > 0]
î x + 1 ; x > 0
Þ f (x) has relative minimum at x = 0 for all b, if a = 0
f ( x ) - g (x) = { - x + 1 - ex , - 2 £ x £ 0
x
Say H ( x ) = x + 1 - ex ,-2 £ x £ 0 116. Let the number be x, then f (x ) = 2
x + 16
H ¢ (x) = - 1 - ex < 0 for all x Î [-2,0) .
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
So, H (x) is maximum at x = - 2. (x2 + 16) × 1 - x (2 x )
f ¢ (x ) =
So, its maximum value at x = - 2, (x2 + 16)2
1
H (x) = - (-2) + 1 - e-2 = 3 - 2 x2 + 16 - 2 x2
e =
(x2 + 16)2
111. f ¢ (x ) = 25x24 (1 - x )75 - 75x25 (1 - x )74 16 - x2
24 74 = …(i)
= 25x (1 - x ) [( 1 - x ) - 3x] (x2 + 16)2
= 25x24 (1 - x )74 ( 1 - 4x ) ; Put f ¢ (x ) = 0 for maxima or minima
1 f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ 16 - x2 = 0 Þ x = 4, - 4
f ¢(x) changes sign about x = only
4
Again, on differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
112. Given, f (x ) = x- x Þ log f (x ) = - x log x (x2 + 16)2 (-2x) - (16 - x2) 2 (x2 + 16) 2x
f ¢ ¢ (x ) =
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get (x2 + 16)4
1 At x = 4, f ¢ ¢ (x ) < 0
× f ¢ (x ) = - log x - 1
f (x ) \f (x ) is maximum at x = 4.
Þ f ¢ (x ) = - f (x ) (1 + log x ) and at x = - 4, f ¢ ¢ (x ) > 0, f (x) is minimum.
Put f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ log x = - 1 Þ x = e-1 -4 1
\ Least value of f (x) = =-
1 16 + 16 8
\ f ¢ ¢ (x ) = - f ¢ (x ) (1 + log x ) - f (x )
x b
f (x) 117. Given, f (x ) = ax +
= f (x ) (1 + log x ) -2 x
x On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 æ1ö b
At x = , f ¢ ¢ (x ) = - ef ç ÷ < 0, maxima f ¢ (x ) = a - 2
e è eø x
1 b
Hence, at x = , f (x ) is maximum. For maxima or minima, put f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ x =
e a
113. Q y = a (1 - cos x ) Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2b
f ¢ ¢ (x ) = 3
y¢ = a sin x …(i) x
Put y¢ = 0 for maxima or minima, b
At x = , f ¢ ¢ (x ) = positive
sin x = 0 Þ x = 0, p a
b
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x of Eq. (i), we get Þ f (x ) is minimum at x = .
a
y¢ ¢ = a cos x Þ y¢ ¢ (0) = a and y¢ ¢ (p ) = - a
b
Hence, y is maximum when x = p. \f (x) has the least value at x = .
a
Application of Derivatives 749

x
118. Given, f (x ) = ò (t 4 - 4) e-4t dt 122. Given, f (x ) = x2 log x
-10
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f ¢ (x ) = (2 log x + 1 ) x
f ¢ (x ) = (x4 - 4) e-4x
For maxima or minima, put f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ x = ± 2 , ± 2 For a maximum, put f ¢ (x ) = 0
Again, on differentiating w.r.t. x, we get Þ (2 log x + 1 ) x = 0 Þ x = e-1/ 2, 0
f ¢ ¢ (x ) = - 4(x4 - 4 ) e-4x + 4x3 e-4x Q 0 < e-1/ 2 < 1
At x = 2 and x = - 2, the given function has two None of these critical points lies in the interval [1, e] .
extreme values. So, we only compute the value of f (x ) at the end points 1
119. f ¢ (x ) = - a sin x + b sec2 x + 1 and e.
æ pö We have, f (1 ) = 0, f (e ) = e2
Now, f ¢ (0) = 0 and f ¢ ç ÷ = 0 Hence, greatest value of f (x ) = e2
è6ø
a 4b 2 123. We have, f (x ) =| px - q|+ r|x|, x Î (- ¥ , ¥ )
Þ b + 1 = 0 and - + + 1 = 0 Þ b = - 1, a = -
2 3 3 ì - px + q - rx , x£0
2 ï
120. Given, f (x ) = cos x + sin x, x Î [0, p] = í- px + q + rx , 0 < x < q/p
Now, f ¢ (x ) = 2 cos x (- sin x ) + cos x = - 2 sin x cos x + cos x ï px - q + rx , q/p < x
î
For maximum or minimum put f ¢ (x) = 0 Y Y
Þ -2 sin x cos x + cos x = 0 y = f(x) y = f(x)
1 q q
Þ cos x (- 2 sin x + 1 ) = 0 Þ cos x = 0 or sin x =
2
X X
p p O q /p O q/p
Þ x= ,
6 2 when r = p when r < p
(a) (b)
For absolute maximum and absolute minimum, we Y
have to evaluate y = f(x)
æ pö æ pö q
f (0), f ç ÷, f ç ÷ , f (p )
è6ø è2ø
X
At x = 0, f (0) = cos 2 0 + sin 0 = 12 + 0 = 1 O q/p
2 when r > p
p æ pö æ pö p æ 3 ö÷ 1 5
At x = , f ç ÷ = cos 2 ç ÷ + sin = çç + = = 1.25 (c)
6 è6ø è6ø 6 è 2 ÷ø 2 4
Thus, f has infinite points of minimum, if r = p.
p æ pö æ pö p
At x = , f ç ÷ = cos 2 ç ÷ + sin = 02 + 1 = 1 In case, p ¹ r, then x = 0 is point of minimum, if r > p and
2 è2ø è2ø 2 q
x = is point of minimum, if r < p.
At x = p, f (p ) = cos 2 p + sin p = (-1)2 + 0 = 1 p
Hence, the absolute maximum value of f is 1.25 124. Given function is f (x) = 9x4 + 12x3 - 36x2 + 25 = y (let)
p
occurring at x = and the absolute minimum value of f dy
6 For maxima or minima put =0
p dx
is 1 occurring at x = 0, and p. dy
2 Þ = 36x3 + 36x2 - 72x = 0
x dx
121. Q f (x ) = Þ x3 + x2 - 2x = 0 Þ x[x2 + x - 2] = 0
4 + x + x2
Þ x[x2 + 2x - x - 2] = 0
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get Þ x[x(x + 2) - 1(x + 2)] = 0
4 + x + x2 - x ( 1 + 2 x ) Þ x(x - 1)(x + 2) = 0 Þ x = - 2, 0, 1
f ¢ (x ) =
(4 + x + x2)2 By sign method, we have following
4 - x2 – + – +
For maximum, put f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ =0
(4 + x + x2)2 –2 0 1
Þ x = 2 , -2 dy
Since, changes it’s sign from negative to positive at
Both the values of x are not in the interval [-1, 1]. dx
-1 -1 x = ‘-2 ’ and ‘1’, so x = - 2, 1 are points of local minima.
\ f (-1 ) = = dy
4 -1 + 1 4 Also, changes it’s sign from positive to negative at
dx
1 1 x = 0, so x = 0 is point of local maxima.
f (1 ) = = (maximum)
4 + 1 +1 6 \ S1 = { -2, 1} and S 2 = {0}.
750 JEE Main Mathematics

125. Given function, \ f (x) = ax4 - 2ax2 + e

f (x) = (1 - cos 2 x) (l + sin x) = sin 2 x(l + sin x) Now, f (x) = f (0) [given]
\ f ¢ (x) = sin 2x(l + sin x) + sin 2 x(cos x) Þ ax4 - 2ax2 + e = e Þ ax2(x2 - 2) = 0
é 1 ù Þ x = 0, 0, - 2, 2 ÎT = { x Î R| f (x) = f (0)}
= sin 2x ê l + sin x + sin xú
ë 2 û \ Sum of squares of all the element of
é 3 ù T =2 + 2=4
= sin 2x ê l + sin xú
ë 2 û 128. The non-zero four degree polynomial f (x) has extremum
For maxima and minima, as points at x = -1, 0, 1.
æ 3 ö So, we can assume
f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ sin 2x ç l + sin x÷ = 0
è 2 ø f ¢ (x) = a (x + 1)(x - 0) (x - 1) = ax(x2 - 1)
æ p pö where, a is non-zero constant.
So, either sin 2x = 0 Þ x = 0 as x Î ç - , ÷
è 2 2ø f ¢ (x) = ax3 - ax
3 a a
or l + sin x = 0 as there must exactly one maxima and Þ f (x) = x4 - x2 + C [integrating both sides]
2 4 2
æ 3 3ö
exactly one minima, so l Î ç - , ÷ - {0}. where, C is constant of integration.
è 2 2ø
Now, since f (x) = f (0)
æ f (x) ö f (x)
126. Given that limç2 + ÷ = 4 Þ 2 + lim 3 = 4 a 4 a 2 x4 x2
x ®0 è x3 ø x ®0 x Þ x - x +C =C Þ =
4 2 4 2
f (x)
Þ lim 3 = 2 …(i) Þ x2(x2 - 2) = 0 Þ x = - 2 , 0, 2
x ®0 x
Thus, f (x) = f (0) has one rational and two irrational
and it is given that f (x) is a polynomial of degree 3 and roots.
relation (i) will be true if lowest degree of polynomial
f (x) is 3. 129. Given function, f (x) = x kx - x2 … (i)
5 4 3
Now, let f (x) = ax + bx + cx the function f (x) is defined if
f (x) kx - x2 ³ 0
Q lim 3 = 2 Þ c = 2
x ®0 x Þ x2 - kx £ 0
\ f (x) = ax5 + bx4 + 2x3 Þ x Î [0, k] … (ii)
Þ f ¢ (x) = 5ax4 + 4bx3 + 6x2 because it is given that f (x) is increasing in interval
Q x ± 1 are critical points of f (x). x Î [0, 3], so k should be positive.
\ f ¢ (1) = 0 and f ¢ (-1) = 0 Now, on differentiating the function f (x) w.r.t. x, we get
\ 5a + 4b + 6 = 0 …(ii) x
f ¢ (x) = kx - x2 + ´ (k - 2x)
5a - 4b + 6 = 0 …(iii) 2 kx - x2
6
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get b = 0 and a = - 2(kx - x2) + kx - 2x2 3kx - 4x2
5 = =
6 5 2 kx - x2 2 kx - x2
\ f (x) = - x + 2x3
5 as f (x) is increasing in interval x Î [0, 3], so
4 2 3
Þ f ¢ (x) = - 6x + 6x and f ¢ ¢ (x) = - 24x + 12x f ¢ (x) ³ 0 " x Î (0, 3)
Q f ¢ ¢ (1) = - 12 < 0 Þ x = 1 is point of maxima and Þ 3kx - 4x2 ³ 0
Q f ¢ ¢ (-1) = 12 > 0 Þ x = - 1 is point of minima. Þ 4x2 - 3kx £ 0
æ 3k ö
127. Let a polynomial f (x) of degree four is Þ 4x ç x - ÷ £0
è 4ø
f (x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e é 3k ù
Þ x Î ê0, ú [as k is positive]
\ f ¢ (x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx + d = 0 ë 4û
Þ x = - 1, 0, 1 3k
So, 3£ Þ k ³4
3b 4
\Sum of roots = 0 Þ - = 0Þ b = 0
4a Þ Minimum value of k = m = 4
d and the maximum value of f in [0, 3] is f (3).
and product of roots = 0 Þ - = 0 Þ d = 0 and product
4a
Q f is increasing function in interval x Î [0, 3]
of roots taking two at a time = - 1
2c Q M = f (3) = 3 4 ´ 3 - 32 = 3 3
Þ = - 1 Þ c = - 2a
4a Therefore, ordered pair (m, M ) = (4, 3 3 )
Application of Derivatives 751

130. Given functions are f (x) = 5 - |x - 2| é f (x) ù

limê1 + 2 ú = 3
x ®0 ë x û
and g (x) = | x + 1|, where x Î R.
f (x) f (x)
Clearly, maximum of f (x) occurred at x = 2, so a = 2. Þ 1 + lim 2 = 3 Þ lim 2 = 2
x ®0 x x ®0 x
and minimum of g (x) occurred at x = - 1, so b = - 1.
Þ f (x) will be of the form
Þ ab = - 2
ax4 + bx3 + 2x2
(x - 1) (x2 - 5x + 6)
Now, lim [Q f (x) is of four degree polynomial]
x ® - ab x2 - 6 x + 8
Let f (x) = ax4 + bx3 + 2x2
(x - 1) (x - 3) (x - 2)
= lim [Q ab = - 2] Þ f ¢ (x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 4x
x ®2 (x - 4) (x -2)
Þ f ¢ (1) = 4a + 3b + 4 = 0 …(i)
(x - 1) (x - 3)
= lim and f ¢ (2) = 32a + 12b + 8 = 0
x ®2 (x - 4)
Þ 8a + 3b + 2 = 0 …(ii)
(2 - 1) (2 - 3) 1 ´ (- 1) 1
= = = On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(2 - 4) (- 2) 2
1
a = , b = -2
131. We have, f (x) = 3x3 - 18x2 + 27x - 40 2
Þ f ¢ (x) = 9x2 - 36x + 27 x4
\ f (x) = - 2x3 + 2x2
= 9(x2 - 4x + 3) = 9 (x - 1) (x - 3) …(i) 2
Also, we have Þ f (2) = 8 - 16 + 8 = 0
2
S = { x Î R : x + 30 £ 11 x} 134. Here, x = -1 and x = 2 are extreme points of
Clearly, x2 + 30 £ 11x f (x) = a log|x|+ b x2 + x , then
x2 - 11x + 30 £ 0 a
f ¢ (x) = + 2 bx + 1
x
Þ (x - 5) (x - 6) £ 0 Þ x Î [5, 6]
\ f ¢ (-1) = - a - 2 b + 1 = 0 …(i)
So, S = [5, 6]
[at extreme point, f ¢ (x) = 0]
Note that f (x) is increasing in [5, 6]
a
[Q f ¢ (x) > 0 for x Î [5, 6] and f ¢ (2) = + 4 b + 1 = 0 …(ii)
2
\f (6) is maximum, where
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
f (6) = 3(6)3 - 18(6)2 + 27(6) - 40 = 122 1
a = 2, b = -
132. We have, 2
1 1 f (x) x æ 5 pö
f (x) = x2 + and g (x) = x - Þ h (x) = 135. Here, f (x) = ò t sin t dt, where x Î ç0, ÷
x2 x g (x) 0 è 2 ø
2
1 æ 1ö f ¢ (x) = { x sin x - 0} …(i)
x2 +
2
çx - ÷ + 2
x = è xø [using Newton-Leibnitz formula]
\ h (x) =
1 1
x- x- \ f ¢ (x) = x sin x = 0 Þ sin x = 0
x x
\ x = p, 2p
æ 1ö 2
Þ h (x) = ç x - ÷ + 1
è xø x - 1 f ¢¢(x) = x cos x + sin x
2 x
x
1 æ 1ö 2 f ¢¢(p ) = - p < 0
x - > 0, ç x - ÷ + Î [2 2 , ¥ ) So, f (x) has local maximum at x = p.
x è xø x - 1
x f ¢¢(2p ) = p > 0
1 æ 1ö 2 So, f (x) has local minimum at x = 2p.
x - < 0, ç x - ÷ + Î (-¥ , 2 2 ]
x è xø x - 1 136. Q k+2 £1
x
\ k £ -1
\ Local minimum value is 2 2.
133. Since, the function have extreme values at x = 1 and k – 2x 2x + 3

x = 2.
O
\ f ¢ (x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = 2
Þ f ¢ (1) = 0 and f ¢ (2) = 0 k+2 { 1

Also it is given that –1

752 JEE Main Mathematics

137. Given, y = x 5/ 2 dS
For minima put =0
2 dx
dy 5 3/ 2 d y 15 1/ 2
\ = x , = x Þ 3x2 - 3 (16 - x )2 = 0
dx 2 dx2 4
Þ x - (256 + x2 - 32x) = 0
2
dy d2 y d3 y
At x = 0, = 0, 2
= 0 and 3 is not defined, Þ 32x = 256 Þ x = 8
dx dx dx æ d 2S ö
when x = 0, y = 0 At x = 8, ç ÷ = 96 > 0
ç dx2 ÷
è ø x =8
\(0, 0) is a point of inflection.
\ By second derivative test, x = 8 is the point of local
138. Let the numbers be x and y and P = x2 y5 , then x + y = 35 minima of S.
Þ x = 35 - y
Thus, the sum of the cubes of the numbers is the
\ P = (35 - y)2 y5 minimum when the numbers are 8 and 16 - 8 = 8.
On differentiating twice w.r.t. y, we get Hence, the required numbers are 8 and 8.
dP
= (35 - y)2 5 y4 + y5 2(35 - y) (-1 ) 140. First of all, draw the figure of square piece. Establish a
dy
relation between volume V and the side of the box
= y4 (35 - y) [5(35 - y) - 2 y] dV
formed, differentiate it. Put = 0. Find the critical
= y4 (35 - y) (175 - 5 y - 2 y) dx
= y4 (35 - y) (175 - 7 y) = (35 y4 - y5 ) (175 - 7 y) points and apply the second derivative test to find the
2 required side of the square.
dP
and = (35 y4 - y5 ) (-7 ) + (175 - 7 y) x x
dy2
(4 ´ 35 ´ y3 - 5 y4 ) x x

(18 – 2x) cm

18 cm
4 3
= - 7 y (35 - y) + 7(25 - y ) ´ 5 y (28 - y)
= - 7 y4 (35 - y) + 35 y3 (25 - y) (28 - y)
dP x (18 – 2x) cm x
For maxima put =0 x x
dy
18 cm
Þ y4 (35 - y) (175 - 7 y) = 0 Þ y = 0, 35 - y = 0,
Let the side of the square to be cut-off be x cm (0 < x < 9).
175 - 7 y = 0 Þ y = 0, y = 25, y = 35 Then, the length and the breadth of the box will be
When y = 0, x = 35 - 0 = 35 and the product x2y5 will be 0. (18 - 2x ) cm each and the height of the box is x cm.
When y = 35 and x = 35 - 35 = 0. This will make the Let V the volume of the open box formed by folding up
product x2 y5 equal to 0. the flaps, then
V = x (18 - 2x ) (18 - 2x )
\ y = 0 and y = 35 cannot be the possible value of y.
= 4x (9 - x )2 = 4x (81 + x2 - 18x )
When y = 25, 3
= 4 (x - 18x2 + 81x )
æ d 2P ö
ç ÷ = - 7 ´ (25)4 ´ (35 - 25) + 35 ´ (25)3 On differentiating twice w.r.t. x, we get
ç dy2 ÷
è ø y = 25 dV
´ (25 - 25) (28 - 25) = 4 (3x2 - 36x + 81) = 12(x2 - 12x + 27 )
dx
= - 7 ´ 390625 ´ 10 + 35 ´ 15625 ´ 0 ´ 3 d2 V
= - 27343750 + 0 and = 12 (2x - 12) = 24 (x - 6)
dx2
= - 27343750 < 0 dV
For maxima, put = 0 Þ 12 (x2 - 12x + 27) = 0
\ By second derivative test, P will be the maximum dx
when y = 25 and x = 35 - 25 = 10. Þ x2 - 12x + 27 = 0
Hence, the required numbers are 10 and 25. Þ (x - 3) (x - 9) = 0 Þ x = 3, 9
But x = 9 is not possible.
139. Let one number is x. Then, the other number will be
(16 - x). Q 2x = 2 ´ 9 = 18
Let the sum of the cubes of these numbers be denoted which is equal to the side of square piece.
by S. æ d 2V ö
At x = 3, ç ÷ = 24 (3 - 6) = - 72 < 0
Then, S = x3 + (16 - x )3 ç dx2 ÷
è ø x =3
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get \ By second derivative test, x = 3 is the point of maxima.
dS
= 3x2 + 3(16 - x )2 (-1 ) = 3x2 - 3 (16 - x )2 Hence, if we cut-off the side 3 cm from each corner of the
dx square tin and make a box from the remaining sheet,
d 2S then the volume of the box obtained is the largest
Þ = 6x + 6(16 - x ) = 96
dx2 possible.
Application of Derivatives 753

141. Hence, we have two independent variable r and h, so we 9V 2

Þ S2 = + p 2r 4 …(ii)
eliminate one variable. For this, find the value of h in r2
terms of r and S and put in volume, then use the second
when S is least, S 2 is also least.
derivative test. Let r and h be the radius and height of
d 18V 2
the cylinder respectively. Now, (S 2) = - 3 + 4p 2r3 …(iii)
dr r
d
For minima, put (S 2) = 0
dr
h 18V 2
Þ - 3 + 4p 2r3 = 0 Þ 18V 2 = 4p 2r 6
r
Þ 9V 2 = 2p 2r 6 …(iv)
Again, differentiating Eq. (iii) w.r.t. r, we get
Then, the surface area S of the cylinder is
d2 2 54V 2
S = 2pr 2 + 2prh (given) (S ) = + 12p 2r 2
dr 2 r4
S - 2pr 2
Þ 2prh = S - 2pr 2 Þ h= …(i) d2 54 æç 2p 2r 6 ö÷
2pr At 9V 2 = 2p 2r 6, (S 2
) = + 12 p 2r 2
Also, V = pr h 2
…(ii) dr 2 r 4 çè 9 ÷ø
On putting the value of h from Eq. (i) in Eq. (ii), we get 12p 2r 6
= + 12p 2r 2 = 24p 2r 2 > 0
æ S - 2pr 2 ö Sr r4
V = pr 2 çç ÷=
÷ - pr3 …(iii)
è 2pr ø 2 Hence, S 2 and therefore S is minimum when
9V 2 = 2p 2r 6
On differentiating Eq. (iii) w.r.t. r, we get
dV S On putting 9V 2 = 2p 2r 6 in Eq. (i), we get
= - 3pr 2
dr 2 2p 2r 6 = p 2r 4h 2 Þ 2r 2 = h 2 Þ h = 2r
dV Hence, altitude of right circular cone is 2 times the
For maxima or minima, put =0
dr radius of the base.
S S
Þ - 3pr 2 = 0 Þ S = 6pr 2 Þ r 2 = …(iv) 143. Let q be the semi-vertical angle of the cone.
2 6p
æ pö
d 2V It is clear that q Î ç0, ÷ .
Now, = - 6pr è 2ø
dr 2
S æ d 2V ö æ S ö
At r 2 = , ç
ç
÷
2÷
= - 6p çç ÷ <0
÷
6p è dr ø r= S è 6p ø q
6p h l

By second derivative test, the volume is maximum r

S
when r 2 = .
6p Let r, h and l be the radius, height and the slant height
S of the cone respectively.
when r2 = or S = 6 pr 2
6p The slant height of the cone is given i. e., consider as
6pr 2 æ 1 ö constant.
Then, h= ç ÷ - r = 3r - r = 2r
2p è r ø Now, r = l sin q
Hence, the volume is maximum when the height is twice and h = l cos q
the radius i.e. when the height is equal to the diameter. p
Let V be the volume of the cone; V = r 2h
142. Let r be the radius of the base, h be the height, V be the 3
volume and S be the curved surface area of the cone. 1 1
Þ V = p (l2 sin 2 q ) (l cos q) = pl3 sin 2 q cos q
1 3 3
Then, V = pr 2h Þ 3V = pr 2h
3 On differentiating w.r.t. q, we get
9V 2 dV l3 p
Þ 9V = p 2r 4h 2 Þ h 2 = 2 4
2
…(i) = [sin 2 q (- sin q ) + cos q (2 sin q cos q)]
pr dq 3
and S = prl Þ S = pr r 2 + h 2 l3 p
= (- sin3 q + 2 sin q cos 2 q)
3
[Q l = h 2 + r 2 ]
d 2V l3 p
æ 9V 2 ö and = (-3 sin 2 q cos q + 2 cos3 q - 4 sin 2 q cos q)
Þ S 2 = p 2r 2 (r 2 + h 2) = p 2r 2 çç 2 4 + r 2÷÷ dq2 3
èp r ø l3 p
= (2 cos3 q - 7 sin 2 q cos q)
[using Eq. (i)] 3
754 JEE Main Mathematics

For maxima, put

dV 2rS 2 8Spr3 S S
=0 Þ - = 0 Þ r2 = Þ r=
dq 9 9 4p 4p
Þ sin3 q = 2 sin q cos 2 q d 2(V 2) S
Here, < 0 for r=
Þ tan 2 q = 2 dr 2 4p
Þ tan q = 2 S
So, V 2 and hence V is maximum, when r =
Þ q = tan -1 2 4p
Now, when q = tan -1 2, then S 2 2S S 2(4p) 2S 2S
tan 2 q = 2 or sin 2 q = 2 cos 2 q From Eq. (i), h = 2 2
- = - =
pr p p 2S p p
Then, we have
If q is the semi-vertical angle of the cone when the
d 2 V l3 p volume is maximum, then
= (2 cos3 q - 14 cos3 q)
dq2 3 in right DAOC,
æ pö
= - 4pl3 cos3 q < 0 for q Î ç0, ÷ S
è 2ø r 4p 1 æ1ö
sin q = = = i.e., q = sin -1 ç ÷
\By second derivative test, the volume V is maximum 2
r +h 2 S 2S 1+8 è3ø
+
when q = tan -1 2. 4p p
Hence, for a given slant height, the semi-vertical angle 145. Firstly, consider any point (x, y) on the curve and use
of the cone of the maximum volume is tan -1 2.
the formulas of distance between two points and adjust
144. With usual notation, given that total surface area them in one variable and simplify it.
S = prl + pr 2 Let d be the distance of the point (x, y) on x2 = 2 y from
Þ 2
S = pr r + h + pr 2 éQ l = r 2 + h 2 ù
2
the point (0, 5), then
ëê úû
S S 2
2S d = (x - 0)2 + ( y - 5)2 = x2 + ( y - 5)2 …(i)
Þ - r = r2 + h2 Þ 2 2 - = h2
pr pr p 2 2
= 2 y + ( y - 5) [putting x = 2 y]
S2 2S æ S2
çQ 2S ö÷ = 2
y - 8 y + 25 = y - 8 y + 4 + 9 = ( y - 4 )2 + 9
2 2
Þ h= - , ç > …(i)
pr2 2
p è pr
2 2
p ÷ø
d is least when ( y - 4)2 = 0 i.e. when y = 4
1 1 S2 2S When y = 4, then x2 = 2 ´ 4 Þ x = ± 8 = ± 2 2
and volume V = pr 2h = pr 2 -
3 3 p 2r 2 p
\The points (2 2 , 4) and (-2 2 , 4) on the given curve are
r S
Þ V = S 2 - 2Spr 2, r 2 < nearest to the point (0, 5). So, (a) is the correct option.
3 2p
x2 y2
S 146. Let the equation of an ellipse be 2
+ 2 = 1, then any
i.e. 0<r< a b
2p
point P on the ellipse is (a cos q, b sin q).
A From P, draw PM ^ OX and produce it to meet the
ellipse at Q, then APQ is an isosceles triangle, let S be
q its area, then
1
l S = 2 ´ ´ AM ´ MP = (OA - OM ) ´ MP
h 2
= (a - a cos q) × b sin q
æ 1 ö
Þ S = ab (sin q - sin q cos q) = ab çsin q - sin 2q÷
B O C è 2 ø
r On differentiating w.r.t. q, we get
Since, V is maximum, then V is maximum. 2 dS
= ab (cos q - cos 2q)
S 2r 2 2Spr 4 S dq
Now, V2 = - ,0 < r < Again, differentiating w.r.t. q, we get
9 9 2p
d 2rS 2 8Spr3 Y
\ (V 2) = -
dr 9 9 P(a cos q, b sin q)
d2 2 2S 2
24S pr 2 X¢
and (V ) = - O M
X
dr 2 9 9 A(a, 0)
dV Q(a cos q, – b sin q)
For maxima, put =0
dr Y¢
Application of Derivatives 755

d 2S æ kp ö
= ab (- sin q + 2 sin 2q) ç ÷
dq2 4 k
Þ r = è ø2 = …(ii)
dS p 8 + 2p
For maxima or minima, put = 0 Þ cos q = cos 2q 2p +
dq 2
2p
Þ 2q = 2p - q Þ q = æ d 2A ö
3 Now, ç ÷ = positive
ç dr 2 ÷
2p æç d 2S ö÷ é 2p æ 2p ö ù è ø r= k
At q = , ç 2 ÷ = ab ê - sin + 2 sin ç2 ´ ÷ ú 8 + 2p
3 è dq ø q = 2p ë 3 è 3 øû k
3 \A is least, when r = and put this value in Eq. (i),
é æ pö æ pöù 8 + 2p
= ab ê - sin ç p - ÷ + 2 sin ç p + ÷ ú we get
ë è 3ø è 3øû
k - 2pr 1 æ ö é 8k + 2pk - 2pk ù
é æ pö pù x= = ç k - 2p ´ k ÷ = 1 ê ú
Q sin ç p - ÷ = sin ú 4 4 ç 8 + 2p ÷ø 4 8 + 2p
æ p pö ê è 3 ø 3 è ë û
= ab ç - sin - 2 sin ÷ ê ú æ k ö
è 3 3ø ê æ p ö - sin p ú 2k
sin ç p + ÷ = = = 2 çç ÷ = 2r
÷ [using Eq. (ii)]
êë è 3ø 3 úû 8 + 2p è 8 + 2p ø
æ 3 2 3÷ ö æ ö
= ab çç - ç -3 3 ÷ -3 3ab < 0 Hence, S is least when side of the square is double the
2
-
2 ÷ = ab ç 2 ÷ = 2 radius of the circle.
è ø è ø
2p 148. Let radius of semi-circle = r
\ S is maximum, when q =
3 \ One side of rectangle = 2r
and maximum value of Let other side = x
æ 2p 1 2p 2p ö \ P = Perimeter = 10 (given)
S = ab çsin - × 2 sin cos ÷
è 3 2 3 3ø 1
Þ 2x + 2r + (2pr ) = 10 Þ 2x = 10 - r (p + 2) …(i)
[Qsin 2q = 2 sin q cos q] 2
é æ pö æ pö æ pöù pr
= ab êsin ç p - ÷ - sin ç p - ÷ cos ç p - ÷ ú
ë è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 øû
é p p æ pö ù
= ab êsin - sin ´ ç - cos ÷ ú r r
ë 3 3 è 3øû D C

æ p p pö æ 3 3 1 ö÷
= abçsin + sin cos ÷ = ab çç + ´
è 3 3 3ø è 2 2 2 ÷ø
x x
æ2 3 + 3 ö 3 3
= ab çç ÷=
÷ ab sq unit A B
4 4 2r
è ø
3 3
Thus, maximum area of isosceles triangle is ab sq Let A be area of the figure, then
4
unit. A = Area of semi-circle + Area of rectangle
147. Let x be the side of square and r be the radius of circle. 1
= p r 2 + 2rx
Perimeter of a circle = 2pr and perimeter of a square = 4x 2
k - 2pr 1
Given, 2pr + 4x = k Þ x = …(i) Þ A = (pr 2) + r [10 - r (p + 2)] [using Eq. (i)]
4 2
é k - 2pr ù
2 1 pr 2
\ A = x2 + pr 2 = ê + pr 2 = (pr 2) + 10r - r 2p - 2r 2 = 10r - - 2r 2
ú 2 2
ë 4 û
æ1ö On differentiating twice w.r.t. r, we get
= ç ÷ (k2 - 4kpr + 4p 2r 2) + pr 2 dA
è 16 ø = 10 - pr - 4r …(ii)
On differentiating w.r.t. r, we get dr
dA æ 1 ö d 2A
= ç ÷ (-4kp + 8p 2r ) + 2pr and = - p -4 …(iii)
dr è 16 ø dr 2
dA
Again, differentiating w.r. t. r, we get For maxima or minima, put = 0 Þ 10 - pr - 4r = 0
dr
d 2A 1 2 p2 10
= [0 + 8 p ] + 2 p = 2 p + >0 Þ 10 = (4 + p ) r Þ r =
dr 2 16 2 4+ p
dA 10 d 2A
For maximum or minimum, put =0 On putting r = in Eq. (iii), we get = negative
dr 4+ p dr 2
4kp 8p 2r æ p 2 ö÷ kp 10
Þ 2pr - + = 0 Þ r çç2p + = Thus A has local maximum when r = …(iv)
16 16 è 2 ÷ø 4 4+ p
756 JEE Main Mathematics

10 150. Draw the diagram of a cylinder of height h and radius r

\ Radius of semi-circle =
4+ p inscribed in a sphere of radius R. Now, express volume
2 ´ 10 20 V in terms of R and h and then apply second derivative
and one side of rectangle = 2r = = test to prove the required results.
4+ p 4+ p
Radius of the sphere = R
and other side of rectangle i.e. x from Eq. (i) is given by Let h be the height and x be the diameter of the base of
1 1é æ 10 ö ù the inscribed cylinder. Then,
x = [10 - r (p + 2)] = ê10 - çç ÷ (p + 2)ú
÷
2 2 êë è p + 4 ø úû h 2 + x2 = (2R)2 Þ h 2 + x2 = 4R2 …(i)
2
[from Eq. (iv)] Volume of the cylinder = p (radius) ´ height
2
10p + 40 - 10p - 20 20 10 æ xö 1 1
= = = Þ V = p ç ÷ × h = px2h Þ V = ph (4R2 - h 2) …(ii)
2(p + 4) 2(p + 4) p + 4 è2ø 4 4
Light is maximum when area is maximum. [from Eq. (i), x2 = 4R2 - h 2]
1
So, dimensions of the window are length Þ V = pR2h - ph3
4
20 10
= 2r = , breadth = x = . On differentiating w.r.t. h, we get
p+4 p+4
dV 3 æ 3 ö
= pR2 - ph 2 = p ç R2 - h 2÷
149. Let R be the radius and h be the height of cone. dh 4 è 4 ø
\ OA = h - r dV 3 2R
Put = 0 Þ R2 = h 2 Þ h =
C
dh 4 3
d2 V 3
Also, 2
= - ´ 2ph
h r dh 4
O 2R d 2V 3 æ 2R ö
r At h = , = - ´ 2p ç ÷ = - 3pR = - ve
q 3 dh 2 4 è 3ø
A R B

R
In DOAB, r 2 = R2 + (h - r )2 Þ r 2 = R2 + h 2 + r 2 - 2rh h
Þ R2 = 2rh - h 2 R

The volume V of the cone is given by x

1 1 1
V = pR2h = ph (2rh - h 2) = p (2rh 2 - h3 )
3 3 3 2R
Þ V is maximum at h =
On differentiating w.r.t. h, we get 3
dV 1 2R
= p (4rh - 3h 2) Maximum volume at h = is
dh 3 3
dV 1 æ 2R ö æç 2 4R2 ö÷
For maximum or minimum, put =0 V = pç ÷ 4R - [using Eq. (ii)]
dh 4 è 3 ø çè 3 ÷ø
Þ 4rh = 3h 2 Þ 4r = 3h
pR æç 8R2 ö÷ 4pR3
4r = = sq unit
\ h= [h ¹ 0] 2 3 çè 3 ÷ø 3 3
3
2R
d 2V 1 Thus, volume of the cylinder is maximum when h =
Now, = p (4r - 6h ) 3
dh 2 3
151. Let VAB be the cone of height h, semi-vertical angle a
4r æ d 2V ö 1 æ 4r ö
At h = , ç ÷ and let x be the radius of the base of the cylinder
3 ç dh 2 ÷ 4r = 3 p çè4r - 6 ´ 3 ÷ø
è ø h= A ¢ B¢ DC which is inscribed in the cone VAB. Then, OO¢
3
is the height of the cylinder = VO - VO ¢ = h - x cot a
p
(4r - 8r )
= V
3
- 4r p O¢
= <0 a
3 A¢ x B¢
4r
Þ V is maximum when h = .
3
4r
Hence, volume of the cone is maximum when h = ,
3 A B
which is the altitude of cone C O D
Application of Derivatives 757

Volume of the cylinder, V = px2 (h - x cot a ) …(i) k2

= [2 cos 2 q - 1 + cos q (cos 2 q + sin 2 q)]
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2(1 + cos q)3
dV
= 2pxh - 3px2 cot a k2
dx = (2 cos 2 q + cos q - 1 ) …(v)
dV 2(1 + cos q)3 2 2
For maxima or minima, put =0 [Q cos q + sin q = 1]
dx p
Þ 2
2pxh - 3px cot a = 0 Since, 0<q<
2
2h
Þ x= tan a [Q x ¹ 0] k2
3 \ >0
2(1 + cos q)3
d 2V
Now, = 2ph - 6px cot a dy
dx2 Therefore, sign scheme for will be same as that of
dx
2h d 2V
At x = tan a, = p (2h - 4h ) = - 2ph < 0 2 cos 2 q + cos q - 1.
3 dx2
2h Now, 2 cos 2 q + cos q - 1 = 0
Þ V is maximum, when x = tan a.
3 Þ (2 cos q - 1 ) (cos q + 1 ) = 0
2h h 1
Now, OO ¢ = h - x cot a = h - = Þ cos q = [Q cos q ¹ - 1]
3 3 2
\The maximum volume of the cylinder is p é pù
2 Þ q=
3 êQ 0 < q < 2 ú
æ 2h ö æ 2h ö 4 ë û
V =pç tan a ÷ ç h - ÷= ph3 tan 2 a
è 3 ø è 3 ø 27 dy
Since, sign scheme for i.e. for (2 cos 2 q + cos q - 1 ) is
dx
152. Given, AC + BC = constant = k …(i)
Let ÐACB = q y is increasing max. y is decreasing
and AC = x, then BC = x cos q and AB = x sin q 0 + ve p – ve p
A 3 2
p
Thus, y has maximum value when q = .
3

x 153. Let f (x ) = - x3 + 3x2 + 9x - 27

q The slope of this curve f ¢ (x ) = - 3x2 + 6x + 9
B C
Let g (x ) = f ¢ (x ) = - 3x2 + 6x + 9
Let y be the area ofDABC.
1 1 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Then, y = BC × AB = x cos q × x sin q
2 2 g ¢ (x ) = - 6x + 6
1 2 For maxima or minima put g ¢ (x ) = 0 Þ x = 1
= x sin q cos q …(ii)
2
k Now, g ¢ ¢ (x ) = - 6 < 0 and hence, at x = 1, g (x) (slope) will
From Eq. (i), x + x cos q = k Þ x= …(iii) have maximum value.
1 + cos q
On putting the value of x in Eq. (ii), we get \ [ g ( 1 ) ]max = - 3 ´ 1 + 6 ( 1 ) + 9 = 12
k2 sin q cos q 154. Let PQ = a and PR = b, then D = ab sin q
1
y= × …(iv)
2 (1 + cos q)2 2

On differentiating w.r.t. q, we get Q -1 £ sin q £ 1

p
(1 + cos q)2 (cos 2 q - sin 2 q) \Area is maximum when sin q = 1 Þ q =
2 2
dy k - sin q cos q × 2 (1 + cos q) (- sin q)
= 155. Given,
dx 2 (1 + cos q)4
2a
ab = 2 a + 3b Þ (a - 3) b = 2 a Þ b=
a -3
k2 (1 + cos q) [(1 + cos q) (cos 2 q - sin 2 q) + 2 sin 2 q cos q]
=
2 (1 + cos q)4 2 a2
Now, let z = ab =
a -3
k2 cos 2 q - sin 2 q + cos3 q - cos q sin 2 q + 2 cos q sin 2 q On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
=
2 (1 + cos q)3 dz 2 [(a - 3) 2 a - a 2] 2 [a 2 - 6a ]
= =
k2 da (a - 3)2 (a - 3)2
= (2 cos 2 q - 1 + cos3 q + cos q sin 2 q)
2(1 + cos q)3 dz
For a minimum, put =0
[Q sin 2 q = 1 - cos 2 q] da
758 JEE Main Mathematics

Þ a 2 - 6a = 0 Þ a = 0, 6 c2
158. Given curve is xy = c2 Þ y =
d 2z x
At a = 6, = positive bc2
da 2 Let f (x ) = a x + by = a x +
When a = 6, b =4 x
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
\ (ab)min = 6 ´ 4 = 24
bc2
156. Let radius vector is r. f ¢ (x) = a - 2
x
\ r 2 = x2 + y2 For a maxima or minima, put f ¢ (x ) = 0
a 2 y2 é a 2 b2 ù Þ ax2 - bc2 = 0
Þ r2 = + y2 êQ 2 + 2 = 1ú
y2 - b2 êë x y ûú bc2 b
Þ x2 = Þx=± c
For minimum value of r, a a
d (r 2) Again, on differentiating w.r.t. x ,we get
=0
dy 2 bc2
f ¢ ¢ (x ) = 3
-2 yb2a 2 x
Þ + 2y = 0 b
( y2 - b 2 ) 2 At x = c , f ¢ ¢ (x ) > 0
a
Þ y2 = b(a + b)
b
\ x2 = a (a + b) \f (x ) is minimum at x = c .
a
Þ r 2 = (a + b)2
b
Þ r=a+b The minimum value at x = c is
a
157. Q Perimeter of a sector = p æ b ö÷ b bc2 a
\ f çç c ÷ =a×c + ×
A è a ø a c b
r abc + abc 2 abc
= = = 2 c ab
O q s ab ab
r
159. Given, a 2x4 + b2y4 = c6
B 1/ 4
æ c6 - a 2x4 ö
Let AOB be the sector with radius r. Þ y = çç ÷
÷
è b2 ø
If angle of the sector be qradians, then area of sector, 1/ 4
æ c6 - a 2x4 ö
1 and let f (x ) = xy = x çç ÷
A = r 2q …(i) b2 ÷
2 è ø
1/ 4
s æ c6x4 - a 2x8 ö
and length of arc, s = rqÞ q = Þ f (x ) = çç ÷
r b2 ÷
è ø
\Perimeter of the sector
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
p = r + s+ r =2r + s …(ii) -3 / 4
æ c6x4 - a 2x8 ö
1 æ 4x3c6 8x7a 2 ö
s ç
f ¢ (x ) = ÷ ç ÷
On substituting q = in Eq. (i), we get ç 4b 2 ÷ ç b2 - b2 ÷
r è ø è ø
æ1 ö æ sö 1 For maxima or minima, put f ¢ (x ) = 0
A = ç r 2÷ ç ÷ = rs
è2 ø è rø 2 4x 3 c6 8x7a 2
Þ - =0
2A b2 b2
Þ s=
r 4 x3 6
Þ (c - 2 a 2x4 ) = 0
Now, on substituting the value of s in Eq. (ii), we get b2
æ2 Aö c6 c3/ 2
p =2r + ç ÷ Þ 2 A = pr - 2 r 2 Þ x4 = 2
Þ ± 1/ 4
è r ø 2a 2 a
On differentiating w.r.t. r, we get c 3/ 2
At x = 1/ 4
, f (x ) will be maximum.
dA 2 a
2 = p - 4r 1/ 4
dr æ c 3/ 2 ö æ c12 c12 ö÷
\ f çç 1/ 4 ÷=ç
÷ ç -
For the maximum area, put è2
2 2
a ø è2 a b 4a 2b2 ÷ø
dA p 1/ 4
= 0 Þ p - 4r = 0 Þ r= æ c12 ö c3
dr 4 = çç 2 2 ÷÷ =
è 4a b ø 2ab
Application of Derivatives 759

160. Let the diameter of the sphere is AE = 2 r. \ h = QL = OL - OQ = H - x cot a

A V = Volume of the cylinder
= p x2(H - x cot a )
1
Also, p = p (H tan a )2H …(i)
3
y
dV
= p (2 Hx - 3x2 cot a )
x C dx
B D
dV
\ = 0 Þ x = 0,
E dx
Let the radius of cone is x and height is y. 2
x = H tan a
3
\ AD = y
é d2 V ù
Since, BD 2 = AD × DE Þ ê 2 ú
= -2 p H < 0
êë dx úû x = 2 H tan a
Þ x2 = y (2 r - y) …(i) 3
1 1 2
Volume of cone, V = p x2y = py(2 r - y) y \V is maximum when x = H tan a
3 3 3
1 4 1 4
= p (2 ry2 - y3 ) and q = V max = p H 2 tan 2 a H = p [from Eq. (i)]
3 9 3 9
On differentiating w.r.t. y, we get Hence, p : q = 9 :4
dV 1 dy a
= p (4ry - 3 y2) 162. = a - 3 x2 = 0 Û x = ±
2
dy 3 dx 3
dV d2 y a
For maxima and minima, put =0 Since, 2
= - 6x, so y is minimum for x = - .
dy dx 3
1 x2 + x + 2
Þ p (4ry - 3 y2) = 0 Since, x2 + x + 2 > 0 for all x, so for 2 £ 0,
3 x + 5x + 6
Þ y (4r - 3 y) = 0 we must have x2 + 5x + 6 < 0.
4 a
Þ y = r, 0 If x = - , we have
3 3
Again, on differentiating w.r.t. y, we get
a 2 5a
d 2V 1 - +6 <0
= p (4r - 6 y) 3 3
dy2 3
Þ a 2 - 5 3 a + 18 < 0
4 d 2V 1
At y = r, = p (4r - 8r ) = negative Þ (a - 2 3 )(a - 3 3 ) < 0
3 dy2 3
If a > 0, a Î (2 3 , 3 3 )
4
\Volume of cone is maximum at y = r. If a < 0, a Î (- 3 3 , - 2 3 )
3
Height of cone Þ a Î (- 3 3 , - 2 3 ) È (2 3 , 3 3 )
Now, required ratio =
Diameter of sphere 163. Q y = x - 6x2 + 9x + 4
3

4r dy
y 2 Now, = 3x2 - 12x + 9
= = 3 = dx
2r 2r 3 dy
Let u= = 3x2 - 12 x + 9
161. Let H be the height of the cone and a be its semi-vertical dx
angle. Suppose that x is the radius of the inscribed du
Now, = 6x - 12
cylinder and h be its height. dx
O du
Put = 0 for maximum or minimum
dx
a
\ 6x - 12 = 0 Þ x = 2
Q x Now, at x = 0 , u =9
At x = 2 , u = -3
h
and at x = 5, u = 24
Thus, the maximum of u (x), 0 £ x £ 5 is u(5).
L P
M Hence, x=5
760 JEE Main Mathematics

164. As the point P (h , k) is the nearest point on the curve

y = x2 + 7x + 2 , to the line y = 3x - 3.
So, the tangent to the parabola y = x2 + 7x + 7 at point

3
h

l=
P (h , k) is parallel to the line y = 3x - 3
dy
\ = 2h + 7 = 3 Þ h = - 2 … (i)
dx p r

and the point p(h , k) on the curve, so

k = h 2 + 7h + 2 = (- 2)2 + 7(- 2) + 2 1 2
Now, volume (V ) of cone = pr h
Þ k = 4 - 14 + 2 Þ k = - 8 3
1
\ Point P(- 2, - 8) Þ V (h ) = p (9 - h 2)h [from Eq. (i)]
3
Now, equation of normal to the parabola
1
y = x2 + 7x + 7 at point P(- 2, - 8) is = p[9h - h3 ] …(ii)
3
-1
y+8= (x + 2) For maximum volume V ¢ (h ) = 0 and V ¢¢(h ) < 0.
dy
dx p Here, V ¢ (h ) = 0 Þ (9 - 3h 2) = 0
Þ h= 3 [Q h </ 0]
1
Þ y+8=- (x + 2) Þ x + 3 y + 26 = 0 1
3 and V ¢¢(h ) = p (-6h ) < 0 for h = 3
3
165. Let a sphere of radius 3, which inscribed a right circular Thus, volume is maximum when h = 3
cylinder having radius r and height is h, so Now, maximum volume
h 1
From the figure, = 3 cos q Þ h = 6 cos q V ( 3 ) = p (9 3 - 3 3 ) [from Eq. (ii)]
2 3
and r = 3 sin q …(i) = 2 3p
Q Volume of cylinder V = pr 2h 167. The helicopter is nearest to the soldier, if the tangent to
= p (3 sin q)2(6 cos q) the path, y = x3/ 2 + 7, (x ³ 0) of helicopter at point (x, y) is
= 54p sin 2 q cos q perpendicular to the line joining (x, y) and the position
dV æ1 ö
For maxima or minima, =0 of soldier ç , 7÷ .
dq è2 ø
r

(x, y)
y=x3/2+7
h
q 3
h/2 (1/2, 7)

Q Slope of tangent at point (x, y) is

r
dy 3 1/ 2
= x = m1 (let ) …(i)
Þ 54p [2 sin q cos 2 q - sin3 q] = 0 dx 2
æ1 ö
Þ sin q[2 cos 2 q - sin 2 q] = 0 and slope of line joining (x, y) and ç , 7÷ is
è2 ø
é æ pöù y-7
Þ tan 2 q = 2 êQ q Î ç0, ÷ ú m2 = …(ii)
ë è 2øû 1
x-
Þ tan q = 2 2
2 1 Now, m1 × m2 = -1
Þ sin q = and cos q = …(ii)
3 3 3 1/ 2 æç y - 7 ö÷
Þ x ç ÷ = -1 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 è x - (1 /2) ø
1
h =6 =2 3 3 1/ 2 x3/ 2
3 Þ x = -1 [Q y = x3/ 2 + 7]
2 1
x-
166. Let h = height of the cone, r = radius of circular base 2
3 2 1
= (3)2 - h 2 [Q l2 = h 2 + r 2] Þ x = -x +
2 2
2
= 9-h …(i)
Þ 3 x2 + 2 x - 1 = 0
Application of Derivatives 761

Þ 3 x2 + 3 x - x - 1 = 0 169. Let the radius of circle with least area be r.

Þ 3x(x + 1) - 1(x + 1) = 0 Then, coordinates of centre = (0, 4 - r ).
1 Y
Þ x = , -1 y=|x|
3

(0
x³0

,4
Q

–r
r

)
1 r
\ x=
3
3/ 2
æ1ö X¢ X
and so, y=ç ÷ +7 [Q y = x3/ 2 + 7] O
è3ø y=4 – x2
Y¢
æ 1 æ 1 ö3/ 2 ö
Thus, the nearest point is ç , ç ÷ + 7÷ Since, circle touches the line y = x in first quadrant.
ç3 è3ø ÷
è ø 0 - (4 - r )
\ = r Þ r -4 = ± r 2
Now, the nearest distance 2
2 æ 3/ 2 2
æ1 1ö æ1ö ö 4 4
= ç - ÷ + ç 7 - ç ÷ - 7÷ Þ r= or
è2 3ø ç è3ø ÷ 2+1 1- 2
è ø
2 3
4 é 4 ù
æ1ö æ1ö But r¹ êQ < 0ú
= ç ÷ +ç ÷ 1- 2 ë 1 - 2 û
6
è ø è3ø
4
1 1 \ r= = 4 ( 2 - 1)
= + 2 +1
36 27
3+4 7
170. According to given information, we have
= = Perimeter of square + Perimeter of circle = 2 units
108 108
1 7 Þ 4x + 2pr = 2
= 1 - 2x
6 3 Þ r= ...(i)
p
168. Total length = 2r + r q = 20
Now, let A be the sum of the areas of the square and
20 - 2r the circle. Then,
Þ q=
r A = x2 + pr 2
(1 - 2x) 2
= x2 + p
q
r p2
r
(1 - 2x)2
Þ A (x) = x2 +
p
rq Now, for minimum value of A (x),
Now, area of flower-bed, dA
=0
1 dx
A = r 2q 2 (1 - 2x)
2 Þ 2x + × (- 2) = 0
1 æ 20 - 2r ö p
Þ A = r 2ç ÷ 2 - 4x
2 è r ø Þ x=
p
Þ A = 10r - r 2
Þ px + 4x = 2
dA
\ = 10 - 2r 2
dr Þ x= ...(ii)
p+4
dA
For maxima or minima, put = 0. Now, from Eq. (i), we get
dr
Þ 10 - 2r = 0 2
1 -2×
p+4
Þ r =5 r=
1 p
é 20 - 2 (5) ù
\ Amax = (5)2 ê ú p + 4 -4 1
2 ë 5 û = = ...(iii)
p(p + 4) p + 4
1
= ´ 25 ´ 2
2 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
= 25 sq m x = 2r
762 JEE Main Mathematics

Round II 6. Let A º { x1 , f (x1 )} and B º { x2, f (x2)} be any two points on

1. Equation of line joining the points (0, 3) and (5, -2) is the graph of y = f (x). Chord AB will be lie completely
ax above the graph of y = f (x).
y = 3 - x. If this line is tangent to y = , then
(x + 1) f (x1 ) + f (x2) æ x + x2 ö
Hence, >fç 1 ÷.
(3 - x) (x + 1) = ax should have equal roots. 2 è 2 ø
Thus, (a - 2)2 + 12 = 0 Y
y = f(x)
Þ no value of a Þ a Î f.
2. We have, f (x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d
Þ f ¢ (x) = 3x2 + 2bx + c
Let D1 be the discriminant of f ¢ (x) = 3x2 + 2bx + c. O x1 x2 X
Then, D1 = 4 b2 - 12c = 4 (b2 - c) - 8 c < 0
[Q b2 < c and c > 0]
7. g ¢ (x) = f ¢ (sin x) × cos x - f ¢ (cos x) × sin x
Þ f ¢ (x) > 0 for all x Î (-¥ , ¥ )
Þ g ¢ ¢ (x) = - f ¢ (cos x) × sin x + cos 2 x
f (x) is strictly increasing function on (-¥ , ¥ ).
f ¢ ¢ (sin x) + f ¢ ¢ (cos x) × sin 2 x - f ¢ (cos x) × cos x > 0,
3. f ¢ (x) = |log 2 [log3 {log 4 (cos x + a )}]| æ pö
" x Î ç0, ÷
Clearly, f (x) is increasing for all values of x, if è 2ø
log 2 [log3 {log 4 (cos x + a )}] æ pö æ pö
Þ g ¢ (x) is increasing in ç0, ÷. Also, g¢ ç ÷ = 0
is defined for all values of x. è 2ø è4ø
Þ log3 [log 4 (cos x + a )] > 0, " x Î R æ p p ö æ pö
Þ g ¢ (x) > 0, " x Î ç , ÷ and g ¢ (x) < 0, " x Î ç0, ÷
Þ log 4 (cos x + a ) > 1, " x Î R è4 2ø è 4ø
Þ cos x + a > 4 , " x Î R æ pö
Thus, g (x) is decreasing in ç0, ÷.
Þ a >5 è 4ø

4. On solving, y = 4ax and x2 = 4 by, we get x = 0 or

2 8. t = 2, for the point (2, - 1)
3 2 dy dy/dt 4 t - 2 6
x = 64 - ab . Slope of the curves at the common points
2a x = = = , for t = 2
are and , respectively. dx dx/dt 2 t + 3 7
y 2b
9. Let f (x) = (a + 2) x3 - 3 ax2 + 9 ax - 1 decreases
If these parabola intersect orthogonally, then
monotonically for all x Î R, then f ¢ (x) £ 0 for all x Î R
2a x
× = -1 Þ 3 (a + 2) x2 - 6 ax + 9 a £ 0 for all x Î R
y 2b
Þ (a + 2) x2 - 2 ax + 3 a £ 0 for all x Î R
Þ ax + by = 0
Þ a + 2 < 0 and discriminant £ 0
x2
Þ ax + =0 Þ a < - 2, - 8 a 2 - 24 a £ 0
4
Þ a < - 2 and a (a + 3) ³ 0
Þ x = - 4a
Þ a < - 2, a £ - 3 or a ³ 0
Þ - x3 = 64 a3 [Q x ¹ 0]
Þ a £ -3
Þ 64 ab + 64 a3 = 0
2
Þ - ¥ < a £ -3
Þ a 2 + b2 = 0 sin x - x cos x cos x (tan x - x)
which is not possible. 10. Now, f ¢ (x) = =
sin 2 x sin 2 x
5. Let y = f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, we have \ f ¢ (x) > 0 for 0 < x £ 1
f (1) = 1 Þ a + b + c = 1. \ f (x) is an increasing function.
2
Also, ax + bx + c = x should have x - 1 as it’s repeated tan x - x sec2 x
Now, g ¢ (x) =
root. tan 2 x
Þ ax2 + (b - 1) x + c = a (x - 1)2 sin x cos x - x sin 2x - 2x
= =
Þ 1 - b = 2a, a = c sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x
We have, f ¢ (x) = 2ax + b, f ¢ ¢ (x) = 2a Now, 0 < 2x £ 2 , for which sin 2x < 2x
Þ f ¢ ¢ (1) = 2a , f ¢ (0) = b \ g ¢ (x) < 0
Þ f ¢ ¢ (1) + f ¢ (0) = 1 \ g (x) is decreasing.
Application of Derivatives 763

a sin x + b cos x From Eq. (i),

11. Let y =
c sin x + d cos x f (2) f (2) 1
| f (x)|= x = |x| £ |x|
dy 2 2 2
The function will be decreasing, when < 0.
dx In interval [0, 2], for maximum x (x = 2)
é (c sin x + d cos x) (a cos x - b sin x) ù 1
ê ú | f (x)| £ × 2
ë - (a sin x + b cos x )(c cos x - d sin x)û 2
<0
(c sin x + d cos x)2 Þ | f (x)| £ 1
Þ ac sin x cos x - bc sin 2 x + ad cos 2 x 15. Since, f (1) = f (3)
- bd sin x cos x - ac sin x cos x + ad sin 2 x Þ a + b - 5 = 3 a + b - 27
- bc cos 2 x + bd sin x cos x < 0 Þ a = 11,
Þ ad (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) - bc (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) < 0 Since, f (1) = f (3) is independent of b, we have
Þ (ad - bc) < 0 a = 11 and b Î k
dy
12. = 2x3 - 15x2 + 36x - 19 which given in option (a) only.
dx
16. Let the point be (x1 , y1 ).
Let f (x) = 2x3 - 15x2 + 36x - 19
Þ f ¢ (x) = 6x2 - 30x + 36 = 0 Therefore, y1 = (x1 - 3)2 …(i)
Þ x2 - 5 x + 6 = 0 Now, slope at the tangent at (x1 , y1 ) is 2 (x1 - 3) and it is
equal to 1.
Þ x = 2, 3
Þ f ¢¢(x) = 12x - 30 Therefore, 2(x1 - 3) = 1
7
Þ f ¢¢(x) < 0 for x = 2 Þ x1 =
2
At x=2 2
æ7 ö 1
Þ y = 8 - 40 + 72 - 38 \ y1 = ç - 3÷ =
è2 ø 4
Þ y = 72 - 70 = 2
æ 7 1ö
Þ (2, 2) Hence, the point is ç , ÷ .
è 2 4ø
13. To determine c in Rolle’s theorem, f ¢ (c) = 0.
17. f (x) = x
æ 1ö
Here, f ¢ (x) = (x2 + 3x) e- (1/ 2) x ç - ÷ + (2x + 3) e- (1/ 2) x \ f (a ) = 4 = 2
è 2ø
æ1 ö
1
- ç ÷x f (b) = 9 = 3, f ¢ (x) =
è 2ø ì 1 2 ü 2 x
=e í- (x + 3x) + 2x + 3ý
î 2 þ f (b) - f (a ) 3 - 2 1
1 - ( x/ 2) 2 Also, f ¢ (c) = = =
=- e (x - x - 6) b-a 9 -4 5
2 1 1 25
Q f ¢ (c) = 0 \ = Þ c= = 6.25
2 c 5 4
Þ c2 - c - 6 = 0
18. a + b = 4Þ b = 4 - a and b - a = 4 - 2a = t (say)
Þ c = 3, - 2
a b a
But c = 3 Ï [- 3, 0] Now, ò0 g (x) dx + ò0 g (x) dx = ò g (x) dx
0
f (2) - f (0) 4-a
14. Since, = f ¢ (x) g (x) dx = I (a )
2 -0 + ò0
f (2) - 0 df (x) f (2) dI (a )
Þ = f ¢ (x) Þ = Þ = g (a ) - g (4 - a )
2 dx 2 da
f (2) As a < 2 and g (x) is increasing.
Þ f (x) = x+ c
2 Þ 4-a>a
Þ g (a ) - g (4 - a ) < 0
Q f (0) = 0 Þ c = 0
dI (a )
f (2) Þ <0
\ f (x) = x …(i) da
2 dI (a ) dI (a ) dt dI (a ) dI (a )
1 Now, = = - 2× Þ >0
Also, | f ¢ (x)|£ d (a ) dt da dt dt
2
Thus, I (a ) is an increasing function of t. Hence, the
f (2) 1
Þ £ …(ii) given expression increasing with (b - a ).
2 2
764 JEE Main Mathematics

19. x+ y= a ... (i) 24. For x = p, y = ap2 + bp + c

1 1 dy And for x = q, y = aq2 + bq + c
+ =0
2 x 2 y dx
aq2 + bq + c - ap2 - bp - c
dy y Slope =
\ =- q- p
dx x
= a (q + p) + b
y
Hence, tangent at (x, y) is Y - y = - (X - x). dy
x = 2 ax + b = a (q + p) + b
dx
Þ Y x - y x=-X y+ x y
[according to the question]
Þ X y +Y x = x y + y x = x y( x+ y) q+ p
\ x=
Þ X y + Y x = axy [from Eq. (i)] 2
X Y 25. f ¢ (x) = (ab - b2 - 2) + cos 4 x + sin 4 x < 0
Þ + =1
a x a y
= ab - b2 - 2 + (sin 2 x + cos 2 x)2 -2 sin 2 x cos 2 x < 0
Clearly, its intercepts on the axes are a x and a y. æ1ö 1
Þ ab - b2 - 1 < ç ÷ sin 2 2 x <
Sum of intercepts è2ø 2
= a ( x+ y) = a × a = a Þ 2 ab - 2 b2 - 2 < 1
20. By LMVT in [0, 1] to the function y = f (x), we get Þ 2 b2 - 2 ab + 3 > 0

f ¢ (e) =
f (1) - f (0)
for some c Î (0, 1) \ (-2 a )2 - 4 × 2 × 3 < 0
1 -0 Þ a2 < 6
2 f (1) - f (0)
Þ ec = Þ - 6<a< 6
1
2 26. Given, f ¢ (x) < 0, " x Î R
Þ f (1) - 10 = ec for some c Î (0, 1)
2
Þ 3 cos x + sin x - 2 a < 0, " x Î R
But 1 < ec < e in (0, 1) 3 1
Þ cos x + sin x < a , " x Î R
\ 1 < f (1) - 10 < e 2 2
= 11 < f (1) < 10 + e æ pö
Þ sin ç x + ÷ < a , " x Î R
Þ A = 11, B = 10 + e è 3 ø
\ A - B =1 - e é æ pö ù
Þ a ³1 êQ sin ç x + ÷ £ 1ú
21. f (x) will be monotonically decreasing, if f (x) < 0. ë è 3 ø û
Þ f ¢ (x) = - sin x - 2 p < 0 27. There is only one function in option (a), whose critical
1 1
Þ sin x + p > 0 point Î (0, 1) but in other parts critical point 0 Ï (0, 1).
2 2
1 Then, we can say that functions in options (b), (c) and
Þ p> [Q - 1 £ sin x £ 1] (d) are continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable in (0, 1).
2
ì 1 1
22. Given that, equation of curve y = x3 = f (x) ïï 2 - x, x<
2
So, f (2) = 8 and f (- 2) = - 8 Now, for f (x) = í 2
ïç - x÷ , x ³ 1
æ 1 ö
Now, f ¢ (x) = 3x2 ïîè 2 ø 2
f (2) - f (– 2) 8 - (- 8)
Þ f ¢ (x) = Þ = 3 x2 æ1ö
2 - (- 2) 4 Here, Lf ¢ ç ÷ = - 1
è2ø
2
\ x= ± æ1ö æ1 1ö
3 and Rf ¢ ç ÷ = 2 ç - ÷ (-1) = 0
è2ø è2 2ø
23. For Y-axis, x = 0 æ1ö æ1ö
\ y = 1 - e0 = 1 - 1 = 0 \ Lf ¢ ç ÷ ¹ Rf ¢ ç ÷
è2ø è2ø
dy 1 æ dy ö 1 1
Þ = 0 - ex/ 2 Þ ç ÷ =- Þ f is non-differentiable at x = Î (0, 1).
dx 2 è dx ø ( 0, 0) 2 2
\ Equation of tangent is \ Lagrange mean value theorem is not applicable to f (x)
1 in [0, 1].
y - 0 = - (x - 0) Þ x + 2 y = 0
2
Application of Derivatives 765

28. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = ex at (c, ec ) is 33. We know that, 1 £ |sin x| + |cos x| £ 2
c c
y - e = e (x - c) …(i)
Ö5
Equation of the line joining the points (c - 1, ec - 1 ) and
(c + 1, ec + 1 ) is O P y=1
-1
c -1 c (e - e )
y-e =e × × [x - (c - 1)]
2 x
–Ö5 O
Þ [x - (c - 1)] [2 - (e - e-1 )] = 2e-1 [from Eq. (i)]
e + e-1 - 2 x2 + y2 = 5
Þ x-c= <2 Þ x< c
2 - (e - e-1 )
–Ö5
29. The tangent to the parabola x2 = y - 6 at (1, 7) is
Þ y = [|sin x| + |cos x|] = 1
1
x(1) =
( y + 7) - 6 Þ y = 2x + 5 Let P and Q be the points of intersection of given curves.
2
which is also a tangent to the given circle. Clearly, the given curves meet at points where y = 1, so
2 2
i.e. x + (2x + 5) + 16x + 12 (2x + 5) + c = 0 we get
Þ (5x2 + 60x + 85 + c = 0) must have equal roots. x2 + 1 = 5 Þ x = ± 2
Let the roots be a = b. Now, P(2, 1) and Q(-2, 1)
60 On differentiating x2 + y2 = 5 w.r.t. x, we get
\ a+b=- Þ a = -6
5 dy dy x
2x + 2 y =0 Þ =-
\ x = - 6 and y = 2x + 5 = - 7 dx dx y
dy æ dy ö æ dy ö
30. On differentiating w.r.t. x, ey × = 2x ç ÷ = - 2 and ç ÷ =2
dx è dx ø ( 2, 1) è dx ø ( -2, 1)
dy 2x
Þ = (Q ey = 1 + x2) Clearly, the slope of line y = 1 is zero and the slope of the
dx 1 + x2
2x tangents at P and Q are (-2) and (2), respectively.
Þ m= Thus, the angle of intersection is tan -1 (2).
1 + x2
2 | x| a2 dy a2
or |m| = 34. y = \ =- 2
1 + | x|2 x dx x
But 1 + | x|2 - 2| x| = (1 - | x|)2 ³ 0 æ dy ö a2
Þ ç ÷ =- 2
Þ 1 + | x|2 ³ 2| x| è dx ø ( x1 , y1 ) x1
\ |m| £ 1 Þ Tangent at (x1 , y1 ) to the curve xy = a 2 is
3+2 a2
31. The equation of the line is y - 3 = (x - 0) y - y1 = - 2
0 -5 x1
i.e. x+ y-3 =0
(x - x1 ) or a 2x + x12y = x1 (x1 y1 + a 2)
c dy -c
y= Þ = But x1 (x1 y1 + a 2) = x1 (a 2 + a 2) = 2a 2x1 (Q x1 y1 = a 2)
x+1 dx (x + 1)2
Þ Tangent is a 2x2 + x12y = 2a 2x1
Let the line touches the curve at (a , b ).
This meets the X-axis, where y = 0
é dy ù -c c
Þ a + b - 3 = 0, ê ú = 2
= - 1 and b = \ a 2x = 2a 2x1
ë dx û a , b (a + 1) a+1
\ x = 2x1
c
Þ = 1 or b 2 = c or (3 - a )2 = c = (a + 1)2 \ Point on the X-axis is (2x1 , 0).
(c/b )2
Again tangent meets the Y-axis, where x = 0
Þ 3 - a = ± (a + 1) or 3 - a = a + 1 Þ a = 1
\ x12 = 2a 2x1
So, c = (1 + 1)2 = 4
2a 2
32. Here, f1 (x) = x2 - x + 1 and f2(x) = x3 - x2 - 2x + 1 \ y=
x1
Þ f1 ¢ (x1 ) = 2x1 - 1 and f2¢ (x1 ) = 3x22
- 2x2 - 2
æ 2a 2 ö
Let tangents drawn to the curves y = f1 (x) and y = f2(x) \ Point on the Y-axis is çç0, ÷.
è x1 ÷ø
is { x1 , f1 (x1 )} and { x2, f2(x2)} be parallel.
Þ 2x1 - 1 = 3x22 - 2x2 - 2 or 2x1 = (3x22 - 2x2 - 1) 1 æ 2a 2 ö
Required area = (2x1 ) çç ÷ = 2a 2
2 ÷
which is possible for infinite numbers of ordered pairs. è x1 ø
Þ Infinite solutions.
766 JEE Main Mathematics

n n
æ xö æ yö 38. The given function y = 2x2 - log| x|, x ¹ 0
35. ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 2
èaø è bø On differentiating w.r.t. x, we have
n -1 n -1
æ xö 1 æ yö 1 dy dy 1 4æ 1ö æ 1ö
Þ nç ÷ × +nç ÷ × × =0 = 4x - = ç x + ÷ ç x - ÷ : x ¹ 0 …(i)
èaø a è bø b dx dx x xè 2ø è 2ø
dy b (x/a )n - 1 – + – +
Þ =-
dx a ( y/b)n - 1 –1/2 0 1/2

dy b (a /a )n - 1 b Sign scheme of f ¢ (x)

At (a , b), =- × =-
dx a (b /b)n - 1 a æ 1 ö æ1 ö
Hence, y is increasing in ç - , 0÷ È ç , ¥ ÷
b è 2 ø è2 ø
\ Tangent at (a , b) is y - b = - (x - a )
a æ 1ö æ 1ö
and y is decreasing in ç -¥ , - ÷ È ç0, ÷
Þ ay - ab = - bx + ab è 2ø è 2ø
Þ bx + ay = 2ab
39. Obviously, f is increasing and g is decreasing in (x1 , x2)
x y
Þ + =2 Hence, f { g (a 2 - 2a )} > f { g (3a - 4)} as f is increasing
a b
Þ g (a 2 - 2a ) > g (3a - 4)
36. On differentiating the given curve xy = 1 w.r.t. x, we get
Þ a 2 - 2a < 3a - 4 as g is decreasing
dy
y+ x =0 Þ a 2 - 5a + 4 < 0
dx
dy y Þ (a - 1)(a - 4) < 0 Þ a Î (1, 4)
Þ =- ln (p + x)
dx x 40. We have, f (x) =
x1 ln (e + x)
Slope of normal at point (x1 , y1 ) is .
y1 æ 1 ö
ç ÷ ln (e + x) - 1 ln (p + x)
-a çp + x ÷ø (e + x)
The given equation ax + by + c = 0 has slope . Þ f ¢ (x) = è
b [ln (e + x)]2
x -a (e + x) ln (e + x) - (p + x) ln (p + x)
According to the question, 1 = = < 0 as (0, ¥ )
y1 b (e + x)(p + x){ln (e + x)}2
Now, (x1 , y1 ) lies on the curve xy = 1, which lies in first or Since, 1 < e < p
third quadrant.
\ f (x) decreases on (0, ¥ )
-a
Þ x1 , y1 > 0 or x1 , y1 < 0 Þ > 0 Þ a and b have 41. Let the speed of the motorboat be v mph.
b
opposite sign. Þ Velocity of the boat relative to the current
4
37. Given, f (x) = 3 cos x + 10 cos x + 6 cos x - 3 3 2 = (v - c) mph

Þ 3
f ¢ (x) = 12 cos x (- sin x) + 30 cos x (- sin x) 2 If s miles is the distance covered, then the time taken to
s
+ 12 cos x (- sin x) cover this distance is t = hours.
(v - c)
– + –
Since, the petrol burnt = kv3 per hour
p/2 2p/3
where, k is a constant.
Þ f ¢ (x) = - 3 sin 2x (2 cos 2 x + 5 cos x + 2) Þ z = Total amount of petrol burnt for a distance of
Þ f ¢ (x) = - 3 sin 2x (2 cos x + 1)(cos x + 2) s dz 2ksv2 (v - 3 c/2)
p s miles = kv3 × Þ =
When f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ sin 2x = 0 Þ x = 0, , p (v - c) dv (v - c)2
2 dz 3c
Þ 2 cos x + 1 = 0 For max or min of z, =0 Þ v=
dv 2
2p 3c
Þ x= If v is little less of little greater than , then the sign of
3 2
as cos x + 2 ¹ 0 dz
changes from –ve to +ve. Hence, z is minimum when
Using sign scheme for f ¢ (x) in [0, p ] is shown in figure. dv
3c
æ p ö æ 2p ö v= mph.
So, f (x) decreases on ç0, ÷ È ç , p ÷ and increases on 2
è 2ø è 3 ø Since, minima is the only extreme value, z is least at
æ p 2p ö
ç , ÷. 3c 3c
è2 3 ø v= i.e. the most economical speed is mph.
2 2
Application of Derivatives 767

1 2 Clearly, f (x ) in increasing just before x = 3 and

42. A = x sin q Þ 2 A = x2 sin q
2 decreasing after x = 3. For x = 3 to be the point of local
dA dq dx maxima.
2 = x2 cos q + sin q 2x
dt dt dt f (3) ³ f (3 - 0)

2
dA æ 1 ö p
= (144) ç ÷ +
1
× 2 × 12 ×
1 Þ - 15 ³ 12 - 27 + log (a 2 - 3a + 3)
dt è 2 ø 180 2 12 Þ 0 < a 2 - 3a + 3 £ 1
12p 2 Þ 1 £ a £2
= +
15 2 2 47. Clearly, f (2) = - 1
dA 2p 1 2p 2 æ p 1ö 2a + b
= + = + = 2ç + ÷ Þ -1 =
dt 5 2 2 5 2 è 5 2ø (2 - 1 ) (2 - 4 )
43. Bold line represents the graph of y = g (x) , clearly g (x ) Þ 2a + b = 2
has neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local 4a + 5 b - 2 bx - ax2
minima. Now, f ¢ (x ) = , f ¢ (2) = 0
(x - 1 )2 (x - 4)2
Þ b = 0Þ a = 1
y= x2 –4|x| (x - 2) (x + 2)
Þ f ¢ (x ) = -
(x - 1 )2 (x - 4)2
–2 0 2 Clearly, for x > 2, f ¢ (x ) < 0 and for x < 2, f ¢ (x ) > 0.
–6 –4 4 6 Thus, x = 2 is indeed the point of local maxima for
y = f (x ).
1 - x2 sec2 x sec2 x (cos x + x ) (cos x - x )
48. f ¢ (x ) = 2
=
(1 + x tan x ) (1 + x tan x )2
x2 - 2 dy - 4x
44. For y = Þ = Y
x2 - 4 dx (x2 - 4)2
dy
Þ > 0 for x < 0
dx
dy
and < 0 for x > 0
dx y=x

Thus, x = 0 is the point of local maxima for y. Now,

p/2
1 O p
( y) x = 0 = (positive). Thus, x = 0 is also the point of local x0
X
2
x2 - 2 y = cos x
maximum for y = 2 .
x -4
Clearly, f ¢ (x0 ) = 0
45. f ¢ (x ) = (x2 - 1 ) cos x æ pö
and f ¢ (x ) > 0, " x Î (0, x0 ), f ¢ (x ) < 0, " x Î ç x0 , ÷
p è 2ø
Sign scheme of f ¢ (x ), clearly x = is the point of local
2 Thus, x = x0 is the only point of local maxima for y = f (x ).
maxima. x y
+ – – +
49. Let the equation of drawn line be + = 1,where a > 3,
a b
0 p/2 p 3p/2 2 b > 4, as the line passes through (3, 4) and meets the
positive direction of coordinate axes.
46. f ¢ (x) = 4 - 3x2 " x Î [0, 3] 3 4 4a
We have, + = 1Þ b =
Þ f ¢ (x) < 0 a b (a - 3)
Þ 4 - 3 x2 < 0 Now, area of DAOB,
Þ 3 x2 > 4 1 2a 2
2 D= ab =
Þ x> 2 (a - 3)
3 dD 2a (a - 6)
=
At x<3 da (a - 3)2
f (x) is decreasing. Clearly, a = 6 is the point of minima for D.
When x ³ 3, f ¢ (x) = 1 2 ´ 36
Thus, D min = = 24 sq units
f (x) in increasing. 3
768 JEE Main Mathematics

50. AF || DE and AE || FD Finally, maximum and minimum values of expression

A y = f (x) are 46 and -6, respectively.
ì| x2 - 2|, - 1 £ x < 3
y ïï x
52. f (x) = í , 3 £ x<2 3
ï 3
F E ïî 3 - x, 2 3 £ x £ 4
x Y

C y=| x2 –2|
B D
Now, in DABC and DEDC,
ÐDEC = ÐBAC , ÐACB is common.
Þ DABC @ D EDC
2
b- y x c
Now, = Þ x = (b - y) –1 3 3
b c b X
2 1 2 23
Now, S = Area of parallelogram
y=3–x
AFDE = 2 (Area of DAEF)
æ1 ö c From the above graph,
Þ S = 2 ç ´ y sin A ÷ = (b - y) sin A
è2 ø b Maximum occurs at x = 0 and minimum at x = 4.
dS æ c ö
= ç sin A ÷ (b - 2 y) 53. Let a and b be the roots of the equation
dy è b ø
dx x2 - (a - 2) x - a + 1 = 0.
Sign scheme of ,
dy Then, a + b = a - 2, ab = - a + 1
Let z = a 2 + b 2 = (a + b )2 - 2ab
+ b/2
= (a - 2)2 + 2 (a - 1 ) = a 2 - 2a + 2
b dz
Hence, S is maximum when y = × Þ = 2a - 2 Þ a = 1
2 da
c æ bö b dz d 2z
\ S max = ç ÷ ´ sin A Put = 0 , then =2 >0
b è2ø 2 da da 2
1 æ1 ö
= ç bc sin A ÷ So, z has minima at a = 1.
2 è2 ø
So, a 2 + b 2 has least value for a = 1. This is because, we
1
= (Area of DABC ) have only one stationary value at which we have
2 minima. Hence, a = 1.
dy
51. We have, = 6 t 2 - 30 t + 24 = 6 (t - 1) (t - 4) 54. Let
x
f (x) = ò te- t dt
2

dt 0
dx 2
and = 6 t - 18 = 6 (t - 3) Þ f ¢ (x) = xe- x = 0
dt
dy (t - 1) (t - 4) Put f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ x = 0
Thus, = 2
dx (t - 3) Now, f ¢¢ (x) = e- x (1 - 2x2)
which indicates that t = 1, 3 and 4 are the critical points f ¢¢ (0) = 1 > 0
of y = f (x). \ Minimum value f (0) = 0
d 2 y d æ dy ö dt t 2 - 6 t + 11 1 dy a
Now, = ç ÷× = ´ 55. = + 2bx + 1
dx2 dt è dx ø dx (t - 3)2 6 (t - 3) dx x
æ dy ö
d2 y Þ ç ÷ = a + 2b + 1 = 0 Þ a = - 2b - 1
At (t = 1), < 0 Þ t = 1 is a point of local maxima. è dx ø x = 1
dx2
d2 y æ dy ö a
At (t = 4), > 0 Þ t = 4 is a point of local minima. and ç ÷ = + 4b + 1 = 0
dx2 è dx ø x = 2 2
dy d2 y -2 b - 1
At (t = 3), and are not defined and change its Þ + 4b + 1 = 0
dx dx2 2
sign. 1 -1
Þ -b + 4b + = 0 Þ 3b =
d2 y 2 2
is unknown in the vicinity of t = 3, thus t = 3 is a
dx2 -1 1 -2
Þ b= and a = - 1 =
point of neither maxima nor minima. 6 3 3
Application of Derivatives 769

56. Let the coordinate of R(x, 0). ì 3 æ æ1öö

ï| x + x2 + 3x + sin x| çç3 + sin ç ÷ ÷÷ , x ¹ 0
60. f (x) = í è è xø ø
Now, PR + RQ = (x - 1 )2 + (0 - 1 )2 ï
î 0, x=0
+ (x - 3)2 + (0 - 2)2
Let g (x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x
2 2
= x - 2x + 2 + x - 6x + 13 g ¢ (x) = 3x2 + 2x + 3 + cos x
For minimum value of PR + RQ, æ 2x ö
d = 3 ç x2 + + 1÷ + cos x
(PR + RQ ) = 0 è 3 ø
dx
ìïæ 2
d d 1ö 8 üï
Þ (x2 - 2x + 2) + (x2 - 6x + 13) = 0 = 3 íç x + ÷ + ý + cos x > 0
dx dx ïîè 3ø 9 ïþ
(x - 1 ) (x - 3)
Þ =- æ1ö
2 2 and 2 < 3 + sin ç ÷ < 4
x - 2x + 2 x - 6x + 13 è xø
On squaring both sides, we get Hence, minimum value of f (x ) is 0 at x = 0.
(x - 1 )2 (x - 3)2 Hence, number of points = 1
=
(x2 - 2x + 2) x2 - 6x + 13 61. For x > 0 or x < 0
Þ 3 x2 - 2 x - 5 = 0 a
f ¢ (x ) = + 2bx + 1
Þ (3x - 5)(x + 1 ) = 0 x
5 f ¢ (1 ) = 0 Þ a + 2b + 1 = 0 …(i)
Þ x = , -1 Q
3 a
Also, 1 < x<3 and f ¢ (3) = 0 Þ + 6b + 1 = 0 …(ii)
3
\ R = (5 / 3, 0) On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
57. f (x ) = 2x3 - 9ax2 + 12a 2x + 1 a = - 3 / 4, b = - 1 / 8
f ¢ (x ) = 6x2 - 18ax + 12a 2 ì3(2 + x)2, -3 < x £ - 1
ï
62. f ¢ (x) = í 2 -1/3
f ¢ ¢ (x ) = 12x - 18a ïî 3 x -1 < x < 2
For maximum and minimum,
Y
6x2 - 18ax + 12a 2 = 0
2 2
Þ x - 3ax + 2a = 0 A
x = a or x = 2a at x = a maximum and at x = 2a
minimum X¢ X
(–1, 0) O
Q p2 = q
\ a 2 = 2a (–3, 0)
Þ a = 2 or a = 0 Y¢
But a > 0, therefore a = 2
Clearly, f ¢ (x) changes its sign at x = - 1 from positive to
58. Given, f (x ) = 1 + 2x2 + 22x4 + 23 x6 + . . . + 210 x20 negative and so f (x) has local maxima at x = - 1.
f ¢ (x ) = x (4 + 4 × 22x2 + . . . + 20 × 210 x18 ) Also, f ¢ (0) does not exist but f ¢ (0- ) < 0 and f ¢ (0+ ) < 0. It
Put f (x) = 0 Þ x = 0 only can only be inferred that f (x) has a possibility of a
Also, f ¢ ¢ (0) > 0 minimum at x = 0.
59. (Slope) f ¢ (x ) = ex cos x + sin xex Hence, it has one local maxima at x = - 1 and one local
x
=e 2 sin (x + p/4) minima at x = 0.
f ¢ ¢ (x ) = 2ex {sin (x + p/4) + cos (x + p/4)} D - (4b2 - 8c2)
63. Minimum of f (x ) = - = = 2c2 - b2
= 2ex × sin (x + p/2) 4a 4
For maximum slope, put f ¢ ¢ (x ) = 0 (4c2 + 4b2)
and maximum of g (x ) = - = b2 + c2
Þ sin (x + p2 / )=0 4(-1 )
Þ cos x = 0 Since, min f (x ) > max g (x )
\ x = p / 2, 3p / 2 Þ 2c2 - b2 > b2 + c2
f ¢ ¢ ¢ (x ) = 2ex cos (x + p/2)
Þ c2 > 2b2
f ¢ ¢ ¢ (p/2 ) = 2ex × cos p = - ve
Þ | c| > 2 | b|
Maximum slope is at x = p / 2.
770 JEE Main Mathematics

64. Let S be the curved surface area of a cone. Since, 7 < (400)1/3 < 8, either a7 or a 8 is the greatest term
of the sequence.
49 8 49 8
Q a7 = and a 8 = and >
h 543 89 543 89
R 49
Þ a7 = is the greatest term.
543
r 68. Given, A + B = 60° Þ B = 60° - A
\ S = prl 3 - tan A
Þ tan B = tan (60° - A ) =
2
= p( 2Rh - h )( h + r ) 2 2 1 + 3 tan A
Now, z = tan A tan B
= (p 2Rh - h 2 )( 2Rh )
t( 3 - t) 3t - t 2
or z= =
Let S2 = P 1 + 3t 1 + 3t
2 2 3
\ P = p 2R(2Rh - h ) where, t = tan A
QS is maximum, if P is maximum, then dz (t + 3 )( 3t - 1 )
dP =- =0
= 2p 2R(4Rh - 3h 2) = 0 dt (1 + 3t )2
dh
Þ t = 1 / 3 Þ t = tan A = tan 30°
4R
\ h = 0, The other value is rejected as both A and B are positive
3
dP acute angles.
Again, differentiating , we get 1 dz 1 dz
dh If t < , = positive and if t > , = negative
d 2P 3 dt 3 dt
= 2p 2R(4R - 6h )
dh 2 1 1
Hence, max when t = and max value = .
d 2P 4R 3 3
2
< 0 at h =
dh 3 69. f (x ) = x3 - 3 (7 - a )x2 - 3(9 - a 2)x + 2
x y
65. Any tangent to the ellipse is cos t + sin t = 1, where f ¢ (x ) = 3x2 - 6(7 - a )x - 3(9 - a 2)
4 3
For real root D ³ 0,
the point of contact is (4 cos t , 3 sin t )
x y Þ 49 + a 2 - 14a + 9 - a 2 ³ 0
or + =1 58
4 sec t 3 cosec t Þ a£
14
It means the axes Q (4 sec t , 0) and R(0, 3 cosec t ).
For local minimum f ¢ ¢ (x ) = 6x - 6(7 - a ) > 0 Þ 7 - x has
\The distance of the line segment QR is
x must be negative
QR2 = D = 16 sec2 t + 9 cosec2 t
Þ 7 - a <0 Þ a > 7
So, the minimum value of D is (4 + 3)2 or QR = 7. 58
x x Thus constradictory, i.e. for real roots a £ and for
æ1ö æ1ö æ 1 ö 14
66. f (x) = ç ÷ Þ f ¢ (x ) = ç ÷ ç log - 1÷
è xø è xø è x ø negative point of local minimum a > 7.
1 1 1 No possible values of a.
f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ log = 1 = log e Þ = e Þ x =
x x e 70. Clearly f (x) is increasing before x = 0 and starts
Also, for x < 1/e, f ¢ (x) is positive and for x > 1 / e, f ¢ (x) is decreasing after x = 0, f (0) = a.
negative.
For x = 0 to be the point of local maxima
Hence, x = 1/e is point of maxima.
f (0) ³ lim f (x)
Therefore, maximum value of function is e1/ e. x ® 0+

x2 Þ a ³1
67. Consider the function f (x ) = 3 x y
(x + 200) 71. Let the line in intercepts form be + = 1.
(400 - x ) 3 a b
f ¢ (x) = x =0 h k
(x3 + 200)2 It passes through (h,k) Þ + =1
a b
when x = (400)1/3 , (Q x ¹ 0) k h a-h
Þ =1 - =
x = (400)1/3 - h Þ f ¢ (x ) > 0 b a a
x = (400)1/3 + h Þ f ¢ (x ) < 0 ak
Þ b=
\f (x ) has maxima at x = (400)1/3 a-h
Application of Derivatives 771

1 1 ak 1 h Þ 6a + 2b = 0
ab = a ×
D= = …(i)
2 2 a-h 2 a-h Þ 3a + b = 0 …(iv)
a2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a-h 1 h
D is min when y = = - is max -2a - 2c = 16
a2 a a2
Þ a + c = -8 …(v)
dy 1 2h
Þ =- 2+ = 0 Þ a = 2h …(ii) From Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
da a a3
d2 y 2 6h 2 3 3a - 2(-3a ) + (- a - 8) = 0
= - = - [by Eq. (ii)] Þ 8a - 8 = 0 Þ a = 1
da 2 a3 a 4 a3 a3
d 2y 1 So, b = - 3, c = - 9 and d = 5
Þ 2
= - 3 = negative \ f (x) = x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 5
da a
\ Maximum Q f ¢ (x) = 3x2 - 6x - 9 = 0
1 k [for local maxima and minima]
Now, put a = 2h in Eq. (i), D = × 4h 2 × = 2hk
2 h Þ x2 - 2x - 3 = 0 Þ x2 - 3x + x - 3 = 0
72. Let (x,y) be one the parabola y = x2 + 7x + 2 Þ (x + 1)(x - 3) = 0 Þ f ¢ (x) = 0 Þ x = - 1, 3
Q f ¢ ¢ (x) = 6x - 6
Its distance from the line y = 3x - 3 or 3x - y - 3 = 0 is
Q f ¢ ¢ (-1) = - 12 and f ¢ ¢ (3) = 12
3x - y - 3 3x - (x2 + 7x + 2) - 3
D= = \x = 3 is point of local minima.
10 10
75. Given curve is 9 y2 = x3 …(i)
- x2 - 4 x - 5
= On differentiating, we get
10
dy dy x2
x2 + 4x + 5 (x + 2)2 + 1 (x + 2)2 + 1 18 y = 3 x2 Þ = …(ii)
D= = = dx dx 6 y
10 10 10
Let (a , b ) be a point on Eq. (i) at which normal makes
Numerator equal intercepts on the axes, then
as is positive
Denominator 9b 2 = a 3 …(iii)
dD 2(x + 2) From Eq.(ii), slope of the normal at (a , b )
= = 0 Þ x = - 2 and hence y = - 8 ,
dx 10 -1 -1 -6b
= = 2 = …(iv)
i.e. Point is (- 2, - 8) æ dy ö a /(6b ) a 2
ç ÷
d 2D 2 è dx ø (a , b)
= = Positive and hence min at (- 2, - 8 ).
dx2 10 Since, normal of the curve makes equal intercepts with
x the axes, so slope of normal
73. The equation of tangent to the curve, y = e at a point
= tan 45° or tan 135° = ± 1 …(v)
(c, ec ) is
\ From Eq. (iv), we get
y - ec = ec (x - c) …(i)
- 6b a2
and equation of normal to the curve, y2 = 4x at the 2
=±1 Þ b=+
point (1, 2) is a 6
On putting the value of b in Eq. (iii), we get
y - 2 = - 1(x - 1) …(ii) 2
Q The lines (i) and (ii) intersect at same point on the æ a2ö
9 çç + ÷ = a3 Þ a 4 = 4a 3
X-axis, so put y = 0 in both the equation and equate, 6 ÷
è ø
we get
Þ a 3 (a - 4) = 0 Þ a = 0 or a = 4
x = 3 = c - 1Þ c = 4
When a = 0, b = 0, then normal passes through (0, 0) it
74. Let a cubic polynomial mean that they do not intercepts.
f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d 42 8
Taking a = 4, we get b = + =+ .
Q f (-1) = 10 6 3
Þ - a + b - c + d = 10 …(i) 76. Since, we have the curve y = ax3 + bx3 + cx + 5 touches
Q f (1) = - 6 X-axis at P (-2, 0), then X-axis is the tangent at (-2, 0).
The curve meets Y-axis in (0, 5).
Þ a + b + c + d = -6 …(ii)
dy
Q f ¢ (-1) = 0 = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
dx
Þ 3a - 2b + c = 0 …(iii) æ dy ö
Þ ç ÷ =0 + 0 + c=3 (given)
Q f ¢ ¢ (1) = 0 è dx ø 0, 5
772 JEE Main Mathematics

Þ c=3 …(i) æ d 2V ö
At x = 5, çç 2 ÷÷ = 24 ´ 5 - 276
æ dy ö è dx ø x = 5
and ç ÷ =0
è dx ø ( -2, 0)
= 120 - 276 = - 156 < 0
Þ 12a - 4b + c = 0 \ By second derivative test,
Þ 12a - 4b + 3 = 0 [from Eq. (1)] …(ii)
x = 5 is the point of maxima.
and (-2, 0) lies on the curve, then Hence, the side of the square to be cut-off to make the
0 = - 8a + 4b - 2c + 5 volume of the box maximum possible is 5 cm.
Þ 0 = - 8a + 4b - 1 [Q c = 3] 78. We have,
Þ 8a - 4b + 1 = 0 …(iii) ì6 - 3x x < -2
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get ï
ï10 - x -2 £ x < 3
1 3 f (x) = í
a = - and b = - ï x+4 3 £ x<5
2 4 ïî3x - 6 x³5
æ -1 ö æ -3 ö
\ c - 4a - 12b = 3 - 4 ç ÷ - 12 ç ÷ = 3 + 2 + 9 = 14
è 2 ø è 4 ø The function f is decreasing for x Î (-¥ , 3) and
increases on (3, ¥ ).
77. Let the side of the square to be cut off be x cm. Then, the
Hence, x = 3 is a point of minimum and fmin = 7.
height of the box is x, the length is 45 - 2x and the
1
breadth is 24 - 2x. 79. We have, S = 4t +
t
Let V be the corresponding volume of the box, then
dS 1
V = x (24 - 2x) (45 - 2x) \ =4- 2
dt t
Þ V = x (4x2 - 138x + 1080) = 4x3 - 138x2 + 1080x
d 2S 2
On differentiating twice w.r.t. x, we get and =
dt 2 t3
dV
= 12x2 - 276x + 1080 Now, velocity = 0
dx
dS 1 1
d 2V Þ = 0Þ 4 - 2 = 0 Þ t =
and = 24x - 276 dt t 2
dx2 2 ö
æ 1ö æ dS
For maxima put
dV
=0 \ Acceleration çat t = ÷ = çç 2 ÷÷
dx è 2 ø è dt ø t =1
2
Þ 12x2 - 276x + 1080 = 0 2
= = 16
Þ x2 - 23x + 90 = 0 æ1ö
3
ç ÷
Þ (x - 18) (x - 5) = 0 Þ x = 5, 18 è2ø
It is not possible to cut off a square of side 18 cm from 80. f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 5 sin 2 x is increasin on R.
each corner of the rectangular sheet. Thus, x cannot be
equal to 18. Þ f ¢(x) > 0 for all x Î R
x x Þ 3x2 + 2ax + b sin 2x > 0 for all x Î R
x x Þ 3x2 + 2ax + (b - 5) > 0 for all x Î R
(24 – 2x) cm

24 cm

Þ (2a )2 - 4 ´ 3 ´ (b - 5) < 0
Þ a 2 - 3b + 15 < 0
x (45 – 2x) cm x
x x \ l = 15
45 cm