ME 152A, F24 Problem Set 2

Handed out: Friday, October 11

Due: Friday, October 18

Applications

1. Application 1: Determine the pressure di↵erence between the center-

line points A and B in Fig. 1 if the manometer liquid CD is in the
position shown (15 points).

The density of the liquid in AC and DB is ⇢ = 800 kg/m3 and in CD

⇢CD = 1100 kg/m3 . Remember that you should derive the pressure
di↵erence in terms of the densities and vertical distances in the system
before substituting the values. The distances should be noted hAB ,
hDB , etc.

Figure 1: Manometer

Note on manometers: Manometers measure small pressure values or

di↵erences using liquid columns of di↵erent heights. The pressure mea-
sured is the static pressure.

1
 4. Application 4: Determine the di↵erence in pressure between the cen-

trollff
terline points A and B in the two pipelines in the figure below if the
manometer liquid CD is in the position shown. The density of the liq-
uid in AC and DB is ⇢ = 800 kg/m3 and in CD ⇢CD = 1100 kg/m3 (15
points).

Weknow the positions of theinterfaces the

densities
of the fluids
We look
for PB PA
Let's use the hydrostatic pressure manometer
rule
Pa Pg hoc ped g has 89 hDB PB
PB PA g p DB hac Pcnhcd
5
PB PA 1025 Pa
2. Application 2:
The tank in Fig. 2 is filled with water at rest. The absolute pressure
at A is 200 kPa, and the pipe connecting B and C has a diameter of 50
mm. What is the force acting on the end caps at B and C (7 points)?

msgTA
t
absolute net

Figure 2: Tank

2
The absolute pressure at Air
PA 200 kPa
the
so
gauge pressure is
Pgp 200 101 hPa
99 kPa

Since the
fluid domain is continuous
between A and the top and bottom
caps we have
with hay 0.75m
PB Pa Pg has
with
Pc PA pghac hoc 1.25m

so

91.6 kPa
PB

111 KPa
Pc

The Force acting on the caps are

FB PB Atop 180N
Fc 21.8N
Pc Abottom PTS
 3. Application 3:
A 2 m wide rectangular gate is placed at the bottom of a dam (20
points).
(a) Place the origin and the axis of the conventional coordinate system
on the figure.
(b) Determine the resultant force that acts on the gate. This should
be a vector.
(c) Define the point of application of the resultant force.
(d) Place the centroid and center of pressure on the gate.

21 o

Uy

Figure 3: Gate

a See schematic

3
 Continued.
D Using the equations derived in class
horizontalface
F P A where F is the resultant
E FB
is thepressure atthe
centroidofthe
Pc
gate
A is thesurface area ofthegate
Assuming air atmospheric pressure surrounds the dam

we have
with p 1000 kg m
F pgh A pw
9 9.81 m s

1 7m
he 2 1 0 4
A 0 8 2 16 m

F 26 7 kN
The point of application of the face is the
c
center of
pressure defined as

Rapp Rc
t F Ioy
2
 where sec is the position
of the centroidofthe gate
0 90 vertical surface

Ixy
0
for a rectangular surface

Rapp
I m
assuming
thegate is into the
page

similarly
Yapp Y Pg sinoIsese
F

where y 1.7m
sin 0 1

F 26.7 103 N
h 2 x 0.813
tay 12

1 73 m
Yapp
CP 1 1.73 m

d See next to figure 1

4. Application 4: A cube of dimensions equal to 1 m sits in water. The
top surface of the cube is flush with the water surface, so the pressure
acting on the top surface of the cube is p0 , the atmospheric pressure.
We note the water density ⇢water . We want to add up the pressure
forces on each side of the cube and compare the total force with the
buoyancy force. Assume the atmospheric pressure acts on all surfaces
and work with gauge pressure. (7 points).
(a) What is the pressure force acting on the 4 side faces?
(b) What is the pressure force acting on the bottom face?
(c) What do the forces add up to?
(d) What is the buoyancy force acting on the cube? Comment.

4
 Po 0

Dog
a

cube L
wafer

a We know that the pressure creates a resultant force

equal to
Fside Pentoid Aside where Aside I 1 m

Fside Pw g he
Fside horizontal face
Pwg

b The force acting on the bottom surface is the

result of a uniform pressure pointing up acting on

the bottom surface

Fbottom Pbottom Aside

Fbottom PwG L PwG

c The opposing vertical sides are subjected to facesthat

 are equal in magnitude and point in opposite directions

They add up to zero

The only force is therefore

F Fbottom
Pwg

d The buoyancy face on the cube is

FB Pw 9 tube Pw 9

This equal to the

is sum of the pressure
forces

acting on the cube

 Problems

5. Problem 1: Assuming that the density of water is 1.94 slug/ft3 , the den-
sity of air is 2.37 x 10 3 slug/ft3 and the density of oil is 1.77 slug/ft3 ,
determine the pressure at A, B, C and at the water/oil interface - ex-
pressions then values in psi (15 points).

h1 = 4 ft Air h3 = 3 ft
Oil
B
h4 = 4 ft
h2 =4 ft Water
A C h5 = 1 ft

5
 Problems

5. Problem 1: Assuming that the density of water is 1.94 slug/ft3 , the

density of air is 2.37 10 3 slug/ft3 and the density of oil is 1.77 slug/ft3 ,
determine the pressure at A, B, C and at the water/oil interface (15
points).

footage
Figure 1: Multicomponent system
of

We know the pressure at the free surface

po or
if we use a gage pressure We know thedensities
and the vertical positions the points interests
of of
We look for Pa B Pc Pow
Using the hydrostatic pressure we
get
Pow Poil g h 1.77
f
32 34 Bsi
Pa Pow Pwg he Pour 9413 3 45,428 1ft 3.32ps
1
6

5 165lbfr
B PA Pwg Myths Po 1 94 or32.2 ps
15.8
2.28 103
bft or psi
Pc PA Pwghs Pa 1 94 3 25 4 5 18 28Tips
6. Problem 2: Water fills the pipe going through C (out of the page). As-
suming the system is at equilibrium and using the parameters listed on
the schematic below, define the expressions and values of the pressure
at A, B, and C? (15 points)

Air at p = 30 kPa
reservoir

pipe
h1 = 50 cm
Water
h2 = 6 cm C

h2 h3 = 8 cm
B
A
Gage fluid (SG = 2.4)

6
D
6. Problem 2: Water flows in the pipe (out of the page). As we have seen,
an increase in velocity is associated with a decrease in pressure. To
estimate the velocity of the water, one wants to measure the pressure
s in the pipe. Given the values presented on the diagram, what is the
value of the pressure in the pipe? (15 points).

10

effff In fluid
Figure 2: Pressure in the pipe
h

We know the densities vertical positions

We look
for PA PB
Pc
We know the manometer rule
distribution in Fluid at pressure

Pain Pw9 h 9hfluid

Pfluid Pwg h hfluid Pc
where h h sin 0
fluid 7
and sino 81,2 and 0 41 8
 Pc Pain Pagh Pfluid g has
in 0 Pwaterg h hasino

Pc 33 6hPa

Simi Parly

PA Pain Pwater 9h

PA 34 9 kPa

and
Prs Pain Pwater Gh _Pfluid ghasin O
34 0 hPa
Pz
7. Problem 3: Assume that the density of fresh water is 998 kg/m3 , and
the density of salt water is 1025 kg/m3 . The gate is 5 m wide, into the
page. The gate weighs 0.448 kN/m (the unit length is perpendicular
to the page). We will determine the height of the fresh water at which
the gate opens. We will use resultant forces (gauge pressure) on all
surfaces as P0 acts on all surfaces. (21 points).

Figure 2.65: Salinity control gate

h
Salt water Freshwater

Fluid Mechanics for Engineers Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.

David A. Chin All Rights Reserved

Figure 4: Salinity gate

(a) Why will the gate open if the height of fresh water is large?
(b) Define the coordinate system that you will use to find the force due
to the salt water on the gate.
(c) Define the force due to the salt water on the gate and its point of
application.
(d) Define the coordinate system that you will use to find the force due
to the fresh water on the gate.

7
(e) Define the force due to the fresh water on the gate and its point of
application.
(f) Define the coordinate system that you will use to express the open-
ing condition.
(g) What is the height of the fresh water at which the gate opens?

8
at Because the moment of thefreshwaterface
will be greater than the moment
of the salt
water face The reaction face at B would
go to zero
Problems

5. Problem 1: Assume that the density of fresh water is 998 kg/m3 , and

byseeschematicinogogootty
added
the density of salt water is 1025 kg/m3 . The gate weighs 0.448 kN/m
(into the page). The gate is 5 m wide, into the page. Determine the
d height of the
Figure 2.65: Salinityfresh water at which the gate opens. (15 points).
control gate

Salt water Freshwater

10 v

Figure 4: Salinity gate

Fluid Mechanics for Engineers
David A. Chin
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
41 91
First wenote thatthe origin ofthecoordinate system
willdifferforthe 2 sidesof thegate O and O
sin 0 so 0 30
To find theheightoffreshwater we willneed to
set themomentofthe faces at A equal 0 As
soon as M CO the gateopens
Here is the about to open FB
FBD ofthegate 0

Fay
Fsw 88Faz 8
A Few
 Let's define the magnitude and points of
applications
of those faces
W The weight is equal to W 0.448 103
5
W 2 24 kN

W acts at the centroid of the gate C

I m from A AC 1m
W has component normal to the
a
gate
1 94 kN
equal to We W cos 30

c Fsw The salt water generates a face normal to

thegate whose magnitude is equal to

Fsw Pc Agate Pswg sin 30 2 5

Fsw 151 kN
noted s
The face acts at the centerof pressurewhich is
at a distance
you from 0
Pugsin Joey
Ysw Ye
where 0 30

Jay 7223
 We know that OA 2 m so
3 1025 9.81 x sin 30 5 23
Ysw 12 151 103

Ysw 3 11m OS

so AS 1 11m

e Efw
The fresh water generates a face on the
gate whose magnitude is
equal to

Frw Pc Agate Ppwg he Agate

Pew 9
h 2 5

Frw 9709 103 h 0 5

Fa the point of application noted F we can find

Ypw measured from 0
998 9.81 sin30 5 23
Ypw 2h
1
12 FFW
 h 1
You 9 18
Measure from A we get
AF 1 0 167
h 0.5

f We move the origin at A

g Let's now write the moment at A

EM 0 AC We AS Fw Afx Fru
0 1 1.94 1 11 151 1
818
g
97.9 h 0.5

0 1.97 168 979 h 0 5 0.167 97.9

1 97 168 0 167 97.9

L 0 5
979

h 2.07 m