406

Applied Engineering Mathematics

EXERCISE 15.8
Examine the convergence:
1. 1+ (r > 0)
2 Ans. Convergent
12
2 32
2 (n + 1)"
...
Ans. x < 1, convergent; x 21, divergent
242 22.42.6
3.
iM32
1+
3?.52 32.5.72 Ans. Divergent
4
iM Ans. Divergent
1
M
5. n11 + 1
Ans. Convergent
1
6.
iM Ans. Convergent

Mi
7.n'e-n
n =1 Ans. Convergent
1
8.
n=1n(log n)? Ans. Convergent

15.20 CAUCHY'S ROOT TEST

Statement. If E u, is positive term series such that lim (u,y" =k, then
() if k < 1, the series converges. (ii) if k > 1, the series diverges.
Proof. By definition of limit
I(u)/" - kl < efor n > m
k-e <(u,) <k + [ for n> m
(i) k <1
k+ [ < r<1
(u,)/" < k
<
u, t uy t ... oo < k+ k + ... + k' +... 0
1
1-k
(a finite quanity)
The series is convergent.
(i) k> 1
k-e 1
(u,)/" > k-e> 1
nnieSeries (D'Alembert's Ratio Test, Cauchy's Root
Test) 407
14,,
S,, = l, + u, t ..
1, > 1
lim S.

The series is divergent.

(m) k = 1
If lim (u,)" = 1, the test fails.

For example,

lim (4,)n = lim = lim

1
=1for all p, k = 1
n ’ oo

But ) is convergent for p > 1and

divergent for ps1.
Thus, we cannot say whether E u, is convergent or
divergent for k= 1.
Example 31. Examine the convergence of the series 1

1+

1 1 1
Solution. Here, U, n

11 +
lim (4, "
n’oo
= limn n’o

Hence, the given series is convergent. Ans.

Example 32. Discuss the convergence of the following series:
-1 3
2 33 3
+
4 4
t ... oo
23 3 3

(n + 1y" +1 (n + 1)
Solution. Here, u, = ,"+)

(n + 1)" +1 (n + 1" t1 n +1
lu,j/" =

lim (u,)m = lim

n’
=(e -1)= <]
e-1

Hence, the given series is convergent. Ans.

 408
Applied Engineering Mathematics
Example 33. Discuss the conrergece of the series
Solution. lgnoring the first term, we have:
11 + 1
11 + 2

(,)"= (Cauchy Root Test]

1+
lim (4, )/n = lim Y= Y
2
1+
Hence, the series converges if x <land diverges if x> 1.
If a = 1
1
1+
11 +1
l4, = 1n +2 2
1+
n

1
1+
lim u,, = lim e 1
=#0
1+)2
n
The series is divergent by Cauchy Fundamental test. Ans.

EXERCISE 15.9
Discuss the convergence of the following series:
1
1. Ans. Convergent
n=1 n"

2 Ans. Divergent
n=1

3
Ans. Convergent
1
4
n-1(log n)" Ans. Convergent
5. L Ans. Ifk> 1, convergent
1
6.
-2 n(log n Ans. If k> 1, convergent; and divergent if ks l.
7. E (n log n) (log log n)* Ans. It k> , convergent; and divergent if k s l:

8 Ans. Convergent
Module-6

16
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS
(MACLAURIN'S AND TAYLOR'S SERIES)

6:1 MACLAURIN'S SERIES

Let f (x) be acontinuous function and its derivatives upto nth and higher order exist,

nf (3) = f (0) +f0)+f0)+0)+

1! 2! 3!
..+: f" (0) +...
(R.G.P.V. Bhopal Feb. 2006)
6.2 STANDARD EXPANSIONS

(--1)'x2r+ l
1. sin =X +
3! 5! 7! 9!
r= 0
(2r + 1)!

2. cos X=1 6! 2r!

2! 4! 8! r=0

+
Sin x 31 5/ 7!
3. tanx=
COS X
2! 41 6

4. e'=1l +x + 21 3/ r!
4! =0

5. sinh x =Xt + +
9!
3! 5! 7!
M
r-0

6. coshx=l t 81
-... =
2! 4 6!

433
 434
When When Solution. si()
nx
Le(it) Example series is
OnMaclaurin's Solution.
LetExample 11.
tanhx=log 10. 9. 8. 7.
substituting (1 log log tanhx
n +
isn is (1 (1
odd, even, 2. f"()
f = e f f 1. 1)"
Expand x)
") (r) (Expande =1+ - +
1 ) )=I cosh xsinh x
the = = = 2 =
n 3,=
n 1X -x
1,=
n e e e
= the values + 1-x 1+x
5, following f(x) inn(n-1) +2 2
1+x+ e= 2
thatSothatSOthatsothatSo
powers 2! =It+
f"0) f f" of = 3 2! 3
"(0) f "0) f(x) (ii)
tan x.
n=
(x) f(0), f(0) 3
Sin 0)
= functions
= = = = = of 4
+ x. 4
sin sin f sin sin 2! f n(n-1)
(n2) 5
x 7!
5
"0)4,...then 2, (0) f(0)
2 5 2 3T t...+ f"0) 7 5
x+ x, in etc. f 3! +
1= = "(0) f (0) f (0)
= = f"(0) power +
-]
2 n!
+....
= = = =
and 1 sin +t.21/(0). e=e=e= e=1 Applied
=... series r=1
so 1 1 1 ('
0 = r
on. Engineering
0
f"(0)sin = f(0) =
0 n!
,f0) +
Mathematics

Ans.
-|
 Functions 435
Epansion of (Maclaurin's
and Taylor's Series)
P'utting these values in the Maclaurin's series, we get
(0) + f" (0) +...
f() =f0)+f0)+f0)+f"0)
1! 21 +41 5!
0 3
sin x = 04 +04 + ... + sin
3! 5! 2 n!
n-1
5 Ans.
Sin = X -
3! 5!
.. + (-1) 2
n!
then f (0) = 0
(i) Let f (x) =tan x
then f(0) = 1
f(x) = sec x = 1+ tan' x
f"(x) = 2tan x secx = 2 tan x(1 + tanx)
= 2 tan x + 2tan? then f"(0) = 0
f(x) = 2 sec'x + 6 tan x sec x
= 2(1 + tan'x) + 6 tan x(1 + tan'x)
then f""(0) = 2
= 2+ 8 tanx + 6 tan* x,
f"x) = 16 tan x sec x + 24 tan x sec x
=16 tan x (1 + tan x) + 24 tanx (1 + tan x)
then f"(0) = 0
= 16 tan x + 40 tan x + 24 tanx
sec x then f(0) = 16
f'(x) = 16 sec x + 120 tan x sec'x + 120 tanx
etc. in Maclaurin's series
By substituting the values off (0), f'(0), f"(0)
f(0)+(0) +...
f0) = f0)+;f* f0)+(0) +
213 +0+ 16-5
tan x = 0+ +0+ t...

1! 3! 5!
2 Ans.
tan x = X+ +
3 15
2y4 (M.U. 2008)
1+x +
Example 3. Prove that sec x=
t ...
3

Solution. Here, we have Now, f (0) = 1

fx) = sec x f'(0) = 0
f'r) = 2sec x.tan x f"(0) = 2
+ 2 sec x
f"x) = 4 sec x tan x tan x f"0) = 0
sec xtan x +8 sec*r tan x + 8 sec
f"a) = 8 tan x f"(0) = 16
= 8 sec tan + 16 secx 16 sec° x
sec tan x + 24 sec* x tan x + 64 sec x tan x +
S"(x) = 16
Using Maclaurin's series, we get
fo) + 3! (0) +..
fu) =f0)+f0)
1!
+2!
2 Proved.
x t ...
sec x = 1+x + 3
436
Applied Engineering Mathematics - |
Example 4. Expand e sin x in powers of xby Maclaurin's Theorem as for as x".
Solution. Here, f(r) = e sin x f (0) = 0
On differentiating ntimes, we get

f")= e'(V2y" sin +n

f) =e N2 sin fo) = V2 =1
4 V2

f")= e(V2)' sin f"(0) = 2

2V2
f"(r) = e(v2° sin + f"0) = =2
V2

f"(*) =ev2) sin (x + n) f" (0) = 4 0 =0

5 1
f'() = e'(v2) sin x+
4 fo) =42 - =-4

By Maclaurin's Theorem

f(x) = f(0) + xf(0) + 2j/0)+3! f"0) + 4! f" (0) + 51 f (0) +.

e sin x = 0+ x(1) + 21-(2)+ (2)+(0)+*(-4) +...

3! 4! 5!

e sin x = r+ x + Ans.
3 30
Example 5. Expand e by Maclaurin's series upto the terms containing *.
Solution. We have,
f (x) = sin x f(0)==1
Differentiating it successively, we get
f() = COS X.eIn x
f'(x) = f(x).cos x
f(0) = 1x 1 =1 f(0) = 1
f"x) =f (x) cos x -f(x) sin x
f"(0) = lx 1-0 = 1 f"0) = I
f"(x) =f"(x) cos x-f(u) sin x -f()sin x -f() cos x
=f"(x) cos x - 2 f'(x) sin x -f(x) cos x,
f"(0) = l x1 -0 -1= 0 f "0) = 0
f"(x) =f"(x) cos x-f"(*) sin x-2f"() sin x-2f(r) cos x
-f() cos x + f (r) sin
=f"(x) cos x - 3 f"(x) sin x - 3f() cos x + f) sin x,
f"(0) = 0-3 (0) -3 x 1x l +0 = -3 f"(0) = -3
Expannsion ofFunctions (Maclaurin's and Taylor's Series) 437
By Maclaurin's Theorenm, we have
f() = f(0) + 2 0),
1! 3!
, r"0)+ f" (0) +..

sin = l+(1) +2x1)+(0) +24 (-3)

1 6

= 1+ X+ +0 3r t...
2 24

sin = 1+x+ t .. Ans.

2 8
Example 6. Expand
s = sin'x in powers of x.
Solution. y= sin'
1
dy 1
dx = (1-r') ? ...(1)

On expanding the R.H.S. of (1) by Binomial Theorem, we get

dy 3 5
dx 1+;t 16 t..
3r5 54?
On integrating, we get y = xt + + ... + C ...(2)
6 40 112

On putting x = 0 and y = 0 in (2), we get

0= c
35 527
sin r = Xt Ans.
(2) becomes 6 40 112
x(3 - 4x' )
Example 7. Prove that tan
V1- (1 - 4x') 6 40 +...
(Gujarat, ISemester, January 2009)
Solution. Here, we have,
x(3 - 4r* )
L.H.S.= tan ..(1)
J1-x' (1 - 4r)
Putting X = cos in (1), we get
3 cos - 4 cos0
LH.S. = tan
JI- cos e (1 -4 cos 0)
COs 3 0
= tan
sin 0|1 -4 (| - sin 0)]

COs 3
= tan
sin 0[1 -4 + 4 sin 0]|
438
Applied Engineering Mathematics -|
COs 3 9
= tan!
sin 0 |4 sin - 3]
COs 39
= tan
4 sin' 9 -3 sin
cOs 3
= tan
sin 3 9

= tan cot 3 0]
= tan tan 3

3 T
- 30
2
3T
-3 cos x
2

= 3 COS x|=3sin'x (2

Putting the values of sin x in (1), from examples 6, we get

9x
LH.S. = 3xX+ 3! 51
+... = R.H.S. Proved.

Example 8. Expand log (1 + e) in ascending powers of x as far as the term containing x.

(M.U. 2006, 2002, 2001)
Solution. Let f() = log (1 + e), f (0) = log 2
e
f(x) = 1+et'
1
f(r) = 1-.
1+e

f"(x) = (1+e*)² 4

(1 +e)' e - 2(1 +e')ee

f"(x) =
(1 +e')
(1+ e')e'-2e2
f "(0) = 0
(1+e

(1 +e

f") = (1+e''(2-e) -(e'-e') 3(1 +e

(1 +e
 pansionof Functions
(Maclaurin's and Taylor's Series) 439

(1+'22-)(
- -e') 3r'
B Maclaurin's Theorem

fa) = f(0)+f(o
1! +f0)+ 3
r

4!
f"(0)+...
2

log (1 + e) = log 2 + +
+0+
2 2!4

Ans.
= log 2++
2 8 192
+ ...

EXERCISE 16.1
Smand the following tunctions in powers of x:

1. cos X Ans. 1 -
2! 4! 6!

Ans. 1+t x (log a) + 2,(loga)², 3!(log a)' +...

2. a

+.
Ans. Y
3. log (1 + ). 2 3

Ans. xt
2 2,3t. ...

4. log(1 + I + ) 2 3

5. Prove that log (1+ sin x) = x

+
2 6 12
ax a-b2-y2,a -3ab2 Y +...
Ans. 1 + 3!
6. cos bx 1! 2!

m'y2 m(22-m?)4 m(2-m4-m6,

Ans. 1 4!
6!
7. cos(m sin 'x)
second order differential equation
2
exparnsion of (sin x)by lorming a
8. Find the Maclaurin's Ans. 2
3 45

and using Leibnitz's rule.

Choose the correct alternatives : x = 0 is
in the neighbourhood of
9. The Taylor's series expansion of
x/3 (b) x 31
(a) 3 6!
Ans. (d)
(d) None of these
(c) 1+ 3!
2!

10. Maclaurin's series of f (1) 1s

... +

(a) f(r) +;1! f ) 2! (R.GP.V., Bhopal, Il Semester June 2006)

440 Applied Engineering Mathernatics -

(b) f0) +

21

() 1+ ra). ")...+ f")+ Ans. (b)

1!
11. is equal to

(a) 1 + I + 21 4 4 (b) r+ 31 41
3 41 2!

3
3 4

(d) x + Ans. (a)

(c) 1+ x+ 3 2

12. eis equal to

3
(a) 1 - x+ ...
(b) 1 - x 3! 4!
2! 3! 4! 2!

(d) 1 - x+ Ans. (a)

(c) 1+x+ 2 3! 4!
+
2 3 4

13. sin x is equal to

9
3
+ +
(a) x +
3!
...

5! 7! 9! 3! 5! 7! 9!

r3
(c) 1+X + t ... (d) 1+ x+ + ... Ans. (b)
3! 5! 7!9! 3! 5! 7! 9!

14. cos x is equal to

+

(a) (b) 1 +
2 4 6 2 4 6

:
(c) 1 (d) 1 + Ans. (c)
2! 4! 6! 2! 4! 6!

15. log (1 + x) is equal to

5

(a) x + (b) x +
2 3 2 5

(c) x + (d) x - Ans. (a)

2! 31 4! 5! 2! 3! 41 5!
16. log (1 - x) is equal to
5

(a) -x 4 ...
(b) x + 3!
+
2! 3! 4! 5! 2! 41 5!

(c) x + 4 (d) -x Ans. (d)

2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4

17. The expansion up to x of Sinh x

(a) 1 - x'+ (b) 1+r'3 +x'/6
(c) 1-*/3! + 14r/6! (d) I- + 14r Ans. (c)
Expansion of
Functions (Maclaurin's and Taylor's Series) 441
Expansion of tan x is
2
(a) +
15
(h)

(d) x + Ans. (a)

4|

16.3 METHODS OF EXPANSION

OF FUNCTIONS
Ry Maclaurin's theorem we can expand functions in powers of x. In this
method
suCcessive differentiation of function is required, which may not be alwayS easy
The functions can also be expanded by the
following methods.
() By standard expansion (2) By differentiation and integratiorn
(3) By substitutions (4) By complex numbers (5) By Leibnitz's theorem.
464 TYPE I: BY STANDARD EXPANSIONS
Example 9. Show th¡t e cos x =1+x+ 11
-x* + (M.U. 2003)
2 3 24
Solution. Let X COS Y =

COS X
= =1 + y+ y=x cos x=,
2! 3! 4! 24
Putting the value of y, we get
3

=1+x 1 6
+.
24
1 +
2
+
2x2 342
+
2 6 2 24

= 1+x - 2
2 2 6 24
11y4
= 1+ Xt + ... Ans.
2 3 24
5 3 5x4
Example 10. Show that e =el 1+x+x. 6
+. + . . .
(M.U. 2002)
8
3
e = 1+x+2! +.. =1+y
Solution. 3 4! (sav)

2! 3! 4! ...(1)

On putting the value in we get

Now, 2! 3!
Putting the value of yform (1), we get
1
3! 4! 2! 3! 2!
2!
442 Applied Engineering Mathematics -|

6 24

= e|1+Xt 6 24 2 24

5 5
= e 1+1+ Proved.

Example 11. Show that cos (tanh log x] = I 3 5

(M.U. 2003, 2006)

Solution. Let cos [tanh log x] = y
plogxe-log x
cos y = tanh (log x) = log x +e log x

x-1
x² + 1

x² -1
y= cos
x+1
Now put x= cot
y= cos-1 Cot-1 cos - sin 0
cot e + 1 cos' + sin 0
= cos cos 20 = 20 = 2 cotr

= n- 2tan
-

= 2 - tan
2

3 5

t3

cos tanh log x] = 1- 2 x 5

Proved.
3

sin x 2 8
Example 12. Prove that 3 15

Solution. Using the expansion of sin' x obtained in example 6 on page 437.

Sin ! 3
40 '.a-r}e
3
6
 Solution. We Solution.Let
have,Example Example Solution.Let Expansiorn
Example
of
ltoagn 15. log 14. 13. Functions
Find y y Prove
1+
= 1+
= = = Expand
4 e*
the X that + (Maclaurin's
X log =y (1
expansion =1+z
y= (1 =
e=e.e =
y y + 3
log = 2 = =
2 + = x'^
+
2 + x)* 1+ 403,5
2! (1 1 (1 15
of 3 Taylor's
Series)and
6 514 3 + = Z, 2 + upto
log x) 1+ +
tan x/ the
3! 4 2! where 2
tan 1! + 3
(n/ tan x term 2
2411y2 3
(T/4) 4 z 3
4) 2! 2 = = x. 12
+ + t.. 1 log =
y
tan tanx +xupto x'. log 2
65x*
y
x = 3 2
2 + +
x
log ....
3 log
3
(1 (1
+
(M.U.
2004,
2002) +
x) x)
(M.U.
2001) (M.U.
2002)
Proved. Proved.
Ans. 443
say.
444 Applied Engineering Mathernatics -|
|4 tan x
log log ( +tan x) log (0 + tan r)
tan

(tan )' (tan ) (tan )' (tan r)

Now, log (1 +tan ) - tan 3 4 5
2

3 5

2,5
2 3 3 3
3 15
1
4

2 2
+ -y* +=x +... Ans.
2 3 4 3

Example 16. Show that sin (e - 1) = x+ (M.U. 2002)

2 24
Solution. We have

sin (e - 1) = sin 1 +x+ 6

+ ... - 1
2 24

= sin x+ +
2 6 24

But sin 0 = 0
3! 5!

sin (e - 1) = xt 2 6 24

= X t
6 24 4

x 5
= X t + Ans.
2 24
1/2

Example 17. Expand

2e*
Solution. We have

2e
Epansionof Functions
(Maclaurin's and Taylor's Series) 445

21 3

4 12
(By Binomial Theorem)

4 12

4
3r2
4 Ans.
32
Example 18. Expand
e-1 in powers of x.
Solution. We have,
e-1
1+ x t + ... - 1
2! 3!
1
+
+
X +
2! 3! 3!

-1

-|
=
1
1
2!
+
3! 3!

= 1 +
2! 3!

= 1 +
Ans.
2 12

(a-b') .2 a(a' -3b')

Example 19. Show that cos bx = 1+ax+: 2! 3!
xt...(M.U. 2004)
Hence deduce that
(1) cos a COs (x sin ) = 1+ cos a + cOs 2a + COs 3o + ...
2! 3!

3/2
(2) COs x = 1+ 2/2 x Cos
4 2! co22 3!
Cos 3

oOlution. Using the expansions of e and cos b x, we get,

a'r b'?
e cos bx = 1+ ax + 2! 4!
2! 3!
454
Applied Engineering Mathematics -|
If (0)

1 = 1, y, = 2u = 2(1) = 2
n = 2, V, =6y, - 6(-) =6
1=3, Ve = 12y, = 0
1f i = 4, V, =20y, =40
By Maclaurin's series

f ) =f0) +f(0)+ 2! fo)+ f(0) + 60)+

3! 5!
(0.03) (0.03)
f(0.03) = 1+ (0.03)(-1) + (0) +
3!
(2)
2!
+ (0.03)4 (0.03)5 (0.03) (40) + ...
-(-6)+ (0) +
4! 5! 6!
0.000 027 0.00 000 081 0.000 000 000 729
= 1-0.03 + +
3 4 18
= 1- 0.03 + 0.000 009 - 0.000 000 2025 + 0.000 000 000 0405
= 0.970 008 797 905 Ans.

EXERCISE 16.6
Prove that

3
1. sin' (3r -4r°) =3| x+* 6 40

3
2. sinh-'(3x +4r') =3| x 6
+
40
....

sinh x w
22
3
2².42
-x
224².6
V1+12 5! 7!

sin 24 5
4 +
35 5

m(1² -m' ) m(1'

5. sin( msin x) =mx +
3!
3
-mX3-m)5 5!
16.9 TAYLOR'S THEOREM
If f(a +h) can be expanded in aseries of ascending powers of h, then the expansion S
flu + h) = f(a) +t hf(u) + f(a) +
Put
2! 3! f(a) + ...
a +h = X Or
h=-4, we get

f)= fla) +(r-a)f(a) +X-a)* fa)+!(*-a)

2! 3!
f"(a) +...
Expansion of 455
Functions (Maclaurin's and Taylor's Series)
Example 31. Expand e in poers of (r+ 3).
Solution. f() =
By Tavlor's Theorem

f(a +h) = f(a) + hfa) + 3!

2!
Here h= + 3
a + h = N a+ (1 + 3) = X, a -3
Putting the values of a, h in Taylor's Theorem, we get
(x+3)²
f(-3 + x + 3) = f(-3) +(r + 3)f(-3) + f-3)
2!
(x+3)* f"(-3) + ...
3!

1
+ 3)²e-3 (x+3)3
e = e3 + (x + 3)e +x
2! 3!

(x+3)2 (x+3)3 +
e = -(x + 3) + 2! 3!

1 (x+3)? (x+3)³ Ans.

1+ (r + 3) + 2!
+
3!
+
20

Example 32. Expand J1 + sin x upto sixth power of x.

Solution. f(x) = V1+sin x
|1+cos 2
T
= V2 cos
+2 cos A2 4 2

By Taylor's series
fa) + 3! -f(a) + ...
f(a + h) = f(a) + hf'(a) + 2!

V1+ sinx V2 cos 2

4

= V2 coS
co4 4

+ Sin
3!

1 1
2 4 V2 3! 8 2
456 Applied Engineering Mathematics -1

=1+ Ans.
2 48
Example 33. Use Taylor's eYpansion to cvaluate sin 60° 30 correct to five decimal placas
given sin 60° = 0.86603 and 1° = 0.01745 radians.
Solution. By Tavlor's Theorem

f(a + h) = f(a) +hf'(a) + 2! Aa) +..

sin(x + h) = sin x +h COs X+ (- sin x) + (-cos x) + ...

2! 3!
1°
Let X= 60°, h = 30' = = 0.008725 radian
2

sin(60° 30") = sin 60° + 0.008725 cos 60°

(0.008725)? sin 60°
2!

(0.008725) COs 60° 4

3!

(0.008725)
= 0.86603 + (0.008725)(0.5) - 2!
-(0.86603)
(0.008725)
3!
-(0.5) +...
= 0.86603 + 0.004 3625 0.00 003 296 - 0.000 000 055
= 0.870 359 485
=0.87036 correct upto five decimal places. Ans.

Example 34. Expand tan x+*4 as far as the term r and evaluate tan 46.5° to four
significant digits.
Solution.
Let f(x) = tan x 4
=1

f'r) = secx = 1 + tan' x

f"() = 2 tan x sec x = 2 tan x (1+ tan' )
= 2 tan x+ 2tan' x 4
4
f") = 2 sec +6 tan x sec x
= 2(1 + tanx) + 6 tan x (1 + tan )

2 +8 tanr + 6 tan x = 16
4
f") = 16 tan x sec x + 24 tan' x secx
 IA6IOrof Functions (Maclaurin's and Taylor's Series) 457
= l6 tan (|+ tan' ) 24 tan' r (1+ tan )
=16 tan x + 40
ns
tan' x+ 24 tan' x, - 80
4
Tavor's 1heorem

f(a + h) = f(a) + hf'(a) + 3 a ) + 4! f" (a) +

2!

Puttinga = and h = X, We get

4

3, 4 41 4

tan +x = 1+x(2) + 2(4)4 3(l6)4

4! (80) +t ...
+x = 1+ 2r + 2x² + 10
tan
4 -x+ ...(1)
3 3
3
Putting x = 1.5° = = 0.02618 in (1), we get
2 180

tan (45° + 1.5°) = 1+2 (0.02618) + 2(0.02618) + 8

(0.02618)°
3
= 1+ 0.05236 + 0.00 13 708 + 0.00 00 478
= 1.05 37 786
= 1.05 378 approximately Ans.
Example 35. Expand log x in povers of (x - 1) by Taylor's Theorem and hence find the value
of log, 1.1.
our Solution. Taylor's series

fla + h) = f(a) + hf'(a) + f(a) + f"(a) + ... here h =X-1

1
2! 3!

f(x - 1+ l) = J(1) t-1 f ) +(r-1) fu) (-1)3 F"(1) +

2 1! 2! 3! .. (1)
For the given problem a = 1
f(x) = log, x f(1) = 0
4
1
f(r) = f() = 1

16
2
f"(x) = F) = 2

f"(r) = f") = -6
 458
losign
Putting log, Theorem
Taylor'sBy Solution.
Let g,
loExample
powers Putting as Substituting
2 the
6 sin(x
+ = desired
180
the f(x 0.69315. of36. x
31° + + h. = log,
values X= h) h) Hence Find 1.1. A in
= losign = = = = expression
- 180\og , 30° f(x+ = (1),
0.6934545
0.030231
0.69315 + log +
2 of log the log, (r= 0+ we
x
f(r) f"(x) find
h= + sinx f(x) f(x) first
T
and 1°= + 1.1
-)-r-1'r 1)' - (r get
6 180
h) the
180 + + hf(x) four 0.095305 = = = in -
h, 6
h
= = = =
powers )1+
+ 180 we + 2log, log, log, value 1
0.(1.1-1)
0.030243 cot
+f(x) cosec ternns
cot 180 -
get x 2! sin sin sin of 0.005 "-)2
180 2 6 radians in of
2! x x, x (r log, +(1.1-1-1-1
-1.1-1' +.
0.0000012
0.000304 + 180 cosec»x + cot f(*) if + the + (r
1802!| 1 h -
+ x sin
= h)expansion 0.00033
(4) + = 0 1). ,(r-1)')+ -)
x2+ 3() . . t cot 31°
180 3! 2.3 Applied
180 3! x, to -
4 COsec2 T 31(2cosec»x 4
f"(*) four of 0.000
log,
3
r-1)' + Engineering|-
180 = places sin 025
x2(4XV3)+.. 2cose? X - 2.3.4
...
cosec (x+ +
...
+ cot of -(-6)... +
x) decimals, h) Mathematics
x
cot .. + in
ascending
6
given Ans. Ans.
 4 utting
tan Sin or
cot in X x s lution. Let Calamcpleulaby
te
(x in x=
+
powerstx
in powers 9
series 37.
h) powers of
x and Functions
is of
(r f(r f(r an
V9+1 = h= V(x+h) + f"(x) = (Maclauin's
+ appropriate0.6632115
f(r) = exponsion. the
1, h) +
h)
of
x. in h) approximate
= =
3.1623 = = =
3
(1), = =
terms.
upto 4 3+ J9+ f()+hf(x) (r+ Taylor's
we and
EXERCISE16.7 0.16667- + 6 4+ f) -, h)/2
Ans. 2 11 get 2
216 /9 value ofTaylor's
1
V 12
+ 2
0.00463 8 1 1 Series)
3888 J10
1
9/9 1 8
Ans. +... to
+ 1
Ans.tan Ans. lo 1 four
I- 0.00025 +
2x 9² 16 decimal
1-2r+ /9 +
+
1 taking
places
2r2
_ 24
3

3 l0 2 -%
Ans. 459
Ans. ...(1)
the
 Choose
460
14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8.7 7. 6. 5.
(c) (b) seriess
(a)Taylor' (1+
c) Maclaurin's (a) x the binomial
(a) Taylor's () (a) 1+ (c) + Maclaurin's By Apply 1 (1 log
correct use + im +
fla f(a fla 1-(x 1- 1+ I+ cos
powers
+ + Theorem
+ (x 2 2! 3! 3! of Taylor's
h) (r 31+ 21y
h)= h) - series alternative: about
= )+- 1) series Taylor'-s
= 4 4! 5! 5! 2). of
f(a) f(a) expansion
+ about
f(a) of (- (x Theorem (x the
2! 6
of of
f - 6! 7! 7! theorem -
cosh sinh Ans. 1) point
hf'tu) - hfa) + hf'ta) + (x) 1) 1) (1) f in 1
about -(x of x Ans.
lo%
x f = to pOwers 29 3
+,fa)2! +
*"a) 3!
(r is is r+
(x) expand calculate -75(r
x -1)3 1)- y
1 =
= t.... r- 3r of
a) a +about
+ +, is ... the + the + x
3! Ans. 2r 2) +
.+ 3 (d) (b) x (d) 1- x+
(d) (b) -x
following 15x value
+ + 2.
31(a)f"a)+... = (b) f
86(x
"a) -10
1-(x (x) 3x Ans.
1 is1 1 + of +
(r+ equal 2! 2! 3!
= 5
polynomial 2)' 1 Mathematics
Engineering
Applied
.. t - 11 f| +
+ + 10 11 - 3(r- 2!
1) 4 4! 45(x
1) to ! 5 5!
7! x5 7 2+r-1)+(r-1Ans. 4
+ (r
(r+ (x where
6! 6! -6 7 - + 1) 8/3
+ +
x 2) in 2) ' +
1 1)- 3(x 4
+ integral +
-(r +(r- 4 11(x 3
(x -
1
+ - +
1y 1) 2) powers 11461 2)* + 64 7
Ans. (x
Ans.(4) + + Ans.(a) + -
Ans.(c) (x (x+ - 4
of 1
- + 3)
2) the 2)
 Taylor
series 9. taln6. 5
) 3. (d)
".f (d) A)
(a) The of (a) () (b) (aTaylor's f(x) ()t f(1)(b) + (a) (c) (b) (a) 1+ (c) (a) sin nsIon o
None
(x) (a
1- 1 1 None about None 1+ 1- cos sin sin+ sin
+ - fa) + la
fFunctions
(x (x
(x r-1) + 2x 2x X+ h+ t h)
of series of + + +
- - X X+
1 1! 1 of + + h sin ICOs hequal to
is h)
2 these 1) these -1 1! -1 these
is equal is
to cOs
+
1) 2x
2r-8x3 cOs =
+ f() + r) +equal h x
f(0)
(Maclaurin':
Series)
4 expansi
(r
+ on + x h+ +
(r- 3 +
2! S)+ - +
- to 21 2! sinr)+21 hf(0)
8
expansion (x-1)2 1)
1)'- +
(r1) 10t cOsx)+ sih)n. (-
10
+ (x-1)
of 2! 2! 2! 's
(r+(r- sin +
h2and
3!
(r-1)³ - y=- h) 210) +
1
Z-2 11)+
,-cOs+.. x) 3!
+ 2OS Taylor's
+ 4!4
...
+ about "(a) +( + (-
3!
cos(-
h)
in 0)+31
(x+ 1)° sin
|z| x 3!
(d) (b) < = 3! h) X)
1 31") +. f(1) ..+ ....
+ .... + +
I
is is ....
equal f"*) . . +
to
4 4

8
(A.M.IE.TE.2007)Dec.

Ans.(a) Ans.(a)
Ans.(c)
Ans.? ? Ans.(a) Ans.(a) 461