Earth

Science 11
Earth and Life Science – Grade 11 Quarter 1 – Module 9: Igneous Rock
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Beverly A. De Guzman

Editor/Reviewer (Technical): Rowena D. Roxas
Reviewer (Content): Ronald Dumapias
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Mark Kihm G. Lara
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
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Victor M. Javeña EdD
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OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

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Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
Earth Science

Quarter2
Self-Learning Module9
Tectonic Forces
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Self-Learning Module 9 on Igneous Rock

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by
its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the
K to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs,
namely: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and
Character while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This containshelpful tips or strategies
that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Self-Learning Module 9 on Igneous Rock

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being
an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.
Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts and skills that
you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and application of the

lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the entire module.
 EXPECTATION S

The module is about the Folds and Faults.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and
faults
2. Identify the different types of stress
3. Differentiate folds from faults
4. Identify the types of fault deformation

PRETEST

Directions. Read the questions and encircle the letter of your answers.

1. What will happen to a rock if there are two opposite forces pulling the rock
apart?
a. Rock will Shrink c. Rock will tear apart
b. Rock will stretch d. Rock will Shorten

2. It is the fracture along the crust in which displacement occurred

a. Deformation c. Folds
b. Faults d. Stress

3. Which does not belong to the group?

a. Compressional Dip-slip c. Shear
b. Dip-slip d. Tensional

4. The changes of the original shape and size of the rock

a. Deformation c. Folds
b. Faults d. Tectonic processes

5. The other term for rock stresses

a. Faulting c. Fracture
b. Folding d. Tectonic processes

1
 RECAP

Recall your lesson when you’re in junior high. Let us identify the different
types of plate tectonic boundaries. Write if the picture shows Divergent,
Convergent or transform plate boundary.

1. 4.

2. 5.

3. .

LESSON

TECTONIC FORCES AND PROCESSES

Plate tectonic is a model or theory explaining how Earth works more
specially the origin of continents and oceans. For over 60 years it has studied the
movement of the plate and how rocks deform forming mountain ranges,
volcanoes earthquake or continental drift.
Stress is the force exerted per unit area. The following are the types of stress

▪ Compressive stress – involves forces pushing together

▪ Tensional stress – involves forces pulling in opposite direction
▪ Shearing stress – involves forces sliding to each other
Strain is the physical change that result in respond to the force.
Table.1. showing the resulting stain for every type of stress
Type of stress Resulting strain
Compressive Shortening and thickening
Tensional Stretching and thinning

2
 Shearing Tearing

Figure 1. Showing (a) Compression (b) Tension (c) Shearing

Rocks may undergo deformation. Deformation refers to the changes in the

original shape and size of a rock. When rocks are subjected to stresses (tectonic
processes), they begin to deform. They deform by folding and faulting.
Folding
Folding or folds occur when rocks are pushed towards each other from
opposite sides. The rock layers bend into folds.

Figure 2 showing folds on rock Figure 3 showing folds, with anticline, syncline, Limb

Folds are described by the orientation of their axes, axial planes, and
limbs. The plane that splits the fold into two halves is known as the axial plane.
The fold axis is the line along which the bending occurs and is where the axial
plane intersects the folded strata (layer). The hinge line follows the line of
greatest bend in a fold. The two sides of the fold are the fold limbs.

1. Anticline is arch like that are convex-upward in shape.

2. Syncline is trough like or U shape folds that are concave downward.
3. Monocline is step-like folds in which it has two horizontal or nearly
horizontal limb connected to a shorter inclined limb.
4. Dome is a circular or elliptical anticline in which the limbs dip away in all
directions.
5. Basin is a circular or elliptical syncline in which the limbs dip toward the
center.

3
Figure4. Showing (a) anticline looks like an arch (b) Syncline look like a trough (c) Monocline looks like a stair
(d) plugging
step anticline has titled hinge € dome has the shape (of f) a
overturned
basin like upward bowl.
bowl
Folds are produced by horizontal compressive stresses, such as
continentcontinent collisions or collisions at any convergent plate boundary. They
may occur in groups and may be large scale or small scale.
Faulting
The fracturing and displacement of brittle rock strata along a fault plane.
Faults are fractures along the crust in which displacement has occurred. There
are different faults based on the relative movement of the blocks on either side
of the fault.
Dip-Slip Fault
The movement of the two blocks is vertical. Examples of dip-slip fault are
the normal and reverse faults. In differentiating the two dip-slip faults, foot wall
block and hanging wall block should be identified first. Foot wall block is the
block below your feet and the one upon which you would hang your miner's lamp
is the hanging wall block.

Figure 5. The block below the miner’s feet is known as the foot wall block and the block where the
miner’s hang its lamp is hanging wall block.
http://faculty.chemeketa.edu/afrank1/structure_time/faults.htm

o Normal fault, the hanging wall block moves down relative to the
foot wall block. o Reverse fault, the hanging wall moves up relative
to the foot wall block.

4
 Figure 6. (a) Normal Fault motion (b) Reverse fault motion
http://www. geologypage.com/2017/three-main-types-faults.html.

Strike-Slip Fault
The dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel. A special kind of
strike- slip fault is the transform fault. Some transform faults cut the oceanic
crusts. Others occur between two diverging plates

Figure 7. Showing strike-slip fault

Table 2. Showing the kinds of tress and strain in every types of faults
Kind of Stress Kind of Strain
Normal fault Tensional Fault move apart
Reverse fault Compressive Fault move from the opposite side
Strike-slip fault Shearing Fault slide to each other

The motion of the strike slip fault may be right lateral or dextral or left
lateral or sinistral.

a b

Figure 8. showing the (a) lateral motion of sinistral strike

-slip fault and (b) dextral strike slip
fault
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strike_slip_fault.png

5
Types of strike slip fault

1. Tear Fault – It is a small fault separating the dip-slip fault with a

length scale of meter to a few kilometers.
2. Transfer fault – Just like tear fault but much longer. This fault may
scale meter up to ten kilometers between two dip-slip faults.
3. Transform fault – A plate boundary fault reaching ten to hundreds
kilometer long.
4. Transcurrent fault – This strike slip fault also extends ten to
hundreds of kilometers long. This fault is crustal – lithospheric-scale
fault embedded within orogens (collision zone)

Figure 9. this figure showing the different types of strike – slip fault.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/salt-tectonics/strikeslip-salttectonicsystems/
38A5F4ADE1E41419F5BA089B2C2F3A35

ACTIVITIES

I. Identify the tectonic process (stress) and the type of faults of the following
plate tectonic boundaries

Plate Tectonic process Strain

tectonic (stress) (results of stress) Types of faults
boundaries
Convergent

Divergent

Transform

II. Fill in the table showing the plate tectonic boundaries and related features
to tectonic processes.

Plate tectonic Description Tectonic

processes

6
 (types of stress
boundaries
or faults)

III. The following pictures are the things that can be compared to tectonic
processes (stress). Compare and describe the following. Write your answer
on the space provided.

7
 WRAP-UP

Fill in the spaces to complete the paragraph below. Choose your answer from the
words inside the box.
Normal fault compressive monocline Anticline
faults Deformation dome Slide-slip fault
syncline reverse faults shearing Dip-slip fault
tensional basin Folding

Plate tectonic theory explains the formation and rock deformation of

Earth’s crust. (1) refers to the deformation of rock’s original shape. Rocks are
deformed when subjected to stress or tectonic processes like folds and faults.
(2) happens when there are two opposite forces pushing together, It creates
(3) , (4) , (5) , (6) or (7) . Stress has three types; (8) ,
(9) and (10) .
When the strength is greater, rock will break and will result to
(11) . Fault has two types, (12) and (13) .
Dip-slip fault has also 2 types, the (14) and
the(15)
.
All these tectonic processes may affect the formation of the Earth’s crust.

VALUING

8
 This is the Pasig city map
where in west valley fault is
crossing the city. According to
DOST – PHIVOLCS this fault moves
every 200 – 400 years and the
last time it did was in the year
1658, that was 362 years ago. So,
the scientists are preparing for
the possible tremor it will create.
This west valley fault is a
strike-slip motion and
approximately 100 km in length
and traveling Metro Manila along
the cities of Marikina, Quezon
City,
Pasig, Makati, Taguig
and Muntinlupa as well
nearby provinces of Rizal, Laguna,
Cavite, and Bulacan.
According to scientists, if this fault moves it could generate a 7.2 or greater
magnitude earthquake, and these places may suffer greatly when this fault
moves.
Given this, we should understand what these events would probably
happen, so we should prepare since we do not know when it will happen. One of
the preparations is to know where you should go if this happens.
In this activity, you are going to create your home escape and evacuation
plan on a short bond paper. After, you can post your Escape plant to your wall.
Make sure that it is eye level or visible to everybody in your house.

Figure 9.7. The Red line shows the west valley fault
Sample escape plan: crossing Pasig City
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/informatio
n-tool/the
-phivolc-faultfinder
s

9
 POSTTEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. A kind of stress showing stretching is known as

a. Compressional force
c. Shearing force
b. No stress d.
Tensional force

2. Which of the following shows folding?

a.
c.

b. d.

3. What produces a strike-slip fault?

a. Compressional force
c. Shearing force
b. No stress d.
Tensional force

4. A kind of stress in which there are forces pushing rock together.

a. Compressional force
c. Shearing force
b. No stress d.
Tensional force

5. A wall block below located below your feet.

a. Foot wall c.
Slip wall
b. Hanging wall
d. Strike wall

1
0
Carteciano, Joselito Alonte, The Big One part 2 § (2017).
http://nrcp.dost.gov.ph/featurearticles/279-the-big-one-part-2.

Fisher, Jessica. Be Prepared for Emergencies. Pinterest. Lifeasmon. Accessed June 2020.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/274367802277127963/.

Folds near Commana in Brittany France 2. Wikki Commons. Accessed June 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Folds_near_Commana_in_Brittany_France
_2.jpg.

Have a Home Evacuation Plan, Practice with Your Family and Designate a Meeting Place.
Pinterest. Davis Country Heath Department. Accessed June 2020.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/411657222163592105/.

Johnson, Chris, Mathew Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, and Cam Mosher. “Folds.”
https://geo.libretexts.org/. Salt Lake Community College Sourced from
OpenGeology, April 2, 2020.
https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_Geolo
gy_(Johnson%2C_Affolter%2C_Inkenbrandt%2C_and_Mosher)/09%3A_Crustal_Defor
mation_and_Earthquakes/9.04%3A_Folds.

PHIVOLCS fault finder. Accessed June 2020. http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/.

Religioso, Teresita F. “Chapter 6. Endogenic Processess.” Essay. In Earth and Life Science,
edited by Lilia G Vengco, 111–13. Quezon City: Phoenix publishig House, Inc., 2016.