Detailed Transformation steps in power query in power bi for interview

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

In Power Query (part of Power BI), you can perform numerous transformations to clean and shape
your data for analysis. Here’s a breakdown of the most common transformation steps, which you
might be asked to explain in an interview:

1. Data Source Connection

 Step: The first step is to connect to your data sources (Excel, CSV, SQL databases, Web, etc.).

 Example: In Power Query, you can select “Get Data” and choose the data source.

2. Change Data Types

 Step: Power Query automatically assigns data types, but it’s important to review and change
them if necessary.

 Example: Right-click on a column > Change Type > Select the appropriate type (e.g., Text,
Date, Number).

3. Rename Columns

 Step: You might need to rename columns to make them more meaningful.

 Example: Double-click the column header or right-click > Rename.

4. Remove Unnecessary Columns

 Step: Remove any columns that aren’t needed for analysis.

 Example: Right-click the column > Remove Columns.

5. Filter Rows

 Step: Use filtering to exclude rows that don't meet certain criteria (e.g., filtering by date,
value ranges, etc.).

 Example: Click on the filter icon in a column header and specify the filtering condition.

6. Remove Duplicates

 Step: Removing duplicate rows is common when cleaning data.

 Example: Select a column (or multiple columns) > Right-click > Remove Duplicates.

7. Group By

 Step: Aggregate data by grouping based on one or more columns (e.g., summing values for
each category).

 Example: Select a column > Home tab > Group By > Specify the operation (sum, average,
etc.).

8. Merge Queries
  Step: Combine data from different tables by merging them on a common column.

 Example: Home tab > Merge Queries > Select the tables and columns to join on.

9. Append Queries

 Step: Stack multiple tables on top of each other (combine rows).

 Example: Home tab > Append Queries > Select the tables you want to append.

10. Pivot and Unpivot Columns

 Step: Pivoting turns rows into columns, and unpivoting turns columns into rows.

 Example (Pivot): Select the column to aggregate > Transform tab > Pivot Column.

 Example (Unpivot): Select the columns to unpivot > Transform tab > Unpivot Columns.

11. Split Column

 Step: Split one column into multiple columns based on a delimiter or character count.

 Example: Select the column > Split Column > By Delimiter (e.g., comma, space).

12. Add Custom Columns

 Step: Add calculated columns based on custom formulas using M code (Power Query’s
formula language).

 Example: Add Column > Custom Column > Write the formula.

13. Replace Values

 Step: Replace specific values (e.g., replace nulls with 0 or replace misspelled text).

 Example: Right-click on a cell > Replace Values > Specify the value to replace and the new
value.

14. Conditional Columns

 Step: Add columns based on conditions (e.g., if statements).

 Example: Add Column > Conditional Column > Specify the conditions.

15. Sort Rows

 Step: Sort data in ascending or descending order by one or more columns.

 Example: Right-click a column > Sort Ascending/Sort Descending.

16. Remove Nulls/Blanks

 Step: Remove rows with null or blank values.

 Example: Filter out nulls or blanks by using the filter menu in the column.

17. Transposing Data

 Step: Flip rows into columns or vice versa.

 Example: Transform tab > Transpose.

18. Invoke Custom Functions

 Step: If you have a reusable function, you can invoke it in the query.

 Example: Add Column > Invoke Custom Function.

19. Extract Data

 Step: Extract a portion of the data from text fields (e.g., extract the first few characters or a
substring).

 Example: Transform > Extract > Extract First Characters / Text Between Delimiters.

20. Advanced Editor (M Code)

 Step: Access and modify the M code for your transformations. This is useful for applying
more complex logic that isn’t available through the UI.

 Example: View tab > Advanced Editor.

21. Use Parameters

 Step: Create parameters that can dynamically alter your queries.

 Example: Manage Parameters > New Parameter > Use it in query filters or calculations.

22. Refresh Data

 Step: Once transformations are complete, you can refresh data to pull updated data from the
source.

 Example: Home tab > Refresh Preview.

23. Close and Apply

 Step: After all transformations, apply the changes to load data into Power BI.

 Example: Home tab > Close & Apply.

These are some of the most common transformations you might encounter or be asked about in a
Power BI interview. Having a strong grasp of these will demonstrate your ability to manipulate and
prepare data for analysis.

What is the Power BI Desktop and what are its components?

Answer: Power BI Desktop is a free application that allows you to connect to, transform, and
visualize your data. Its main components include:

 Report View: The area where you create and design reports using different visualizations.

 Data View: The view for exploring and modeling your data tables.

 Model View: This is where you define relationships between tables.

 Query Editor: This is used to clean and transform data before it’s loaded into the model.

 Relationships Pane: It visually shows the relationships between the data tables.
  Visualizations Pane: This allows you to choose and configure different types of visualizations.

2. How do you handle performance optimization in Power BI?

Answer: Performance optimization in Power BI can be handled through several strategies:

 Data Model Optimization: Reduce the size of the dataset by removing unnecessary columns
and rows, and optimize relationships with the appropriate cardinality and direction.

 DAX Optimization: Use efficient DAX functions like SUMX, AVERAGEX, instead of more
complex, nested calculations. Minimize the use of CALCULATE when unnecessary.

 Query Optimization: Ensure that Power Query transformations are applied efficiently,
leveraging native query folding when possible.

 Use of Aggregations: Use summary tables for pre-aggregating large datasets.

 Limiting Visual Complexity: Reduce the number of visuals on a page, and ensure the visual
interactions are minimal.

 DirectQuery vs. Import Mode: For large datasets, use DirectQuery where possible, but make
sure that the data source supports efficient querying.

3. What are bookmarks in Power BI, and how would you use them in a business dashboard?

Answer: Bookmarks capture the current state of a report page, including filters, slicers, and the state
of visuals. In a business dashboard:

 Bookmarks can be used to create custom navigation experiences, allowing users to toggle
between different views of the data.

 They are helpful for storytelling, allowing users to guide through different insights step by
step.

 Bookmarks can be paired with buttons and selections to allow for dynamic, interactive
reports where users can switch between different report sections or views with ease.

 Bookmarks also enable the creation of toggle switches (e.g., switching between charts or
tables) by hiding/unhiding visuals based on a bookmark state.

4. Explain the difference between calculated columns and measures in Power BI.

Answer:

 Calculated Columns: These are created at the row level in your data model, and they are
stored as part of your model. Calculated columns add new data to your table and can be
used in slicers and visuals like any other column. They consume more storage as they are
materialized within the data model.

 Measures: These are dynamic calculations performed on the fly and are not stored in the
model. Measures are more efficient for performance as they are calculated at the time of
 rendering. They are ideal for aggregate values (e.g., sum, average) based on user interactions
and filters in the report.

5. What is DAX, and can you explain one of the most complex DAX functions you have used?

Answer: DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) is the formula language used in Power BI, Power Pivot, and
SSAS Tabular models. It is designed to work with relational data and perform aggregations and
calculations on that data.

One of the more complex DAX functions is CALCULATE. It allows you to modify the context in which a
calculation is performed. For example:

DAX

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Total Sales = CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[Amount]), FILTER(Sales, Sales[Date] = "2024"))

In this case, CALCULATE modifies the filter context to only sum the sales amounts where the date
equals 2024.

Complexity Example: A scenario where you need to calculate Year-over-Year (YoY) growth:

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YoY Growth =

( [Total Sales] - CALCULATE([Total Sales], SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR(Calendar[Date])) ) /

CALCULATE([Total Sales], SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR(Calendar[Date]))

This involves using CALCULATE, SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR, and aggregate functions to dynamically

compare year-over-year sales.

6. How do you create and manage relationships in Power BI?

Answer: Relationships in Power BI are crucial for creating a unified model from different tables.
Here’s how you manage them:

 Use the Model view to visually define relationships between tables, ensuring that you define
the correct cardinality (One-to-Many, Many-to-Many).

 You can set the Cross-filter direction to either single or bi-directional depending on the
interaction you want between tables.

 Make sure relationships are based on keys that uniquely identify the rows in at least one of
the tables to avoid ambiguous results.

 Avoid circular relationships, as Power BI doesn’t support direct circular dependencies

between tables.
Example: If you have a Sales table and a Customer table, you’d create a one-to-many relationship
from Customer to Sales based on the CustomerID.

7. How would you implement Row-Level Security (RLS) in Power BI?

Answer: Row-Level Security restricts data access for certain users based on roles. To implement RLS:

1. In Power BI Desktop, navigate to the Modeling tab, then select Manage Roles.

2. Define roles by creating DAX filters on tables (e.g., [Region] = "East" for a Sales Manager in
the East region).

3. After publishing the report to Power BI Service, assign these roles to users or groups through
the Security settings.

Example: A role might restrict sales data so that users can only see the data for their region. You
would create a filter using DAX like:

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[Region] = USERPRINCIPALNAME()

This dynamically filters the data based on the current user's login.

8. What is the use of Power BI Gateways, and when would you configure one?

Answer: Power BI Gateways are used to facilitate secure data transfer between on-premises data
sources and Power BI service. It allows scheduled refreshes and DirectQuery connections to on-
premise databases like SQL Server, Oracle, and more.

You would configure a gateway:

 When your data is stored on-premises, and you need to refresh datasets in Power BI Service.

 When using DirectQuery for real-time or near real-time reporting from on-premise data
sources.

There are two types of gateways:

 Personal Gateway: Meant for individual users to connect to their data for development
purposes.

 Enterprise Gateway: Designed for multiple users and datasets, allowing centralized
management and control of data connections.

9. How do you publish a Power BI report, and what steps would you take for deployment in a
production environment?

Answer: To publish a Power BI report:

 1. Once the report is complete in Power BI Desktop, click on the Publish button on the ribbon.

2. Choose the desired workspace in Power BI Service.

For deployment in a production environment:

 Use deployment pipelines to manage the movement from development, to testing, and to
production workspaces.

 Set up data refresh schedules in Power BI Service.

 Ensure that proper RLS (Row-Level Security) is in place if required.

 Conduct UAT (User Acceptance Testing) to ensure that the visuals, filters, and performance
are as expected.

 Set up monitoring and error logging using Power BI’s audit logs and performance analyzer.

10. What are the limitations of Power BI and how do you overcome them?

Answer: Common Limitations:

 Data Size Limit: Power BI has a 1 GB limit for a dataset in Power BI Pro. Overcome by
optimizing data models or using Power BI Premium.

 DirectQuery Limitations: In DirectQuery mode, some DAX functions and aggregations may
not be supported. Overcome by using Import Mode or designing optimized queries.

 Complex DAX: Calculating across large datasets with complex DAX can be slow. Overcome by
pre-calculating values, or using summarized data models.

 Visual Limits: Some visual customizations or interactivity can be limited. Overcome by using
custom visuals or Power BI Embedded.

Detailed information on my workspace and workspaces in power bi with difference

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

In Power BI, workspaces are containers where users can collaborate and share content such as
reports, dashboards, datasets, and dataflows. Understanding the differences between My
Workspace and workspaces is crucial for managing content and user permissions effectively. Here’s a
detailed comparison:

1. My Workspace (Personal Workspace)

My Workspace is the personal workspace for individual Power BI users. Each user has their own My
Workspace by default when they sign up for Power BI. It serves as a private environment where you
can upload and work on your own reports and dashboards.
Features of My Workspace:

 Private Content: Only the owner (you) can view and manage the content in My Workspace.
You cannot share content directly from My Workspace.

 Limited Collaboration: My Workspace is not meant for collaboration. If you want to share
content with others, you need to publish it to a shared workspace or a Power BI app.

 Storage Limits: My Workspace has storage limits for Pro and Premium users:

o Pro users have a 10 GB limit for their My Workspace.

o Premium users benefit from additional capacity but still should manage storage
effectively.

 Publish to Web: You can publish content from My Workspace directly to the web for public
access, but this does not offer granular sharing or control.

Usage Scenarios:

 Development and testing of reports before sharing them with others.

 Personal reporting that doesn’t need to be shared.

 Temporary storage for datasets or reports you're working on independently.

2. Workspaces (App Workspaces/Shared Workspaces)

Workspaces in Power BI (previously called App Workspaces) are designed for collaboration and
content sharing within teams or departments. Multiple users can have different roles and
permissions within a workspace.

Features of Workspaces:

 Collaboration: Multiple users can work together on reports, dashboards, and datasets in a
shared workspace.

 Roles & Permissions: You can assign different roles (Admin, Member, Contributor, Viewer)
with varying levels of permissions:

o Admin: Full control over the workspace, including managing members, datasets, and
permissions.

o Member: Can edit content but not manage workspace settings.

o Contributor: Can create and modify content but cannot publish it as an app or
manage workspace settings.

o Viewer: Can only view the content but cannot edit or modify anything.

 Sharing and Publishing: Workspaces allow content to be shared with specific users or
groups. You can also publish an App from the workspace, which packages content into a
managed app that can be shared more broadly within your organization.

 Content Management: You can store multiple reports, datasets, dataflows, and dashboards.
You can also connect external data sources to datasets within the workspace.
  Storage Capacity: If the workspace is tied to a Power BI Premium capacity, storage limits are
much higher and are shared across all users of that workspace.

 Content Certification and Promotion: Reports and datasets in workspaces can be certified or
promoted within the organization to ensure trust in the data.

Usage Scenarios:

 Teams or departments collaborating on reports and dashboards.

 Sharing reports and dashboards with specific groups of users.

 Publishing content to Power BI apps for broad organizational distribution.

 Managing complex dataflows and datasets for use in multiple reports.

Key Differences:

Aspect My Workspace Workspaces (Shared)

Collaboration Individual use only Collaborative with team members

Role-based access control (Admin, Member,

Access Control Only the owner can access
etc.)

10 GB for Pro users, more in

Storage Shared capacity, higher limits in Premium
Premium

Sharing Limited, cannot share directly Can share with specific users or groups

Publishing Can publish to web (public) Can publish apps for organizational use

Content Manage reports, datasets, dashboards

Limited to personal content
Management collectively

Usage Personal work, development Team collaboration, organizational sharing

Security No row-level security Row-level security can be implemented

App Creation Not possible Can publish and manage Power BI Apps

Best Practices:

 Use My Workspace for personal development, prototyping, or reports that are only relevant
to you.

 Use Workspaces for team collaboration, distributing reports across the organization, and
managing permissions effectively.

 For larger organizations, consider utilizing Power BI Premium capacity for workspaces that
handle heavy data workloads or require advanced AI or paginated reports.

Would you like more details on managing workspace roles or any specific scenarios?

4o

Power bi license details with data size information

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Power BI has several licensing options, each catering to different user needs and data storage
capacities. Here's a breakdown of the most common Power BI licenses and their data size limits:

1. Power BI Free

 Cost: Free

 Usage: Suitable for individual use and creating reports and dashboards.

 Data Size Limits:

o Maximum dataset size: 1 GB per dataset

o Data refreshes: 8 times per day

 Features:

o Users can connect to various data sources and create reports.

o Cannot share reports with others unless they also have Power BI Free.

2. Power BI Pro

 Cost: Around $9.99/user/month (₹650-₹750 in India)

 Usage: For individual users or small teams who need collaboration features.

 Data Size Limits:

o Maximum dataset size: 1 GB per dataset

o Storage capacity: 10 GB per user

o Data refreshes: 8 times per day

 Features:

o Report sharing and collaboration with other Pro users.

o Access to Power BI Service for report publishing and sharing.

o Ad-hoc analysis, collaboration, and API embedding.

3. Power BI Premium Per User (PPU)

 Cost: Around $20/user/month (₹1,500-₹2,000 in India)

 Usage: For users needing advanced features like paginated reports and AI capabilities.

 Data Size Limits:

o Maximum dataset size: 100 GB per dataset

o Storage capacity: 100 TB across the tenant

o Data refreshes: 48 times per day (every 30 minutes)

 o Auto page refresh: Every second (based on needs)

 Features:

o Includes all Pro features.

o Enhanced performance for large models, paginated reports, and AI features.

o Incremental refresh and dedicated capacity.

4. Power BI Premium (Capacity)

 Cost: Starts at around $4,995 per dedicated cloud resource/month (pricing may vary).

 Usage: Designed for enterprise-level needs with a large volume of users.

 Data Size Limits:

o Maximum dataset size: 400 GB per dataset

o Storage capacity: 100 TB across the tenant

o Data refreshes: 48 times per day

 Features:

o Supports both large datasets and higher refresh frequencies.

o On-premises reporting with Power BI Report Server.

o No per-user license cost for consuming reports (for Free users).

o AI, dataflows, and large-scale deployment capabilities.

o Paginated reports, XMLA endpoint, and more.

5. Power BI Embedded

 Cost: Pay-as-you-go (varies based on usage)

 Usage: For application developers looking to embed Power BI capabilities in their apps.

 Data Size Limits: Similar to Premium, depending on the capacity purchased.

 Features:

o Same capabilities as Premium but targeted for independent software vendors (ISVs)
and developers to embed Power BI reports within their own applications.

6. Power BI Report Server

 Cost: Included with Power BI Premium or SQL Server Enterprise Edition with Software
Assurance.

 Usage: For on-premises reporting requirements.

 Data Size Limits:

o Maximum dataset size: Depends on the underlying infrastructure.

 o Typically supports larger models similar to Premium capacities.

 Features:

o On-premises solution for reports and data visualizations.

o Supports both paginated reports and Power BI reports.

Summary Table:

Max Dataset Storage Data Refresh

License Cost
Size Capacity Frequency

Power BI Free 1 GB N/A 8/day Free

Power BI Pro 1 GB 10 GB/user 8/day $9.99/user/month

Power BI Premium Per

100 GB 100 TB/tenant 48/day $20/user/month
User

Power BI Premium 400 GB 100 TB/tenant 48/day Starts at $4,995/month

Power BI Embedded 400 GB Varies Varies Pay-as-you-go

Included in
Power BI Report Server Varies Varies Varies
Premium/SQL

All power bi dax functions in detail with examples asked during interview from Capgemini

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ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Capgemini interviews, especially for Power BI roles, often focus on key DAX (Data Analysis
Expressions) functions, with practical examples to evaluate your ability to solve business scenarios.
Below are important DAX functions, detailed explanations, and examples that are frequently asked:

1. CALCULATE

The CALCULATE function modifies the context of a calculation, applying filters.

Syntax:

DAX

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CALCULATE(<Expression>, <Filter1>, <Filter2>, ...)

Example: Suppose you have a table Sales with columns SalesAmount and ProductCategory. You want
to calculate the total sales for a particular category, like "Electronics".

DAX
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TotalElectronicsSales = CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[SalesAmount]), Sales[ProductCategory] =

"Electronics")

Common Interview Scenario: You might be asked to create a measure that calculates sales for a
particular region or product category using CALCULATE.

2. FILTER

The FILTER function returns a table that represents a subset of another table or expression, based on
a logical condition.

Syntax:

DAX

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FILTER(<Table>, <Condition>)

Example: If you want to filter out the sales data where sales are greater than 1000:

DAX

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FilteredSales = FILTER(Sales, Sales[SalesAmount] > 1000)

Common Interview Scenario: Filtering a specific range of dates or values.

3. SUMX

The SUMX function returns the sum of an expression evaluated over a table.

Syntax:

DAX

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SUMX(<Table>, <Expression>)

Example: If you want to calculate total sales by multiplying quantity and price for each row:

DAX

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TotalSalesX = SUMX(Sales, Sales[Quantity] * Sales[Price])

Common Interview Scenario: Summing up values after performing a row-level calculation.

4. ALL / ALLEXCEPT
The ALL function removes filters on the columns, while ALLEXCEPT removes filters on all columns
except specified ones.

Syntax:

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ALL(<TableOrColumn>)

ALLEXCEPT(<Table>, <Column>)

Example: If you want to calculate total sales ignoring any filters applied to ProductCategory:

DAX

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TotalSalesAll = CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[SalesAmount]), ALL(Sales[ProductCategory]))

Common Interview Scenario: You may be asked to ignore filters applied to certain columns in a
report while keeping others intact.

5. RELATED / RELATEDTABLE

The RELATED function is used to fetch a column from a related table in a one-to-many relationship.
RELATEDTABLE returns a table of values related to the current row.

Syntax:

DAX

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RELATED(<ColumnName>)

RELATEDTABLE(<TableName>)

Example: Fetch product details from a Products table into the Sales table:

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ProductName = RELATED(Products[ProductName])

Common Interview Scenario: Demonstrating how to work with related tables, especially in star-
schema or snowflake data models.

6. IF / SWITCH

The IF function checks for a condition and returns one value if the condition is TRUE and another
value if it’s FALSE. SWITCH evaluates an expression against a list of values and returns a
corresponding result.
Syntax:

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IF(<Condition>, <TrueResult>, <FalseResult>)

SWITCH(<Expression>, <Value>, <Result> [, <Value>, <Result>]...)

Example: To categorize sales based on amount:

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SalesCategory = IF(Sales[SalesAmount] > 1000, "High", "Low")

Common Interview Scenario: Categorizing data based on conditions and using multiple conditions
with SWITCH.

7. DIVIDE

The DIVIDE function is preferred over basic division (/) because it handles division by zero,
preventing errors.

Syntax:

DAX

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DIVIDE(<Numerator>, <Denominator>, [AlternateResult])

Example: To calculate profit margin, handling cases where the denominator (Total Sales) could be
zero:

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ProfitMargin = DIVIDE(Sales[Profit], Sales[SalesAmount], 0)

Common Interview Scenario: Handling division safely in a business scenario (e.g., calculating ratios,
margins).

8. RANKX

The RANKX function returns the rank of each value in a table or expression.

Syntax:

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RANKX(<Table>, <Expression>, [Value], [Order])

Example: To rank products based on sales:

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ProductRank = RANKX(ALL(Sales[Product]), SUM(Sales[SalesAmount]), , DESC)

Common Interview Scenario: Ranking products, customers, or sales representatives based on their
performance.

9. EARLIER

The EARLIER function is used when you have nested row contexts and need to reference an earlier
row context.

Syntax:

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EARLIER(<Column>, [Number])

Example: To count how many times a product has been sold:

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ProductSalesCount = COUNTX(FILTER(Sales, Sales[ProductID] = EARLIER(Sales[ProductID])),

Sales[SalesAmount])

Common Interview Scenario: Handling nested row context with EARLIER in iterative calculations.

10. LOOKUPVALUE

The LOOKUPVALUE function retrieves a value from a column based on a search condition.

Syntax:

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LOOKUPVALUE(<ResultColumn>, <SearchColumn1>, <SearchValue1>, ...)

Example: To find the product category based on product name:

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Category = LOOKUPVALUE(Product[Category], Product[ProductName], Sales[ProductName])

Common Interview Scenario: Finding related values across different tables based on conditions.

11. SUMMARIZE

The SUMMARIZE function returns a table that aggregates data.

Syntax:

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SUMMARIZE(<Table>, <GroupByColumn>, [<GroupByColumn>], <Name>, <Expression>)

Example: Summarize total sales by product category:

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SummarizedSales = SUMMARIZE(Sales, Sales[ProductCategory], "TotalSales",

SUM(Sales[SalesAmount]))

Common Interview Scenario: Grouping and aggregating data dynamically within DAX.

12. USERELATIONSHIP

The USERELATIONSHIP function activates a relationship between two columns that is inactive by
default.

Syntax:

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USERELATIONSHIP(<Column1>, <Column2>)

Example: Activating an inactive relationship between Date and Sales:

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TotalSalesWithInactiveDate = CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[SalesAmount]),
USERELATIONSHIP(Sales[OrderDate], Calendar[Date]))

Common Interview Scenario: Handling multiple relationships in a data model, especially where
inactive relationships are needed.

13. DATESYTD / DATESMTD / DATESQTD

These functions return a range of dates starting from the beginning of the year, month, or quarter, up
to the current date.
Syntax:

DAX

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DATESYTD(<DatesColumn>)

DATESMTD(<DatesColumn>)

DATESQTD(<DatesColumn>)

Example: To calculate Year-to-Date (YTD) sales:

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SalesYTD = CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[SalesAmount]), DATESYTD(Calendar[Date]))

Common Interview Scenario: Time intelligence questions about calculating MTD, QTD, or YTD
measures.

These functions are commonly used in Power BI interviews, especially at Capgemini, where you’re
often asked to write or explain how you would use DAX for real-world reporting scenarios.
Understanding the context and purpose of these functions, with practical examples, will help you
during interviews.

4o

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.