FS BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY iy LABORATORY EXPERIMENT # 2 DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC GATES ECEPO704 : DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1 (AY 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER) SUBMITTED BY: CABERTO. DAVE PATRICK ©. CORPIZ. MARIELL MAES. DECENA, DANAH ASHLEY T. EBUEN, ASHLEY JANE P. LIZADA, RONELINE C. BSECE 2B SUBMITTED TO: OR. FAYE L. BARRET, ECE DEAN OF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE OCTOBER 26, 2024 ‘iSION Mission To develop innovative leaders and empowered communities by delivering [Anincusive ard sustainable Univers recognized forts global academic transformative instucton, research, extension ard production tveugh ce by 2090, ‘Change Drivers and resporsive poles.Una, RONELINE C. 7 ‘CABERTO, DINE PATRIOK G7 j (ORO, MANYELL NINE. 6.7 Complete atrdire! ay ajiel4 DEGENA,DANAR RSHLEY T. I Name : ESUENIEREY JANE Date : September. 24,2024 Course : ECDEDS14 Grade: Laboratory Experiment #2 DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC GATES Performance Objectives A. Identify and demonstrate the operation of a diode digital logic AND gate, and develop a truth table of logic functions. B. Identify and demonstrate the operation of a diode digital logic OR gate, and develop a truth table of logic functions. Theory Basic Concepts The binary number system is the basis of digital logic. Logic gates control the logical flow of digital data. ‘An AND gate must have all inputs active in order to provide an output. ‘An OR gate must have one or any combination of inputs active in order to provide an output. The forward-reverse bias characteristics of PN junction diodes make them suitable for use as logic gates. al lll 8 e Introductory Information Nothing had a greater impact on the electronics Industry than the concept of digital data processing. Practically any type of information can be coded into digital data and then processed electronically. The most complex digital computers operate on this basis. Two basic requirements must be met in order to process information using digital techniques. First, the coded data must represent some simple instruction or procedure for which an adequate electrical circuit can be devised. Or, in other words, the electronic circuit must operate using some basic form of intelligence. Second, the coded data must be controlled in a logical manner. The first requirement is satisfied using the binary number system. The “basic intelligence” is contained in the binary digits zero (0) and one (1). The reason for this is that there are quite a number of circuits that can operate on a 0 and 1 principle. For example, the on-off states of a single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch can be used. The off state can represent 0, and the on state can represent 1. Basically, any component that can produce an on-off switching action can simulate the 0 and 1 of the binarynumber system. Other components that operate in this manner are diodes, relays and transistors. The second requirement is satisfied using electrical circuits known as logic gates. These Circuits combine, or gate, signals in such a way that the desired output is obtained when the appropriate input switching conditions are satisfied. In other words, gates are used to control the logical flow of information. To understand this, certain logic operations must be defined. Figure 2.1 illustrates two basic logic operations using simple SPST switches. In (a) switches A and B are in series and no output is obtained if both switches are open. Closing either A or B separately will still result in. no output. But closing both A and B at the same time will complete the circuit and an output signal is derived, This logic operation is known as an AND function. Thus, an AND gate can be defined as one which provides an output when alll input conditions are satisfied simultaneously. In (b) of Figure 2.1 switches A and B are in parallel and, again no output is obtained if both switches are open. However, closing either A or B will complete the circuit and provide an output. Closing both A and B will provide an output also, This logic operation is known as an OR function. Hence, an OR gate can be defined as one which provides an output when one or all input conditions are satisfied. There are many other types of gates and logic functions, some of which will be covered in absequent laboratory exercises. a 2 ‘ Wweur —__ 9g G_ OUTPUT = A AND B fa) AND FUNCTION ——__- (9) OR FUNCTION Figure 2.1: AND and OR function using switch connection Figure 2.2 shows two practical diode digital logic gates used to implement the AND and OR functions, and their respective logic diagram symbols. In (a) the anodes of diodes CR1 and CR2 are tied together and then connected to +5Vdc through resistor R1. The output of the circuit is taken from the common anode connection. The cathodes of CR1 and CR2 serve as the input terminals of this two-input AND gate. Although this circuit configuration is different than the series connection of the switches described previously, the two circuits are analogous functionally. For example, if input A or B (or both) is founded, the diode having the grounded cathode will be forward biased and conduct, and the output at C will be at ground potential. However, if +5Vdc is applied to both A and B simultaneously, both diodes are reverse biased and the output at C is the+5Vde source voltage. Thus, by applying +5Vdc to inputs A and B a +5Vdc output is Obtained at C. This satisfies the logic definition for an AND gate; namely, that an output is obtained only when all input conditions are satisfied simultaneously. This can be stated in logic equation form as C = A AND B. Figure 2.2: AND and OR function using diode with its logic symbol In (b) of Figure 2.2, the connections of diodes CR1 and CR2 are reversed. The inputs are applied to CR1 and CR2 anodes and the output is taken from their common cathode connection, which is returned to ground through R1. If +5Vdc is applied to either or both input A or B, the diode having +5Vdc connected to its anode will be forward biased and conduct. A +5Vde drop is produced accross R1 and the diode in this case and the output at C is approximately +5Vdc. Thus, by applying +5Vdc to either input A or B, approximately +5Vdc is obtained at output C. This satisfies the logic definition of an OR gate: namely, that an output is obtained when one or all input conditions are satisfied. In logic equation form, this is stated as C = A OR B. Another concept of digital circuits is the term logic state. This loosely relates the 1 and 0 digits of the binary number system to the voltage levels in the circuit that represent each digit. In the AND and OR gates described, the +5Vdc would represent the digit 1 and the ground or zero volt level would represent the digit 0. The logic states for these voltage levels then would be logic 1 and logic 0. These are sometimes referred to as the “high” and “low” states also.Equipment And Materials Power Source (5Vdc) Digital Logic Trainer Electronic VOM Jumper wires CR1,CR2 _ - Silicon Diode (1N4004) Rt = 4.7kQ st = SPDT, Component Module S2 - DPDT, Compound Module LED - LED Module Procedure Objective A. Identify and demonstrate the operation of a diode digital logic AND gate, and develop a truth table of logic functions. 1. a) Examine the circuit shown in Figure 2.3. This is essentially the same circuit shown in Figure 2.2 (a) with the addition of switches S1 and S2 and the Electronic VOM. S1 and S2 are used to change the gate conditions of inputs A and B. Note that the 0 position of S1 and S2 represents 0 volts and the 1 position represents +5 volts. The Electronic VOM is used to monitor the output voltage at C for the various gating conditions. That identifies this circuit as a diode digital logic AND gate? 7 +5V ‘ y DES Diodes CR1 and CR2 and resistor R1 identify it as a diode digital logic gate. Inspection of the circuit shows that it will provide a +5Vdc output voltage only when both inputs are +5Vdc. This satisfies the logic equation for an AND gate (C=AAND 8) Figure 2.3(b) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.3 (c) Adjust the power supply voltage to 5Vdc, (d) Set switches $1 and S2 to the 0 position. Record in Table 2.1 the output voltage indicated on the Electronic VOM. OUTPUT st $2 VOLTAGE (Vdo) o 0 0.69 0 4 0.04 4 1 oO 0.04 Z ae 1 1 5.95 Table 2.1 (e) Set S1 and $2 to each combination of positions listed in Table 2.1 and record the output voltage of each combination. (f) Look at the results of Table 2.1. Which combination of switch settings resulted in an output voltage approximately equal to the 5Vdc supply voltage? THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS EQUAL TO SVoe WHEN BOTH 4 $1 AND S2 ARE IN 4 PosiTION. (11) 5" ~ Is the output voltage close to zero volts for all other switch combinations? Yes Note: There will be a small voltage drop across the diodes in the forward biased direction. Expected Result: The output voltage should be approximately five volts when both St and S2 are set to the 1 position. All other switch combinations should produce an output voltage close fo zero. (g) Assume zero volts represents logic 0 and +5 volts represent logic 1 in your circuit. Write the logic equation for the diode digital logic AND gate from the results of Table 2.1. Remember, an AND gate provides an output only when all input gating conditions are satisfied. Use A and B as the inputs, and Cas the output. AaxB*C OR A*B=C Son J Your logic equation should be A AND B = C(h) Reduce the power supply voltage to zero. . a) Now you will verify your logic equation using a light emitting diode (LED) as a digital logic readout device. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2.4, All components associated with LED are permanently mounted on Digital Logic Trainer Board. These components include driver transistor Q1 and current limiting resistors R2 and R3. (b) Adjust the power supply voltage to 6Vde. (c) Repeat the switch settings of Table 2.1 (one wate OPO Figure 2.4 The LED will ight only when the driver transistor Q1 is forward biased by the positive voltage output of the AND gate. This should occur only when the input gate conditions are satisfied. Record the result in Table 2.2. Legend: LED On = 1; LED Off=0 INPUT OUTPUT sem a Jalolo|> 10]9 JO Jo AA Table 2.2(d) Which combinations of switch settings cause the LED to light? THE SWITCH SETTINGS COMBINATION THAT TuRNED_ ow TH! LED Lietty Me eS Does this verify the AND gate logic equation C = A AND B? Yes Expected Output: The LED should light only when both $1 and $2 are in the 1 position, verifying the logic equation. (e) If the 0 and 4 positions of the switches represent logic 0 and logic 1 respectively, then the output of the AND gate can be stated as logic 0 or logic 1 also for the various input conditions. This gives rise to what is known as a truth table, which is used to predict the operation of a given logic circuit by taking all combinations of inputs into consideration and then determining the ‘expected output. Assume the 0 and 1 positions of S1 and S2 do, in fact, represent logic 0 and logic 1. Then it can also be assumed that a logic 0 is, indicated when the LED is off and that a logic 1 is obtained when the LED is on. Using Table 2.2, develop a truth table for your diode digital logic AND gate for the various input conditions listed. If necessary, use the test circuit to assist you or to confirm your results. Expected Output: Your truth table will be identical to Table 2.1, except the Zero voltage levels will be logic 0 and the five volt level will be logic 1. Objective B. Identify and demonstrate the operation of a diode digital logic OR gate, and develop a truth table of logic functions. 3. (a) Examine the circuit shown in Figure 2.5. This is essentially the same circuit shown in Figure 2.2 (b) with the addition of S1 and S2 and the Electronic VOM. S1 and S2 and the VOM are used for the same purpose as in Procedures 1 and 2. What identifies this circuit as a diode digital logic OR gate? ATLOWIPUIS ABV DC IT _ANY Dy ALL DF THE Weis 16 AsyDE ~SMUSEXING “HE BOOLEAN EHIATIUN £02 OR GmEs, C= A ORD, Inspection of the circuit shows that it will provide approximately +5Vdc, satisfying the logic equation for an OR gate (C = A OR 8). The diodes and resistor identify is as a diode digital logic gate.Figure 2.5 (b) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.5. (c) Adjust the power supply voltage to 5Vde. (4) Set S1 and S2 to the 0 position. Record in Table 2.3 the output voltage indicated on the Electronic VOM. (e) Set S1 and S2 to each combination of switch positions listed in Table 27.3, Record the output voltage for each combination. OUTPUT St s2 VOLTAGE (Vde)_| 0 0 0 o 4 5.85. a 4 0 5-05 é su 4 4 [ 3-89 s Table 2.3 (f) Look at the results of the Table. Which combinations of switch settings resulted in and output voltage approximately equal to the 5Vdc ‘supply voltage? THE SWITCH SETTINGS COMBINATION THAT RESULTED To. mn Mar EL) 41,410 AND 44 ay eee Is the output voltage zero for the remaining switch combination?.The output Voltage should be approximately five volts when either or both S1 or S2 are set to the 1 position. The output voltage will be zero when both ‘switches are set to the zero position. (g) From the results of your measurements, write the logic equation for the diode digital logic OR gate. Assume zero volts is logic 0 and +5 volts as logic 1, Remember, an OR gate provides an output when one or all input gating conditions are satisfied. Use A and B as the inputs, and C as the output. A+ BEC Your logic equation should be A OR B = C. (h) Reduce the power supply voltage to zero. . a) Now you will verify logic equation using the LED as a readout. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2.6. Figure 2.6 (b) Adjust the power supply voltage to 5Vdo. (c) Repeat the switch settings of Table 2.3. The LED will ight when the input gate conditions satisfy the logic equation. (a) Which combinations = switch setting cause the LED to light? THe_swiTow’ £D Lie Does this verify the OR gate logic equation C =AORB? YES Expected Output: The LED will light when either or both S1 or S2 are in the 1 position, verifying the logic equation,(e) Using Table 2.4, complete the truth table of logic functions for the diode digital logic OR gate. Confirm your results using the test circuit if necessary. Legend : LED On = 1; LED Off=0 INPUT OUTPUT. A B c 0 0 ° o 4 A 4 4 0 A sr 4 4 A Table 2.4 ( Reduce the power supply voltage to zero. Expected Output: The truth table should indicate a logic 1 output for a logic 1 on either or both A and B inputs. The only time a logic 0 output is obtained is when both A and B or logic 0. Reference Elbell, Theodore K.(1987).Practical Electricity and Electronics: Fundamentals for Instrumentation. Volume 5. 2% Edition. Lab-Volt Checked by SEEN cess EEE EEEEEEE (Printed name and Signature of Instructor) Date Checked: __” ] 10,OBJECTIVE A. IDENTIFY AND DEMONSTRATE THE OPERATION OF A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC AND GATE, AND DEVELOP A TRUTH TABLE OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS. B. IDENTIFY AND DEMONSTRATE THE OPERATION OF A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC OR GATE, AND DEVELOP A TRUTH TABLE OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS POWER SOURCE (VDC) DIGITAL LOGIC TRAINER ELECTRONIC VOM JUMPER WIRES CR1,CR2_— - SILICON DIODE (1N4004) RL -4.7KQ $1 - SPDT, COMPONENT MODULE. S2 ~ DPDT, COMPOUND MODULE: LED - LED MODULE PROCEDURE OBJECTIVE A. IDENTIFY AND DEMONSTRATE THE OPERATION OF A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC AND GATE, AND DEVELOP A TRUTH TABLE OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS. 1. A) EXAMINE THE CIRCUIT SHOWN IN FIGURE 2.3. THIS IS ESSENTIALLY THE SAME CIRCUIT SHOWN IN FIGURE 22 (A) WITH THE ADDITION OF SWITCHES $1 AND $2 AND THE ELECTRONIC VOM. S1 AND S2 ARE USED TO CHANGE THE GATE CONDITIONS OF INPUTS A AND B NOTE THAT THE 0 POSITION OF SL AND $2 REPRESENTS 0 VOLTS AND THE 1 POSITION REPRESENTS +5 VOLTS. THE ELECTRONIC VOM IS USED TO MONITOR THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE AT C FOR THE VARIOUS GATING CONDITIONS. THAT IDENTIFIES THIS CIRCUIT AS A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC AND GATE? THIS CIRCUIT IDENTIFIES AS A OIODE DIGITAL LOGIC AND GATE AS TT_ONLY OUTPUTS A +5V DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE ONLY JF BOTH INPUTS ARE DIODES CR1 AND CR2 AND RESISTOR R1 IDENTIFY IT AS A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC GATE, INSPECTION OF THE CIRCUIT SHOWS THAT IT WILL PROVIDE A 45VDC OUTPUT VOLTAGE ONLY WHEN BOTH INPUTS ARE +5VDC. THIS SATISFIES THE LOGIC EQUATION FOR AN AND GATE (C =A AND B)FIGURE 2.3, (B) CONNECT THE CIRCUIT AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 2.3 (C) ADJUST THE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO 5VDC. (D) SET SWITCHES $1 AND $2 TO THE 0 POSITION. RECORD IN TABLE 21 THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE INDICATED ON THE ELECTRONIC VOM. 1 $2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE(Vde) +0 o 0.69 ° 1 0.69 1 ° 069 1 1 5.93 TABLE 21 (E) SET $1 AND $2 TO EACH COMBINATION OF POSITIONS LISTED IN TABLE 2.1 AND RECORD THE OUTPUT. VOLTAGE OF EACH COMBINATION. (F) LOOK AT THE RESULTS OF TABLE 2.1. WHICH COMBINATION OF SWITCH SETTINGS RESULTED IN AN OUTPUT VOLTAGE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO. THE 5VDC SUPPLY VOLTAGE? THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE |S EQUAL TO 5VDC WHEN BOTH $1 AND $2 ARE IN 1 POSITION (1-1). {$ THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE CLOSE TO ZERO VOLTS FOR ALL OTHER SWITCH, COMBINATIONS? YES, THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS CLOSE TO ZERO FOR ALL OTHER SWITCH COMBINATIONS (1-0,0-1 AND 0-0).NOTE: THERE WILL BE A SMALL VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE DIODES IN THE FORWARD BIASED DIRECTION. EXPECTED RESULT: THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SHOULD BE APPROXIMATELY FIVE VOLTS WHEN BOTH St ANDS2 ARE SET TOTHE1 POSITION. ALL OTHER SWITCH COMBINATIONS SHOULD PRODUCE AN OUTPUT VOLTAGE CLOSE TO ZERO. (G)ASSUME ZERO VOLTS REPRESENTS LOGIC 0 AND 45 VOLTS REPRESENT LOGIC 1 IN YOUR CIRCUIT. WRITE THE LOGIC EQUATION FOR THE DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC AND GATE FROM THE RESULTS OF TABLE 2.1. REMEMBER, AN AND GATE PROVIDES AN OUTPUT ONLY WHEN ALL INPUT GATING CONDITIONS ARE SATISFIED. USE A AND B AS THE INPUTS, AND CAS THE OUTPUT. A or A + B=CorA ANDB YOUR LOGIC EQUATION SHOULD BE A AND B=C. (H) REDUCE THE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO ZERO. 2. A) NOW YOU WILL VERIFY YOUR LOGIC EQUATION USING A LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) AS A DIGITAL LOGIC READOUT DEVICE CONNECT THE CIRCUIT SHOWN IN FIGURE 2.4. ALL COMPONENTS ASSOCIATED WITH LED ARE PERMANENTLY MOUNTED ON DIGITAL LOGIC TRAINER BOARD THESE COMPONENTS INCLUDE DRIVER TRANSISTOR Q1 AND CURRENT LIMITING RESISTORS R2 AND R3. (B) ADJUST THE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO5VDC. (C) REPEAT THE SWITCH SETTINGS OF TABLE 2.17 FIGURE 2.4 THE LED WILL LIGHT ONLY WHEN THE DRIVER TRANSISTOR @1 1S FORWARD BIASED BY THE POSITIVE VOLTAGE OUTPUT OF THE AND GATE THIS SHOULD OCCUR ONLY WHEN THE INPUT GATE CONDITIONS ARE SATISFIED.RECORD THE RESULT IN TABLE 2.2 LEGEND: LED ON =1; LED OFF =O INPUT OUTPUT, TABLE 22 (D) WHICH COMBINATIONS OF SWITCH SETTINGS CAUSE THE LED TO LIGHT? THE SWITCH SETTING COMBINATION THAT TURNED ON THE LED. LIGHT 19 1.4 . DOES THIS VERIFY THE AND GATE LOGIC EQUATION C= A AND B? YES, IT VERIFIED THE LOGIC EQUATION ABOV! EXPECTED OUTPUT THE LED SHOULD LIGHT ONLY WHEN BOTH S1 AND S2. ARE IN THE 1 POSITION, VERIFYING THE LOGIC EQUATION. (E) IFTHE O AND 1 POSITIONS OF THE SWITCHES REPRESENT LOGIC. 0 AND LOGIC 1 RESPECTIVELY, THEN THE OUTPUT OF THE AND GATE CAN BE STATED AS LOGIC 0 OR LOGIC 1 ALSO FOR THE VARIOUS INPUT CONDITIONS THIS GIVES RISE TO WHAT IS KNOWN AS A TRUTH TABLE, WHICH 1S USED TO PREDICT THE OPERATION OF A GIVEN LOGIC CIRCUIT BY TAKING ALL COMBINATIONS OF INPUTS INTO CONSIDERATION AND THEN DETERMINING THE EXPECTED OUTPUT. ASSUME THE 0 AND 1 POSITIONS OF $1 AND S2DO. IN FACT, REPRESENT LOGIC 0 AND LOGIC 1 THEN IT CAN ALSO BE ASSUMED THAT A LOGIC 0 1S INDICATED WHEN THE LED IS OFF AND THAT A LOGIC1 ISOBTAINED WHEN THE LED IS ON. USING. TABLE22 DEVELOP A TRUTH TABLE FOR YOUR DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC AND GATE FOR THE VARIOUS INPUT CONDITIONS LISTED IF NECESSARY, USE THE TEST CIRCUIT TO ASSIST YOU OR TO CONEIRM YOUR RESULTS.EXPECTED OUTPUT: YOUR TRUTH TABLE WILL BE IDENTICAL TO TABLE 21 EXCEPT THE ZERO VOLTAGE LEVELS WILL BE LOGICO AND THE FIVE VOLT LEVEL WILL BE LOGIC 1. OBJECTIVE B. IDENTIFY AND DEMONSTRATE THE OPERATION OF A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC OR GATE, AND DEVELOP A TRUTH TABLE OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS. 3. (A) EXAMINE THE CIRCUIT SHOWN IN FIGURE 2.5. THIS IS ESSENTIALLY. THE SAME CIRCUIT SHOWN IN FIGURE 2.2 (8) WITH THE ADDITION OF S1 AND $2 AND THE ELECTRONIC VOM. $1 AND $2 AND THE VOM ARE USED FOR THE SAME PURPOSE AS IN PROCEDURES 1 AND 2, WHAT IDENTIFIES THIS CIRCUIT AS A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC ORGATE? THIS CIRCUIT IDENTIFIES AS A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC OR GATE AS IT OUTPUTS +5VDC IF ANY OR ALL OF THE INPUTS IN +5VDC. SATISFYING THE BOOLEAN EQUATION FOROR GATES. C =A+B, INSPECTION OF THE CIRCUIT SHOWS THAT IT WILL PROVIDE APPROXIMATELY +5VDC, SATISFYING THE LOGIC EQUATION FOR AN OR GATE (C = A OR B). THE DIODES AND RESISTOR IDENTIFY 15 AS A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC GATE. FIGURE 2.5 (B) CONNECT THE CI RCUIT AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 25, (© ADIUST THE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO SVDC. (P) SET S1 AND S2 TO THE 0 POSIT/ON. RECORD IN TABLE 2.3 THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE INDICATED ON THE ELECTRONIC VOM. (E) SET $1 AND $2 TO EACH COMBINATION OF SWITCH POSITIONS LISTED IN TABLE 27.3. RECORD THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE FOR EACH COMBINATION.st $2 OUTPUT VOLTAGEWde) ° ° ° TABLE 23 (F) LOOK AT THE RESULTS OF THE TABLE WHICH COMBINATIONS OF SWITCH SETTINGS RESULTED IN AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THE SVDC SUPPLY VOLTAGE? THE SWITCH SETTINGS COMBINATION THAT RESULTED TO. APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO +5VDC ARE 01, 10. AND 11. 1S THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE ZERO FOR THE REMAINING SWITCH COMBINATION? YES, THE OUTPUT [S$ OV FOR THE REMAINING SWITCH, COMBINATION. THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SHOULD BE APPROX! MATELY FIVE VOLTS WHEN EITHER OR BOTH S1 OR S2 ARE SET TO THE 1 POSITION. THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE WILL BE ZERO WHEN BOTH SWITCHES ARE SET TO THE ZERO POSITION. (G@ FROM THE RESULTS OF YOUR MEASUREMENTS, WRITE THE LOGIC EQUATION FORTHE DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC OR GATE ASSUME ZERO VOLTS 1S LOGIC 0 AND +5 VOLTS AS LOGIC 1, REMEMBER, AN OR GATE PROVIDES AN OUTPUT WHEN ONE OR ALL INPUT GATING CONDITIONS ARE SATISFIED. USE A AND BAS THE INPUTS. AND.C AS THE OUTPUT. A+B=CorAORB=C YOUR LOGIC EQUATION SHOULD BE A OR B=C. (H) REDUCE THE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO ZERO. 4. A) NOW YOU WILL VERIFY LOGIC EQUATION USING THE LED AS A READOUT. CONNECT THE CIRCUIT SHOWN: IN FIGURE 2.6.FIGURE 2.6 (B) ADJUST THE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO 5VDC. (C) REPEAT THE SWITCH SETTINGS OF TABLE 23. THE LED WILL LIGHT WHEN THE INPUT GATE CONDITIONS SATISFY THE LOGIC EQUATION. (©) WHICH COMBINATIONS OF SWITCH SETTING CAUSE THE LED Ta LIGHT? THE SWITCH SETTINGS COMBINATION THAT TRIGGERED THE LED TO. LIGHT ARE O1 10 AND 11. DOES THIS VERIFY THE OR GATE LOGIC EQUATION C =A ORB? YES. IT VERIFIES THE EQUATION ABOVE, EXPECTED OUTPUT: THE LED WILL LIGHT WHEN EITHER OR BOTH $1 OR $2. ARE IN THE1 POSITION VERIFYING THE LOGIC EQUATION (E) USING TABLE 2.4, COMPLETE THE TRUTH TABLE OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC OR GATE. CONEIRM YOUR RESULTS USING THE TEST CIRCUIT IF NECESSARY. LEGEND: LED ON = 1: LED OFF =0 OUTPUTTABLE 2.4 (F) REDUCE THE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO ZERO EXPECTED OUTPUT; THE TRUTH TABLE SHOULD INDICATE A LOGIC 1 OUTPUT FOR A LOGIC 1 ON EITHER OR BOTH A AND B INPUTS, THE ONLY TIME A LOGIC 0 OUTPUT IS OBTAINED IS WHEN BOTH A AND B OR LOGIC 0. OBSERVATION UPON EXAMINING THE CIRCUIT IN FIGURE 2.3, IT WAS IDENTIFIED THAT DIODES CR1 AND CR2, ALONG WITH RESISTOR RI, FORM A DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC AND GATE. THE CIRCUIT WAS CONNECTED: AND THE POWER SUPPLY WAS SET TO 5VDC. WHEN EITHER ONE ORBOTH SWITCHES S| AND $2 WERE IN THE 0 POSITION, THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE AT POINT C, MEASURED BY THE ELECTRONIC VOM, WAS CLOSE TO OV. IT WAS OBSERVED THAT ONLY WHEN BOTH SWITCHES WERE SET TO THE 1 POSITION, THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE APPROACHED 5V, WHICH ALIGNS WITH THE BEHAVIOR OF AN AND GATE. IT WAS CONFIRMEO IN THE SECOND PART WHERE AN LED WAS CONNECTED AS A LEVEL INDICATOR. THE LED ONLY TURNED ON WHEN BOTH WERE IN 1 POSITION OBTAINING A LOGIC 1. HOWEVER, THE LED TURNED OFF FOR ALL OTHER SWITCH COMBINATIONS, INDICATING A LOGIC 0. THIS RESULTED IN THE TRUTH TABLE OF AN ANO GATE IN TABLE 22 WHICH VERIFIES THE LOGIC EQUATION A AND B =C. FURTHERMORE, THE CIRCUIT IN FIGURE 2.5 WAS IDENTIFIED AS A DIODE DIGITALLOGIC OR GATE, AS IT PROVIDES AN OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF APPROXIMATELY #5Vpc WHEN EITHER OR BOTH SWITCHES ARE SET TO 1 POSITION, ALIGNING WITH THE OR GATE LOGIC EQUATION: A OR B= c. THE CIRCUIT WAS CONNECTED, AND THE POWER SUPPLY WAS ADJUSTED TO S5VDC. WHEN BOTH SWITCHES $1 AND $2 WERE SETTO THE 0 POSITION, THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE AT POINT C WAS CLOSE TO ZERO, CONFIRMING THE EXPECTED BEHAVIOR, HOWEVER, IT WAS OBSERVED THAT WHEN EITHER OR BOTH SWITCHES WERE IN THE 1 POSITION, THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE AT C WAS APPROXIMATELY 5VDC.IN THE LATTER PART OF THE PROCEDURE, THE LOGIC EQUATION WAS: VERIFIED USING AN LED AS AN INDICATOR. THE LED LIT UPWHEN EI THER OR BOTH SWITCHESS1 AND S2 WERE INTHE 1 POSITION WHICH VISUALLY CONFIRMED THE OR GATE LOGIC, THE TRUTH TABLE IN TABLE 24 WAS COMPLETED. SHOWING THAT. THE LEO TURNED ON INDICATING A LOGIC 1, WHEN AT LEAST ONE INPUT WAS AT LOGIC 1 AND IT REMAINED OFF. OBTAINING A LOGIC 0, ONLY WHEN BOTH INPUTS WERE SET TO LOGIC 0. THIS VERIFIED THE CORRECT OPERATION OF THE DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC OR GATE. CONCLUSION THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF DIODE DIGITAL LOGIC AND AND OR GATES, THE CONSTRUCTED CIRCUITS EXHIBITED THE CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOR OF THESE GATES AS EVIDENCED BY THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS AND LED INDICATORS THE AND GATE PRODUCES A HIGH OUTPUT ONLY WHEN ALL INPUTS ARE HIGH WHILE THE OR GATE PRODUCES A HIGH OUTPUT WHEN AT LEAST ONE INPUT IS HIGH. THE OBSERVED TRUTH TABLES ALIGNED WITH THE EXPECTED LOGIC EQUATIONS FOR AND AND OR GATES, CONFIRMING THEIR FUNCTIONALITY. THESE FINDINGS VALIDATE THE PRINCIPLES OF DIODE-BASED DIGITAL LOGIC AND THEIR ABILITY TO PERFORM BASIC LOGICAL OPERATIONS.