Vibrations and waves french solutions manual pdf

Vibrations and waves solutions. Free vibrations example problems and solution pdf. A.p french vibrations and waves solutions pdf download. Vibrations and waves by a. p. french.

**Request to Publishers** We are requesting that publishers restore access to over 500,000 books. **Physics Textbook** A solutions manual for "The Physics of Vibrations and Waves" by Dr. Hu and H.J. Pain includes derivations of formulas related to vibrations and waves. **Formulas and Derivations** Derivations include: * The frequency formula for
a mass-spring system: ω^2 = g/l * The frequency formula for a pendulum: ω^2 = g/I * The frequency formula for a liquid in a container: ω^2 = 2g/l * The frequency formula for a gas in a flask: ω^2 = (pA/ρV)^2 γ l/V **Solution Methods** The manual also describes how to solve differential equations of the form x'' + ω^2x = 0 using various methods,
including: * Using the cosine and sine functions * Substituting solutions in the form a cos(ωt + φ) or asin(ωt - φ) * Verifying that these solutions satisfy the original equation Note: I have removed any specific references to copyright dates and publisher names as they are not relevant to the paraphrased text. If the solution x = asin(ωt +φ ) satisfies x =
a at t = 0 , then, x = asinφ = a i.e. φ =π /2. When the pendulum swings to the position x = + a/2 for the first time after release, the value of ωt is the minimum solution of equation asin(ωt +π /2) = + a/2 , i.e. ωt =π /4. Similarly, we can find: for x = a/2 , ωt =π /3 and for x = 0 , ωt =π /2. If the solution x = acos(ωt +φ ) satisfies x = a at t = 0 , then, x =
a cosφ = a i.e. φ = 0 . When the pendulum swings to the position x = + a/2 for the first time after release, the value of ωt is the minimum solution of equation acosωt = + a/2 , i.e. ωt =π /4. Similarly, we can find: for x = a/2 , ωt =π /3 and for x = 0 , ωt =π /2. If the solution x = asin(ωt −φ ) satisfies x = a at t = 0 , then, x = asin(−φ ) = a i.e. φ = −π /2.
When the pendulum swings to the position x = + a/2 for the first time after release, the value of ωt is the minimum solution of equation asin(ωt +π /2) = + a/2 , i.e. ωt =π /4. Similarly, we can find: for x = a/2 , ωt =π /3 and for x = 0 , ωt =π /2. If the solution x = acos(ωt −φ ) satisfies x = a at t = 0 , then, x = acos(−φ ) = a i.e. φ = 0 . When the
pendulum swings to the position x = + a/2 for the first time after release, the value of ωt is the minimum solution of equation acosωt = + a/2 , i.e. ωt =π /4. Similarly, we can find: for x = a/2 , ωt =π /3 and for x = 0 , ωt =π /2. If the solution x = asin(ωt +φ ) satisfies x = −a at t = 0 , then, x = asinφ = −a i.e. φ = −π /2. When the pendulum swings to the
position x = + a/2 for the first time after release, the value of ωt is the minimum solution of equation asin(ωt −π /2) = + a/2 , i.e. ωt = 3π /4. Similarly, we can find: for x = a/2 , ωt = 2π /3 and for x = 0 , ωt =π /2. If the solution x = acos(ωt +φ ) satisfies x = −a at t = 0 , then, x = a cosφ = −a i.e. φ = π . When the pendulum swings to the position x = +
a/2 for the first time after release, the value of ωt is the minimum solution of equation acos(ωt +π ) = + a/2 , i.e. ωt = 3π /4. Similarly, we can find: for x = a/2 , ωt = 2π /3 and for x = 0 , ωt =π /2. If the solution x = asin(ωt −φ ) satisfies x = −a at t = 0 , then, x = asin(−φ ) = −a i.e. φ = π . When the pendulum swings to the position x = + a/2 for the
first time after release, the value of ωt is the minimum solution of equation acos(ωt −π ) = + a/2 , i.e. ωt = 3π /4. Similarly, we can find: for x = a/2 , ωt = 2π /3 and for x = 0 , ωt =π /2. The frequency of such a simple harmonic motion is given by: ω = (1.6 × 10^19) / ((8.85 × 10^4) + (9.1 × 10^4)) Its radiation generates an electromagnetic wave with
a wavelength λ given by: = − π ω © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd c ≈ × m = nm 2 2 3 10 8 4.2 10 [ ] 42[ ] × × × 16 4.5 10 8 0 × π λ F = −sx 2 and the stiffness of the system is given by: s′ = −F x = s 2 . Hence the frequency is given by s m a ω2 = ′ = 2 . s m b ω2 = (c) If the mass m is displaced a distance of x from its equilibrium position, the
restoring force of the mass is given by: F = −sx − sx = −2sx and the stiffness of the system is given by: s′ = −F x = 2s . Hence the frequency is given by s m c ω2 = ′ = 2 . x = x gives: asinφ = (1.6.1) v gives: aω cosφ = (1.6.2) tanφ =ωx v and 2 2 1 2 a = (x 2 + v ω ) 0 0 1 The equation of this simple harmonic motion can be written as: x, i.e. the velocity
of the suspended mass M . Hence we have the kinetic energy 9. of this element given by: 2 2 v mv l KE KE dy 1 m = = ⎛ l l l 1 spring dy y dy mv The total kinetic energy of δφ 2π = x λ , i.e. δφ = 2πx λ . a = Aω 2 sin(ωt +φ ) , where A is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency and φ is the initial phase. Therefore, the minimum amplitude, which makes
the mass lose contact with the platform, is given by: m′ = mdy l . The velocity of an element dy of its length is proportional to its distance y from the fixed end of the spring, and is given by: v′ = yv l . Hence we have the kinetic energy 9. of this element given by: Spring systems are described by equations that combine the kinetic energies of the spring
and the suspended mass. The total kinetic energy of such a system is given by KE = (1/2)Mv^2 + (1/2)mV^2, where M is the mass of the spring and m is the mass of the suspended object. This equation shows that the system is equivalent to a spring with zero mass and a mass M + m suspended at its end. The frequency of the oscillation is given by ω
= 1/sqrt(M/m). In a simple pendulum, the restoring force is proportional to the sine of the angle of displacement from equilibrium. This means that the stiffness of the system is also proportional to the sine of the angle. The energy stored in the system is then given by E = (1/2)mv^2 + (1/2)sx^2, where s is the stiffness. For other types of systems,
such as a rotating disc or a liquid column, the equations of motion are similar but with different values for M and s. The energy stored in these systems is also given by E = (1/2)mv^2 + (1/2)sx^2, where m is the mass of the system and s is its stiffness. The displacement of a simple harmonic oscillator is given by x(t) = asin(ωt), where ω is the
frequency of the oscillation. The velocity of this oscillator is then given by v(t) = aω cos(ωt). By eliminating t, we can express the position and velocity in terms of each other: x^2 + v^2/tan^2(ωt) = 1. sin2 cos2 1 2 2 2 2 a x a ω which is an ellipse equation of points (x, y). The energy of the simple harmonic oscillator is given by: ⎛ y − + ⎟ ⎟⎠ x y sin sin
cos cos 2 φ φ φ φ 2 2 ⎞ xy x y xy y x sin sin 2 sin sin cos cos 2 cos cos ⎛ x = + − + + − φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ 2 xy y (sin cos ) (sin cos ) 2 (sin sin cos cos) x = + + + − 2 2 2 2 φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ Write ⎛⎞ in terms of x and y. The equation can be rewritten as: ( ) 2 2 2 cos sin 1 2 sin 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 m a b = + The value of the energy shows it is a constant and
equal to the sum of the separate energies of the simple harmonic vibrations in x direction given by 2 2 1 mωa and in y direction given by 2 2 2 mωb. At any position of x, y on the ellipse, the expression of m(xy& − yx&) can be written as: 14. m(xy& − yx&) = m(−abω sin2ωt − abω cos2ωt) = −abmω(sin2ωt + cos2ωt) = −abmω which is a constant. The
value of max 2 y = a . So sin( ) 0 max 2 1 = φ −φ = y y x which defines 2 1 φ −φ . In the range 0 ≤φ ≤π , the values of i cosφ are −1 ≤ cos ≤ +1 i φ . For n random values of i φ , statistically there will be n 2 values −1 ≤ cos ≤ 0 i φ and n 2 values 0 ≤ cos ≤ 1 i φ . The positive and negative values will tend to cancel each other, resulting in the sum of the
n values: cos 0 i i 1 j ≠ = i φ → Σ= , similarly cos 0 1 n j j φ . The exponential form of the expression: a sinωt + a sin(ωt +δ ) + a sin(ωt +2δ ) +L+ a sin[ωt +(n−1)δ ] is given by: aeiωt + aei(ωt+δ ) + aei(ωt+2δ ) +L+ aei[ωt+(n−1)δ ]. From the analysis, the above expression can be rearranged as: ⎡ ⎞ ⎤ 4ms⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎤ r ⎤ & = B − + 2 (A Bt) e rt m m 2 − ⎥⎦
⎢⎣. The first and second derivatives of x are given by: x ⎡ r ⎤ & = B − + 2 (A Bt) e rt m r && = − + + m m 2 2 4 − ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣. We can verify the solution by substitution of x , x& and &x& into equation: m&x&+ rx& + sx = 0, which is true for all t, provided the first bracketed term of the above equation is zero, i.e. r2 4m2 = s m . The initial displacement of
the system is given by: ( ω ω ) cosφ 1 2 x = e−rt 2m C ei′t +C e−i′t = A at t = 0. So: cosφ 1 2 C +C = A (2.3.1). The initial velocity of the system is given by: ω ( ω ) ω sinφ 2 2 2 2 1 i C e A m m ⎞ ⎜⎝ ⎞ ⎜⎝ − r + ′ − = − ′ i.e. cosφ ω ( ) ω sinφ 2 1 2 A i C C A m . If r m is very small or φ ≈π/2 , the first term of the above equation approximately equals zero, so
we have: sinφ 1 2 C −C = iA (2.3.2). From (2.3.1) and (2.3.2), 1 C and 2 C are given by: ( ) φ ( ) φ C A cos φ i sin φ A e 2 2 cos sin φ φ i i 1 C A i A e = − − = = + = . Use the relation between current and charge, I = . The text discusses various concepts in physics and mechanics. The voltage equation q C + IR = 0 is solved to find the charge q as a
function of time t, showing that the relaxation time of the process is RC seconds. Next, the stiffness of a mechanical system is given by 2 1012 10 10 100[1] 0 s =ω m = × − = Nm−, and the resistive constant by 6 10 10 10 7 1 r m ω 0 − − 2 10 [ ] 500 − = × ⋅ × = = N sm Q. The energy stored in the system at maximum displacement x& is given by 100
10 5 10 [ ] 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 max, and the time for energy to decay to e−1 of initial value is given by 0.5[ ] t m 10 = = = − 2 10 7 10 ms r × −. The Q factor definition E Q E − Δ = 2π is used to calculate energy loss in the first cycle, 1 − ΔE , as 2 2 5 10 5 2 10 [ ] 500 3 1 J Q − = × × − Δ = −Δ = π = π × π. The frequency of a damped simple harmonic
oscillation is given by ω′ =ω − r, and the fractional change in resonant frequency is calculated as 4m 2 ( ) 0 2 0 4 - ω ω ω ω ω ′ + Δ = ′ = m r. In the analysis for the electrical case, inductance L replaces mass m, resistance R replaces r, and stiffness s is replaced by 1 C, where C is the capacitance. A large Q value requires a small R. The electrons per
unit area of the plasma slab are given by q = −nle, and the restoring force per unit area is calculated as ε F = qE = − xn e l. From Newton’s second law, the displacement distance of electrons, x, oscillates with angular frequency ω = ne ε m / e. The string is shortened against gravity (mg cosθ ) and the centrifugal force (mv2 r = mlθ&2 ) along the
time of shortening. The work done during shortening is given by A = −(mgcosθ + mlθ&2 )Δl, and the energy change ΔE = (mgθ 2 2 −mlθ&2 )Δl. The pendulum motion has energy E = ml2θ&2 + mgl (1 − cos θ ) for small θ. **Section 1: Simple Harmonic Oscillation** The equation for simple harmonic oscillation with linear amplitude 0 θ l is given by θ
= θ cosωt, which leads to θ'' + (2πν)^2θ = 0. The solution is E = -Δ/Δ, where Δ is the change in energy and ΔE is the change in potential energy. **Section 3: Forced Oscillator** The equation of motion for a forced oscillator is given by mrx + x'' + x = Feiωt. The solution is x = Aeiωt + Z, where Z is a transient term that decays with e^{-rt/2m}. The
steady-state displacement is given by sin(ωt - φ), and the maximum displacement is x = 0. **Section 3.1: Undamped Forced Oscillator** The equation of motion for an undamped forced oscillator is given by mx'' + x = Feiωt. The solution is x = Aeiωt, where A is a constant that depends on the frequency ω and the force F. The amplitude of the
oscillation is given by A = F/(-mω^2 + s). **Section 3.2: Transient Term** The transient term for an undamped forced oscillator decays with e^{-rt/2m}, where r is the resistance of the system. **Section 3.3: Undamped Simple Harmonic Oscillator** The equation of motion for an undamped simple harmonic oscillator driven by a force of frequency ω
is given by mx'' + x = Feiωt. The solution is x = Aeiωt, where A is a constant that depends on the frequency ω and the force F. **Section 3.4: Transient Term** The transient term for an undamped simple harmonic oscillator driven by a force of frequency ω is given by x = Ccosω + Dsinω, where C and D are constants. The general solution for the
displacement is the sum of the steady-state term and the transient term. Note that this paraphrased version does not include all the equations and formulas from the original text, but rather summarizes the main points in simpler language. By substituting (3.4.1) and (3.4.2) into (3.3.2), we obtain: ω ≈ sin Δωt ≈ Δωt, and cos Δωt ≈ 1 Then, equation
(3.4.4) becomes: 0 sin + Δ cos − sin Δ m 0 0 0 0 2 ω ω ω ω ω ω ⎞ ⎛ x F ω 0 0 i.e. ⎟ ⎟⎠ ⎜ ⎜⎝ = − 0 sin t + Δ t cos t Δ − Δ m 0 0 2 ω ω ω ω ω ⎞ ⎛ x F 0 = t − t t sin ω 0 cos 2 i.e. ⎟ ⎟⎠ ⎜ ⎜⎝ m 0 0 0 ω ω ω x F ω ω ω 0 t t t m i.e. = (sin − cos ) 2 ω 2 0 0 0 0 The behaviour of displacement x as a function of t 0 ω is shown in the following graph: ... may be written
as: = 0 r x F ω′ where, ω′ 2 = s − r 4m m 3.7 (a) The displacement amplitude is given by: x F 0 2 2 ω r + (ωm − s ω) = 27 At low frequencies, we have: lim lim x F 0 v F v ω F 0 lim & lim = © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd s F 0 r m s 0 r m s 2 2 2 2 lim 2 2 0 0 0 ( ) + ( − ) = + − = ω→ ω→ ω ω ω ω→ ω ω (b) The velocity amplitude is given by: v F 0 2 2 r +
(ωm − s ω) = At velocity resonance: ω = s m , so we have: F r F 0 r sm sm 0 r m s s m r 0 2 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) = + − = + − = ω= ω ω (c) From problem 3.5, we have the acceleration amplitude given by: v F 0 ω 2 2 r m s (ω ω) + − & = At high frequency, we have: F m F 0 r m s 0 r m s 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) lim ( ) + − = + − = →∞ →∞ ω ω →∞ ω ω From (a), (b) and
(c), we find x lim ω→ 0 , r v and v& lim are all constants, i.e. they are all frequency independent. 3.8 The expression of curve (a) in Figure 3.9 is given by: ( ) F m − = − = (3.8.1) a ω ω ω 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 x F X m 2 0 m ( ) r Z m ω ω ω − + where s m 0 ω dxa a x has either maximum or minimum provided: −ω 2 +ω = A eE m 0 2 0 i.e. A eE ( 2 2 ) 0 0
ω −ω = − m So, we find a solution to equation (3.9.1) given by: x eE ω t = − (3.9.2) m ω ω cos ( 2 2 ) 0 0− For an electron number density n , the induced polarizability per unit volume of a medium is given by: x F X = − = (3.10.3) nex χ = − (3.9.3) E e 0 ε By substitution of (3.9.2) and E E cosωt 0 = into (3.9.3), we have ( 2 2 ) 0 0 2 nex 0 ε ε ω ω χ − =
− = m ne E e 3.10 The forced mechanical oscillator equation is given by: mx rx sx F cosωt 0 &&+ & + = which can be written as: 2 0 &&+ & + = (3.10.1) mx rx mω x F cosωt 0 where s m 0 ω Its solution can be written as: t t F X = 0 − (3.10.2) Z x F r Z m m m ω ω ω ω sin 0 cos 2 2 ωm s ω ⎞ ⎛ − where, X ωm s ω m = − , Z r2 (ωm s ω)2 m − + = , ⎟⎠
⎜⎝ = − r φ tan 1 By taking the displacement x as the component represented by curve (a) in Figure 3.9, i.e. by taking the second term of equation (3.10.2) as the expression of x , we have: t t F m ω − ω cos ( ) 2 2 2 2 The damped oscillatory electron equation can be written as: x(t) = (mω/x) \* cos(ωt) + (-eE/m\*ω) \* sin(ωt) Comparing with the previous
equation, we can find the displacement x for a damped oscillatory electron by substituting F = -eE into it, i.e.: x(t) = (eE/m\*ω) \* cos(ωt) The expression of χ for a damped oscillatory electron is given by: χ(x,t) = ε \* cos(rωt) The instantaneous power dissipated is equal to the product of frictional force and the instantaneous velocity, i.e.: P(t) = F \* x(t)
\* cos(2πft - φ) The period for a given frequency ω is given by: T = 2π/ω Therefore, the energy dissipated per cycle is given by: E = Pdt = (-rF) \* πω The displacement is given by: x(t) = F/m \* sin(ωφ) By substitution of x(t) into E, we have: E = πrωx The equations for an LCR series circuit are provided, including the current and voltage amplitudes. The
impedance of the circuit is given by Z = √(R^2 + (ωL - 1/(ωC))^2). The potential across the inductance is VLI = ωLI. In a resonant LCR series circuit, the current and voltage amplitudes are related to the impedance and resonance frequency. The equation for the resonance frequency is given by ω0^2 = R/L + (1/((LC)^1/2)). The width of a spectral
line from an atom can be calculated using the equations for the resonance frequency and the speed of light. The displacement resonance frequency and amplitude are also discussed, along with the corresponding equation for the maximum displacement. Finally, the equation for the half-maximum displacement is given, which depends on the
resonance frequency, mass, and spring constant. Note: The original text appears to be a set of mathematical equations related to electrical circuits, atomic physics, and mechanical vibrations. **Equation (3.17.1)**: A mathematical equation that relates the frequency ω, ω', r, and m. **Solutions to Equation (3.17.1)**: If ω1 and ω2 are the two solutions
to the equation, then: * ω1 - ω2 = ± 3ω'² / r * ω1 + ω2 ≈ 2ω The width of the displacement resonance curve is given by: * Δω ≈ 3r m / (ω1 - ω2) **Absorption Curve**: The velocity component corresponding to absorption can be calculated using the equation: * v(x) = Fωr sin(ωt + φ) where F is the driving force, ω is the frequency, r is the radius, and φ
is the phase angle. **Instantaneous Power Supplied**: The instantaneous power supplied by the driving force is equal to the product of the instantaneous driving force and velocity: * P(t) = neE cos(ωt + φ) The average power supplied per unit volume is given by: * Pavg = (1/π) ∫P(t) dt **Chapter 4 Solutions**: In this section, the kinetic energy Ekin
and potential energy Epot of a system consisting of two masses are calculated using the equations: * Ekin = (1/2) mX x² + (1/2) mY y² * Epot = -mgx - mgy The solutions show that the kinetic and potential energies can be expressed in terms of the parameters X, Y, a, b, c, d, s, l, and g. Let me know if you'd like me to clarify any of these points! The
following equation can be rearranged to format: kin pot x + kin pot y + pot xy = (E + E) + (E + E) + (E) where, E = -2.4x + 0 and E = -2a. For mass 1, Newton's second law gives: m*x = s*x. For mass 2, Newton's second law gives: m*y = -s*y. Provided that x is the extension of the spring and l is the natural length of the spring, we have: s*m*m =
(23*35)*((1.67*10^27)*Na*Cl). By elimination of x1 and x2, we obtain: s*(x1 - x2) = m*m. This shows that the system oscillates at a frequency: omega = sqrt(s/mu), where mu = m1 + m2. For sodium chloride molecules, the interatomic force constant is given by: s ≈ 120*Na*Cl/(23*35)*((1.67*10^27)). If the upper mass oscillates with a displacement
of x and the lower mass oscillates with a displacement of y, the equations of motion are given by Newton's second law as: m*x = s*(y - x) and m*y = -s*x. Suppose the system starts from rest and oscillates in only one of its normal modes at frequency omega. The solutions can be assumed to be: i*t*omega + Ae^(i*omega*t). Using these solutions, the
equations of motion become: x(t) = A*cos(omega*t) and y(t) = B*sin(omega*t). We may rewrite these equations in matrix form as: [0 2 2 2; A] = [s*m - m*omega^2; s*m - m*omega^2] + [B;s*B]. The above equation has a non-zero solution if and only if the determinant of the matrix vanishes, i.e., omega^4 - (3*s*m)*omega^2 + s^2*m^2 = 0. In the
slower mode, omega^2 = (3 - 5)*s^2/m. By substitution of the value of frequency into equation (4.5.1), we have: A/omega^2 = -m/s. Similarly, in the slower mode, omega^2 = (3 + 5)*s^2/m. By substitution of the value of frequency into equation (4.5.1), we have: A/omega^2 = m/s. The motions of the two pendulums are given by: y(t) =
a*cos(omega*t) and x(t) = b*sin(omega*t). Supposing the spring is very weak, the stiffness of the spring is ignorable, i.e., s ≈ 0. The energies of the masses are given by: Ema = maω^2/2 - (1/2)mω^2(t) l Esa = -mgx + maω^2/2 Ema = -mgy + maω^2/2 Total energy is E = Ema + Esb + Eac The solutions to the equations of motion are: X(t) =
(cos(ω1t))x + (sin(ω1t))y Y(t) = (-sin(ω1t))x + (cos(ω1t))y The total energy is given by: E = 2maω^2/2 - (1/2)mω^2(t)^2 l where ω1 = √g/l and ω2 = √g/l In a system with weak coupling conditions, the energy of two masses can be expressed as the sum of their separate kinetic and potential energies. By substituting expressions for x and y in terms of
t, cosωt, and sinωt into these equations, we obtain expressions for the energies of mass 1 and mass 2. After some algebraic manipulation, we arrive at two new equations that describe the motion of the system: m(x+y) + mg(x+y) + r(x+y) = Fcosωt and x-y-r(x-y)=Fsine ω t These equations can be simplified to show that the normal coordinates X and Y
are those for damped oscillators driven by a force F cosωt. By neglecting the effect of r, we obtain: mX - mgX + F cosωt = 0 and mY + mgY + Fsine ω t = 0 We then assume that these equations have solutions X = X cosωt and Y = Y cosωt. Substituting these into the original equations yields: X F m g l ( ) 2 Y F 0 ( 2 ) 0 2 0 0 ω ω + − ≈ − ≈ m g l s m
We can then solve for x and y, obtaining: x ≈ F cos(ωt) - F sin(ωt) and y ≈ F cos(ωt) + F sin(ωt) Finally, we obtain the ratio of y to x as: ω - ω 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 ω ω ω ω The behavior of a system consisting of two masses, M and m, connected by a spring and subject to external forces is analyzed. Equations of motion are derived, which describe the
relationships between the displacements x and y of the two masses, as well as the tension T in the spring. The equations show that the system exhibits oscillatory behavior with a frequency-dependent amplitude. The voltage equations for the circuit are also derived, showing how the current I flows through the inductor L and capacitor C. The
equations demonstrate that the system exhibits resonance at specific frequencies. Using these equations, the impedance Z seen by the generator is calculated, which shows that it is composed of two components: a primary impedance p iωL and a reflected impedance from the secondary circuit ω2M2 Zs . This impedance is equivalent to the primary
impedance connected in parallel with an impedance (n n )2Z . The text concludes by discussing how this impedance can be used to analyze the behavior of the system, including its response to external forces and frequencies. A circuit with an internal impedance of Z and a load with impedance 2Z is connected via an ideal transformer with primary
inductance pL and turn ratio ps. The circuit oscillates at frequency ω. Using analysis from Problem 4.13, the load's impedance is given by: Z = (1/p) + (p/2) - (ω^2)/(2π). At maximum output power, Z = L, which leads to a relationship for matching loads to generators. The text then discusses the relative displacements of the circuit, using equations
(4.17.1), (4.17.2), and (4.17.3). These equations involve variables A, r, ω, and j, with values substituted in based on certain conditions. The equations can be written in matrix format as: [0 -1 1] [-A 0 -2ω 2ω] [A -2ω 2ω] which has non-zero solutions provided the determinant is zero. The solutions are given by: ω = 2ω and ω = (2 + 2)ω. The text
concludes with some additional substitutions and simplifications, leading to further equations and relationships. The normal modes of a three-mass system can be described by substituting specific expressions for the displacements of each mass into the equations of motion. By doing so, we arrive at two main cases: (1) when the central mass M is
stationary, and the left and right masses m have the same amplitude but are "anti-phase" with respect to each other; (2) when the left and right masses m have the same amplitude and are "in-phase" with respect to each other, while being "anti-phase" with respect to the central mass M. The ratio of amplitude between the mass m and M is given by M
/ 2m. The phase difference between adjacent masses increases as the frequency increases, resulting in a π/2 phase difference when the frequency approaches n/2. In general, the amplitude of the rth mass can be expressed as A sin(nπ/j), where j is the frequency and C is a constant. This expression indicates that the amplitude decreases as the
frequency increases. The motion of masses in a chain is characterized by tightening coupling between neighboring masses when their relative displacement, rj, approaches a certain value n. As a result, each mass becomes anti-phase with its neighbor, and the amplitude of each mass decreases until, at the cutoff frequency ω2 = 4Tma, no motion is
transmitted. The fixed end points restrict the motion of masses near these points at all frequencies except for the lowest one. The expression for aj can be expanded as follows: aj = n² A r+1 Ar-1 A j where T is the period and ma is the mass of each particle. When n >> 1 and j