Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Example 1 (Classification of Columns)

The RC frame shown in figure below is composed of members with rectangular cross sections.
All members are constructed of the same strength concrete (E is the same for both beams and
columns). Considering bending in the plane of the frame only, classify column EF as long or
short
a) If the frame is braced.
b) If the frame is unbraced.
All beams are 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝒙𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 and concrete grade 𝐶20/25

Solution
Step 1: Determine the second moment of area, I for the beams and columns
𝑏ℎ3 300𝑚𝑚∗(600𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 = = = 54 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏ℎ3 300𝑚𝑚∗(400𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝐷𝐸 = = = 16 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏ℎ3 300𝑚𝑚∗(350𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝐸𝐹 = = = 10.72 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

Step 2: Calculate stiffness for beams and columns under consideration

For beams
𝐸𝐼𝐵𝐸 𝐸 ∗ 54 ∗ 108
𝑘𝐵𝐸 = = = 6 ∗ 105 𝐸 = 𝑘𝐶𝐹
𝐿𝐵𝐸 9000
𝐸𝐼𝐸𝐻 𝐸 ∗ 54 ∗ 108
𝑘𝐸𝐻 = = = 7.2 ∗ 105 𝐸 = 𝑘𝐹𝐼
𝐿𝐸𝐻 7500

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For columns
𝐸𝐼𝐵𝐸 𝐸 ∗ 16 ∗ 108
𝑘𝐷𝐸 = = = 4.21 ∗ 105 𝐸
𝐿𝐵𝐸 3800
𝐸𝐼𝐸𝐹 𝐸 ∗ 10.72 ∗ 108
𝑘𝐸𝐹 = = = 2.82 ∗ 105 𝐸
𝐿𝐸𝐹 3800
Step 3: Calculate rotational stiffness 𝑘 at the joints for the columns under consideration
𝐸𝐼
∑(
𝑘= 𝐿 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐸𝐼
∑ (2 ) 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐿
𝑘𝐸𝐹 2.82 ∗ 105 𝐸
@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑘1 = = = 0.21
2𝑘𝐶𝐹 + 2𝑘𝐹𝐼 2(6 + 7.2) ∗ 105 𝐸
𝑘𝐷𝐸 + 𝑘𝐸𝐹 (4.21 + 2.82)105 𝐸
@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑘2 = = = 0.53
2𝑘𝐵𝐸 + 2𝑘𝐸𝐻 2(6 + 7.2) ∗ 105 𝐸
Step 4: Determine effective length of the column being considered
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑙0 = 0.5𝑙√(1 + ) (1 + )
0.45 + 𝑘1 0.45 + 𝑘2

0.21 0.53
𝑙0 = 0.5 ∗ 3800√(1 + ) (1 + ) = 2707.8𝑚𝑚
0.45 + 0.21 0.45 + 0.53

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2
𝑙√[1 + 10 ( )]
𝑘1 + 𝑘2
𝑙0 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥.
𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑙 (1 + ) (1 + )
{ 1 + 𝑘1 1 + 𝑘2
𝑙0

𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 0.21 ∗ 0.53
𝑙√[1 + 10 ( )] = 3800√[1 + 10 ( )] = 𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝒎𝒎
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 0.21 + 0.53
= 𝑀𝑎𝑥.
𝑘1 𝑘2 0.21 0.53
𝑙 (1 + ) (1 + ) = 3800 (1 + ) (1 + ) = 6004.3𝑚𝑚
{ 1 + 𝑘1 1 + 𝑘2 1 + 0.21 1 + 0.53
Step 5: Determine slenderness ratio of the column being considered
𝑙0
𝜆=
𝑖

𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐸𝐹 10.72 ∗ 108

𝑖=√ =√ = 101.036𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐸𝐹 300 ∗ 350

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𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

𝑙0 2707.8
𝜆= = = 26.8
𝑖 101.036
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆
𝑙0 6013.2
𝜆= = = 59.515
𝑖 101.036
Step 6: Determine limit slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚
Limit Slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.3.1)
Slenderness criterion for isolated members
20 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = (5.13𝑁)
√𝜂
Where:
𝐴 = 1⁄(1 + 0.2𝜑𝑒𝑓 ) (If 𝜑𝑒𝑓 is not known, 𝐴 = 0.7 may be used)

𝐵 = √1 + 𝜔 (If 𝜔 is not known, 𝐵 = 1.1 may be used)

𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚 (If 𝑟𝑚 is not known 𝐶 = 0.7 may be used)
𝜑𝑒𝑓 Effective creep ratio; see 5.8.4
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜔= ; Mechanical reinforcement ratio;
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝐴𝑠 is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement

𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝜂= ; relative normal force
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑀
𝑟𝑚 = 𝑀01 ; moment ratio
02

𝑀01 , 𝑀02 are the first order end moments

𝑀02 being always positive and greater in magnitude than 𝑀01 , |𝑀02 | ≥ |𝑀01 |
𝑀01 being positive if member is bent in single curvature and negative if bent in double
curvature.
𝑀 −30 2
Double curvature 𝑟 = 𝑀01 = = −3
02 45

2
𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟 = 1.7 − (− ) = 71⁄30
3
𝑁𝐸𝑑 525 ∗ 1000
𝜂= = = 0.44
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 300 ∗ 350 ∗ 11.33
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 71⁄30
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 54.945
√0.44

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Step 7: Comparing slenderness ratio of the column being considered with limit slenderness ratio
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆
𝜆 = 26.8 < 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 54.945
∴ The column EF is short column.
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆
𝜆 = 59.515 ≥ 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 54.945
∴ The column EF is slender column.
Example 2 (Design Uni-axially loaded Columns)
Design a slender braced (non-sway) column subjected to uniaxial bending.
Given: - Factored axial compression load= 1650𝑘𝑁
Factored first order equivalent constant Moment= 130𝑘𝑁𝑚
Geometric length: 𝐿 = 7𝑚 and 𝐿𝑒 = 0.7𝐿
Material data: Strength class 𝐶30/37 and steel grade 𝑆 − 400
Solution
Step 1: Assume cross-section of the column
𝑏 = 400𝑚𝑚; ℎ = 400𝑚𝑚
Assume concrete cover = 20𝑚𝑚, 𝜙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 20𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 10𝑚𝑚
𝜙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔. 𝑏𝑎𝑟
ℎ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝜙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 +
2
20
= 20 + 10 + = 40𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑 = ℎ − ℎ′ = 400 − 40 = 360𝑚𝑚

Step 2: Determine total eccentricity, 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2

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Where
𝑒𝑒 is equivalent first order eccentricity
𝑒𝑎 is accidental eccentricity or eccentricity due to imperfection and
𝑒2 is eccentricity due to second order moment
2.1. Determine equivalent first order eccentricity, 𝒆𝒆
For first order eccentricity with constant moment is equal at both ends of the column.
𝑀02 130∗106
𝑒02 = = 1650∗103 = 78.78𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑

𝑀01 130∗106
𝑒01 = = 1650∗103 = 78.78𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑

0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01 = 0.6 ∗ 78.78 + 0.478.78 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟖𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. {
0.4𝑒02 = 0.4 ∗ 78.78 = 31.512𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑒𝑒 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟖𝒎𝒎
2.2. Compute accidental eccentricity or eccentricity due to imperfection, 𝒆𝒂
Geometric imperfections which normally means considering the structure being constructed
‘out of plumb’ (not vertical) which in isolated members is allowed for by introducing an
additional eccentricity 𝒆𝒂 of the axial load.
As per ES EN 1992:2015 clause 5.2, uncertainties in geometry and position of axial loads shall
be taken into account as additional first order effects based on geometric imperfections.
𝑙0 0.7𝐿 4900 1
𝑒𝑎 = = = = 12.25𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑖 = 0.5𝜃𝑖 𝑙0 = 0.5 ( ) (4900) = 12.25𝑚𝑚
400 400 400 200
2.3. Check whether second order effect to be considered or neglected
𝑙0
Slenderness ratio of the column 𝜆 = (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.3.1)
𝑖

𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 400 ∗ 4003

𝑖=√ =√ = 115.47𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 12 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝑙0 0.7 ∗ 7000
𝜆= = = 42.4
𝑖 115.47
Limit slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.3.1)
20 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝜂
Where:
𝑨 = 𝟏⁄(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝝋𝒆𝒇 ) (If 𝜑𝑒𝑓 is not known, 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)

𝑩 = √𝟏 + 𝝎 (If 𝜔 is not known, 𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟏 may be used)

𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟕 − 𝒓𝒎 (If 𝑟𝑚 is not known 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)

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Note: Moment is constant along the length of column. So, the column is bent in single curvature
(i.e.𝑀01 = +𝑣𝑒)
𝑀 130
Single curvature 𝒓𝒎 = 𝑀01 = 130 = 1
02

𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟 = 1.7 − 1 = 0.7

𝑁𝐸𝑑 1650 ∗ 1000
𝜂= = = 0.61
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 17
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 0.7
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 13.84
√0.61
𝜆 = 42.4 > 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 13.84
∴ The column is slender column→ Second order effects should be considered.
𝟐. 𝟒. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒆𝟐

a) Using Nominal curvature method (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.8)

𝑒2 = 𝛽𝐿20 (1⁄𝑟) For simplicity, the code uses a value of 𝛽 = 1⁄10.

∴ 𝑒2 = 0.1𝐿20 (1⁄𝑟)

The next step is to calculate the curvature (𝟏⁄𝒓).

𝟏⁄ = 𝑲 𝑲 (𝟏⁄ )
𝒓 𝒓 𝝋 𝒓𝟎
In the code, 1⁄𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 1⁄𝑟0 = 𝜀𝑦𝑑 ⁄0.45𝑑

𝐾𝑟 is a correction factor depending on axial load

𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛
𝐾𝑟 =
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙
Where:
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑛= ⁄(𝐴 𝑓 ) , relative axial force
𝑐 𝑦𝑑

𝑁𝐸𝑑 is the design value of axial force

𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔
𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 is the value of 𝑛 at maximum moment resistance; the value 0.4 may be used

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𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜔= ⁄(𝐴
𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 )

𝐴𝑠 is the total area of reinforcement and 𝐴𝑐 is the area of concrete cross section
𝑲𝝋 is a factor for taking account of creep
𝐾𝜑 = 1 + 𝛽𝜑𝑒𝑓 ≥ 1.0
Where:
𝜑𝑒𝑓 is the effective creep ratio
𝑓
𝑐𝑘 𝜆
𝛽 = 0.35 + 200 − 150 𝜆 is the slenderness ratio

𝐾𝑟 𝐾𝜙 0.1𝐿20 𝜀𝑦𝑑
𝑒2 =
0.45𝑑

Ignoring creep effect 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ ( 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐾𝜙 = 1)

400⁄
1.15)
𝐾𝑟 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.1 ∗ (4900)2 ∗ ( 200000
𝑒2 = = 25.77563𝐾𝑟
0.45 ∗ 360
Step 3: Determine design moment 𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀0𝑒 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒2
For members without loads applied between their ends, differing first order end moments 𝑀01
and 𝑀02 may be replaced by an equivalent first order end moment 𝑀0𝑒 : (Refer ES EN
1992:2015 section 5.8.8.2)
0.6𝑀02 + 0.4𝑀01 = 0.6 ∗ 130 + 0.4 ∗ 130 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑀0𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑀02 = 0.4 ∗ 130 = 52𝑘𝑁𝑚
∴ 𝑀0𝑒 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2
For first iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2 = 78.78 + 12.25 + 0 = 91.03mm
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1650𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.09103𝑚 = 150.2𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑁 1650∗1000
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝐸𝑑 = 400∗400∗17 = 0.61
𝑐𝑑

𝑀 150.2∗106
Moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ2𝐸𝑑 = 400∗4002 ∗17 = 0.138
𝑓 𝑐𝑑

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.61, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.138, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝜔 = 0.05

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So, 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1 + 0.05 = 1.05, 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.4

𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛 1.05 − 0.61
𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.6923
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 1.05 − 0.4
𝑒2 = 25.77563𝐾𝑟 = 17.845𝑚𝑚

For second iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟒𝟓𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2 = 78.78 + 12.25 + 17.845 = 108.875mm
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1650𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.108875𝑚 = 179.644𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝐸𝑑 179.644 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.165
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 4002 ∗ 17

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.61, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.165, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝜔 = 0.15

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So 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1 + 0.15 = 1.15, 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.4

𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛 1.15 − 0.61
𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.733
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 1.15 − 0.4
𝑒2 = 25.77563𝐾𝑟 = 18.902𝑚𝑚

For third iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2 = 78.78 + 12.25 + 18.902 = 109.932mm
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1650𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.109932𝑚 = 181.4𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝐸𝑑 181.4 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2 = = 0.167
𝑏ℎ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 4002 ∗ 17

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.61, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.167, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝜔 = 0.15

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The iteration converges with similar mechanical steel ratio 𝝎 = 𝟎.1𝟓.

Step 4: Calculate the area of steel required in the column
𝜔𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.15 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 17
𝑨𝒔,𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400⁄1.15
𝑨𝒔,𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅
𝑨= ⁄ = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑⁄ = 𝟓𝟖𝟔. 𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1173
𝑁0 𝜙20𝑚𝑚 bars = = 𝜋(20)2
= 3.734 ≈ 𝑢𝑠𝑒4𝜙20𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑠
4

4 ∗ 𝜋(20)2
𝑨𝒔,𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = = 1256.637𝑚𝑚2
4
Step 5: Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit
0.1𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1 ∗ 1650 ∗ 103
= = 𝟒𝟕𝟒. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.826
0.002𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 320𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 12800𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 6400𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 474.375𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1173𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12800𝑚𝑚2 … 𝑂𝑘!
Step 6: Determine the diameter and spacing of transverse reinforcement
6𝑚𝑚
𝜙𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ {1⁄ ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 5𝑚𝑚
4
In our case, we have used 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 . It is ok.
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not exceed 𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥
20𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 ∗ 20𝑚𝑚 = 400𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 400𝑚𝑚
400𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @ 400𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the Mid-height
In sections within ℎ (larger dimension of the column cross-section) above or below a beam or
slab:
12𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 12 ∗ 20 = 240𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑐𝑙,𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 { 0.6𝑏 = 0.6 ∗ 400 = 240𝑚𝑚
240𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @ 240𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the beam-column joints and in the lapped zone
A minimum of 3 transverse reinforcements evenly placed in the lap length is required.
Step 7: Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts requirement and
detailing it.

Design RC Columns Page 10

Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Design RC Columns Page 11