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Well Logging: Assignment 1 On

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38 views6 pages

Well Logging: Assignment 1 On

Uploaded by

Kamel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Well Logging

Assignment 1 on:

The effect of stress on permeability of sandstone cores

Done By: Khodor M. El-Khatib


ID: 201803289

Submitted To: Dr. Kamel Bou Hamdan


When and Where:
The effect of stress on permeability of sandstone cores journal paper was published in June
1963. It was written by Donald H. Gray (U. Of California) | Irving Fatt (U. Of California), and
published in Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal.

Why:
In this paper the author will show that permeability anisotropy of several sandstones is a
function of overburden pressure. And he will show how it changes when it is subjected to
mechanical stress.

What:
In this paper the author will combine sleeve pressure and axial force to give permeability
changes which we believe are close to those occurring in reservoirs when reservoir pressure
changes.

How:
The Maasland and Kirkham method of measuring permeability anisotropy uses a cube of
porous material which is open on three faces and has discs with a center hole for an air inlet
cemented to the other three mutually perpendicular faces.

Limitations:
These experiments are made on the surface, so the conditions will not be the same. For
example, in these experiments we are assuming perfect elasticity, reservoir rock in situ cannot
be under hydrostatic stress as is apparent from the value of 0.25 for Poisson's ratio for most
rock with the absence of tectonic forces.

Results:
In this exploratory study only three components have been measured; and of these three, two
have been averaged together and called kH and the other kV. The permeability of an
anisotropic medium has in general six independent components.

Conclusion:
As both horizontal and vertical permeabilities are decreasing and the greater permeability is
decreasing more rapidly, the ratio of permeabilities will approach unity. So, permeability
reduction of sandstone cores subjected to simulated overburden pressure is shown to be a
function of the ratio of radial to axial stress.
Summary:
Introduction: In different petroleum fields the remarkable conduct of the reservoir has been
ascribed to the impact of overburden stress or inward fluid stresses on permeability or fluid
substance. In this paper the authors will show that permeability anisotropy of different
sandstones is an element of burden stress. They will likewise show that reduction in
permeability of round and hollow examples of two sandstones, when exposed to mechanical
pressure, is a component of the proportion of radial to axial stress. Most investigations of
overburden pressure impacts made before have aimed to copy conditions in reservoirs by
applying hydrostatic outer stresses on all surfaces of the example. An equation is found due to
some assumptions to find the horizontal and vertical components (sh and sv).

The impact of pressure on directional permeability was estimated by an adjustment of the


strategy initially portrayed by Maasland and Kirkham for use on soil examples. The alteration
announced in this paper stretches out the technique to noticing these permeabilities when the
example is under hydrostatic pressure. The Hassler sleeve kind of center holder is agreeable for
contemplating overburden stresses consequences for permeability if a realized power is utilized
to the ending plugs. The mix of sleeve pressure and axial pressure accepts, however, that the
sleeve pressure imitates both vertical and horizontal pressure in one trend.

Method: The Maasland and Kirkham technique for estimating permeability anisotropy utilizes a
shape of permeable material which is open on three faces and has plates with a middle opening
for an air entry solidified to the next three commonly opposite appearances. So here another
equation is found which the equation is for apparent permeability:
Apparent permeabilities kA estimated along two commonly
opposite axes and determined from equation 3 are changed
over to a dimensionless Y factor where:

In this graph, X is a parameter which relates the


apparent permeability to the true permeability.
Then the two permeabilities are:
The block of sandstone utilized in the test has been established into three distances across
plates. The screen gives space to air current. A slender elastic is put on the highest point of each
plate. Openings are bored through the copper coat for the air channel. An air return lead of
high pressure steel tubing is embedded. Three plates with indispensable female high pressure
tubing fittings were then screwed. An outside pressure of 600 psi was utilized with nitrogen gas
to shape the copper structure around the example. The pressure at that point was then
delivered, the coated test eliminated from the pressure vessel and afterward cast in epoxy pitch
to give the last settlement.

The sleeve was intended to take 2inches diameter centers up to 3in in length. Plastic tubing was
utilized for the sleeve. Plastic tubing was utilized for the sleeve. This tubing was drenched prior
to the introduction in the sleeve. After drainage the tubing shrank to design a tight fit. The
ending plugs had recorded faces so that wind flow would not be decreased when the fittings
were squeezed against the center. Permeabilities were estimated by Calhoun's technique.

Test Material: 1) BOISE SANDSTONE (Quarried sandstone, Grain% = 56%, grains are quartz and
feldspar, permeability = 0.5 to 2 D, porosity = 22 to 27 %)
2) BEREA SANDSTONE (Quarried sandstone, Grain% = 72%, grains are quartz and feldspar,
permeability = 100 to 400 mD, porosity = 20 to 24 %)
3) GRUBB SANDSTONE (Very fined grained, average permeability = 36 mD, average porosity =
15.8%)

Results: Both figure 5 and 6 shows permeability


reduction as a function of external hydrostatic stress for Berea and Boise sandstone. Kh
indicates parallel permeability to the bending plane, where Kv indicates perpendicular to it. In
these graphs Kh also shows the average permeabilities.
The technique for estimating permeabilities of an anisotropic medium can be reached out to
give the entirety of the directional permeability segments.
In this exploratory investigation just three segments have been estimated; and of these three,
two have arrived at the midpoint of together and considered kH and the other kV. The
permeability of an anisotropic medium has all in all six autonomous parts. The three that have
been estimated in this investigation are complete just if the foremost headings are known.

For these graphs, they show the proportion kH/kV as a


component of outer hydrostatic pressure. These bends
are obtained from Figs. 5 and 6 as follows: The % of
permeability at each stress is duplicated by the
permeability at 0 psi, gives in the supplement on each
diagram, to give the permeability. The vertical and
horizontal permeabilities acquired in this manner at each
pressure are utilized to figure the proportion as a
component of pressure.

We should pick which burden will be imitated by the cylinder; the sleeve at that imitates
pressure in the other two ways. Since the air stream during permeability estimations was
consistently corresponding to the axial load, we decided to consider the axial burden the
horizontal pressure. The sleeve pressure at that point imitates the vertical pressure and the flat
pressure at right points to the even pressure reproduced by the cylinder. Permeabilities
couldn't be estimated at zero outspread pressure on the grounds that under this condition,
there was no seal along the piston shaped surface of the example. Along these lines, the main
permeability estimation was at 500-psi outspread pressure. The bends were extrapolated to
give the penetrability at zero outer pressure.

Discussion: The permeability anisotropy of sandstone is notable. Furthermore, figures stated


above show that the anisotropy might be pressure subordinate. Reservoir rock tests brought to
the surface grow in light of evacuation of overburden pressure. This development is clearly not
uniform, likely due to grain direction and bedding impacts. The consequence of this nonuniform
development is a nonuniform alteration in permeability along the commonly opposite axes.
Both vertical and horizontal permeabilities are diminishing and the more prominent
permeability is diminishing all the more quickly, the proportion of permeabilities will move
toward solidarity. The more noteworthy penetrability is required to diminish all the more
quickly with applied pressure since it is likely along the course of weakest or loosest grain
pressing.
Reference:
Gray, D., & Fatt, I. (1963, June 01). The Effect of Stress on Permeability of Sandstone Cores.
Retrieved December 05, 2020, from https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPE-531-PA

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