L05 Meshanalysis Superpos
L05 Meshanalysis Superpos
Vipul Arora
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
Circuit Analysis
• Maxwell’s Equations: 𝑆𝑑 ⋅ 𝐽 ׯand 𝑙𝑑 ⋅ 𝐸 ׯ
• Kirchoff’s Laws: σ 𝐼 and σ 𝑉
Algorithms
• Nodal Analysis
• Mesh Analysis
In Nodal Analysis
How do you incorporate KCL?
Explicitly applied to a node
4
5
Mesh Currents
How many meshes?
I1 = i1
I 2 = i2
I 3 = i1 − i2
I2
I3
I 2 = i1 − i3 I 3 = i1 − i2
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Mesh Currents
How many meshes?
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Mesh Analysis
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Example
i3
i1 i2
Mesh-1
Mesh-2 R3 (i2 − i1 ) + vB + R4 i2 = 0
Mesh-3
10
Example
Mesh-1
Mesh-2 11
Example
Mesh-3
Mesh-4
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Mesh Currents in Circuits Containing Current Sources
15i1 + 10(i1 − i2 ) + ? = 0
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Current source common to 2 mesh
i1 + 2(i1 − i3 ) + ? = 0
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Super Mesh
Super mesh
Mesh-3
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Example
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Exercise!
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Example: Identify the super mesh
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Example contd..: Identify the super mesh
i1 − i2 = 3 20
Example:
2i1 + 4i3 + 8(i3 − i4 ) + 6i2 = 0
2i4 + 10 + 8(i4 − i3 ) = 0
i2 − i1 = 5 i2 − i3 = 3I O I O = − i4
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In Mesh Analysis
How do you incorporate KCL?
The mesh currents are chosen so that the sum of
currents entering a node is zero
• Superposition Method
• Thevenin Method
• Norton Method
Homogeneity Superposition
Linear circuits
Homogeneity Superposition
A1 A1
f y f ya
A2 A2
Inputs Output Inputs Output
B1
f yb
B2
Inputs Output
ƞA1 A1 + B1
f ya + yb
f ƞy A2 + B2
ƞA2
Inputs Output Inputs Output
Reference: MIT 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007 (Anant Agarwal)
Homogeneity: Example
V = IR
I f V
Inputs Output
Increasing the current by a constant k
kIR = kV Homogeneity
V1 = I1R V2 = I 2 R
V = (I1 + I 2 )R = I1R + I 2 R = V1 + V2
Superposition
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Superposition Principle
• Newtonian mechanics
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
• 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 results in 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
• But does not hold when viscosity is present
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑏𝑣
Superposition Principle
The superposition principle states that the total response is the sum of
the responses to each of the independent sources acting individually.
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𝑉𝑠1
f 𝑣1
0
Inputs Output
0
f 𝑣2
𝐼𝑠2
Inputs Output
𝑉𝑠1
f 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 𝑣 𝑇
𝐼𝑠2
Inputs Output
Vs1
f v1 0A
0
Inputs Output
0
f v2
Is2
Inputs Output
Vs1
2. Sum up the individual/partial responses to f v1+v2 = vT
Is2
get the total response
Inputs Output
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MATHS
Which of the following represent a linear system?
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑐
Mostly
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2
Example-1
Circuit with only voltage source Circuit with only current source
active. Current source is open active. Voltage source is open
circuited. circuited.
iT = i1 + i2 vT = v1 + v2
MATHS
Find 𝑣 𝑇 in terms of the independent
sources.
Can you reduce it to the form
𝑣 𝑇 = 𝑎1 𝑣𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑖𝑠
If yes, you can use superposition
In general, circuits with linear passive
elements (resistor, etc.) and dependent
and independent V or I sources are linear
5
v1 = 15 = 5V 10 20
v2 = 5 2 = V
15 15 3
vT = v1 + v2
iT = i1 + i2
20 35
vT = v1 + v2 = 5 + = V
3 3
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Example-2
iT = i1 + i2 vT = v1 + v2
Example-3