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L05 Meshanalysis Superpos

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14 views36 pages

L05 Meshanalysis Superpos

Uploaded by

Saksham Malhotra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ESc201: Introduction to Electronics

Vipul Arora
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur

Jan 16, 2023


1
Basic Circuit Elements
• I-V characteristics

Circuit Analysis
• Maxwell’s Equations: ‫ 𝑆𝑑 ⋅ 𝐽 ׯ‬and ‫𝑙𝑑 ⋅ 𝐸 ׯ‬
• Kirchoff’s Laws: σ 𝐼 and σ 𝑉

Algorithms
• Nodal Analysis
• Mesh Analysis
In Nodal Analysis
How do you incorporate KCL?
Explicitly applied to a node

How do you incorporate KVL?


The node voltages are chosen so that the potential
difference across a loop is zero
Mesh Analysis

1. Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for


analyzing circuits using mesh currents as the circuit
variables.
2. A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop
within it.
3. Mesh analysis:
1. Assume mesh currents as variables
2. Appy KVL to find their values

4
5
Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

I1 = i1

I 2 = i2

I 3 = i1 − i2

i1 and i2 are mesh current (imaginary, not measurable directly)


I1, I2 and I3 are branch current (real, measurable directly)
6
Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

I2

I3

I 2 = i1 − i3 I 3 = i1 − i2
7
Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

8
Mesh Analysis

Steps to determine the mesh currents:

1. Assign mesh currents 𝑖1, 𝑖2, … , 𝑖𝑛 to the 𝑛 meshes.

2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to


express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.

3. Solve the resulting 𝑛 simultaneous equations to get the


mesh currents.

9
Example

i3

i1 i2

Mesh-1

Mesh-2 R3 (i2 − i1 ) + vB + R4 i2 = 0

Mesh-3
10
Example

Mesh-1

Mesh-2 11
Example

Mesh-3

Mesh-4
12
13
Mesh Currents in Circuits Containing Current Sources

15i1 + 10(i1 − i2 ) + ? = 0

14
Current source common to 2 mesh

i1 + 2(i1 − i3 ) + ? = 0
15
Super Mesh

Super mesh

Mesh-3

16
Example

17
Exercise!

18
Example: Identify the super mesh

19
Example contd..: Identify the super mesh

−6 + 2(i1 − i3 ) + 4(i2 − i3 ) + 8i2 = 0


2i3 + 4(i3 − i2 ) + 2(i3 − i1 ) = 0

i1 − i2 = 3 20
Example:
2i1 + 4i3 + 8(i3 − i4 ) + 6i2 = 0

2i4 + 10 + 8(i4 − i3 ) = 0

i2 − i1 = 5 i2 − i3 = 3I O I O = − i4
21
In Mesh Analysis
How do you incorporate KCL?
The mesh currents are chosen so that the sum of
currents entering a node is zero

How do you incorporate KVL?


Explicitly applied across a loop or mesh
Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
To select the method that results in the smaller number of
equations. For example:

1. Choose nodal analysis for circuit with fewer nodes than


meshes.
*Choose mesh analysis for circuit with fewer meshes than nodes.

*Networks that contain many series connected elements, voltage


sources, or supermeshes are more suitable for mesh analysis.

*Networks with parallel-connected elements, current sources, or


supernodes are more suitable for nodal analysis.

2. If node voltages are required, it may be expedient to apply


nodal analysis. If branch or mesh currents are required, it
may be better to use mesh analysis. 23
Some more circuit analysis techniques

• Superposition Method

• Thevenin Method

• Norton Method

Applicable to only linear circuits

Homogeneity Superposition
Linear circuits

Homogeneity Superposition

A1 A1
f y f ya
A2 A2
Inputs Output Inputs Output

B1
f yb
B2
Inputs Output

ƞA1 A1 + B1
f ya + yb
f ƞy A2 + B2
ƞA2
Inputs Output Inputs Output

Reference: MIT 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007 (Anant Agarwal)
Homogeneity: Example
V = IR
I f V
Inputs Output
Increasing the current by a constant k

kIR = kV Homogeneity

Response to two excitations:

V1 = I1R V2 = I 2 R

V = (I1 + I 2 )R = I1R + I 2 R = V1 + V2
Superposition
26
Superposition Principle
• Newtonian mechanics
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
• 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 results in 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
• But does not hold when viscosity is present
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑏𝑣
Superposition Principle

The superposition principle states that the total response is the sum of
the responses to each of the independent sources acting individually.

28
𝑉𝑠1
f 𝑣1
0
Inputs Output

0
f 𝑣2
𝐼𝑠2
Inputs Output

𝑉𝑠1
f 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 𝑣 𝑇
𝐼𝑠2
Inputs Output

1. Find circuit response to each source acting alone


2. Sum up the individual/partial responses to get the total response
1. Find circuit response to each source acting alone

Vs1
f v1 0A
0
Inputs Output

0
f v2
Is2
Inputs Output

Vs1
2. Sum up the individual/partial responses to f v1+v2 = vT
Is2
get the total response
Inputs Output
30
MATHS
Which of the following represent a linear system?
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑐

Linear Systems will follow superposition


𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑥2
𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 𝑥1′ , 𝑥2′
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥1 + 𝑥1′ , 𝑥2 + 𝑥2′ = 𝑦 + 𝑦 ′

Mostly
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 = 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2
Example-1

Circuit with only voltage source Circuit with only current source
active. Current source is open active. Voltage source is open
circuited. circuited.

iT = i1 + i2 vT = v1 + v2
MATHS
Find 𝑣 𝑇 in terms of the independent
sources.
Can you reduce it to the form
𝑣 𝑇 = 𝑎1 𝑣𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑖𝑠
If yes, you can use superposition
In general, circuits with linear passive
elements (resistor, etc.) and dependent
and independent V or I sources are linear
5
v1 = 15 = 5V  10  20
v2 = 5   2   = V
15  15  3
vT = v1 + v2
iT = i1 + i2
20 35
vT = v1 + v2 = 5 + = V
3 3
34
Example-2

iT = i1 + i2 vT = v1 + v2
Example-3

10V is discarded by short circuit


2A is discarded by open circuit

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