Lecture 9 - Data Visualization (Matplotlib)

September 9, 2024

1 Data Visualization - Matplotlib

1.1 Matplotlib
• Extreme simplicity in its use
• Interactive data visualization
• Expressions and text in LaTeX
• Greater control over graphic elements
• Export to many formats, such as PNG, PDF, SVG, and EPS

1.2 Architecture - Matplotlib

1.3 Matplotlib - Artist layer

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 Artist Layer

1.4 Matplotlib - Scripting layer

code import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

[2]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

display(plt.plot([1,2,3,4]))
plt.show()

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x22ecb73ac40>]

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 1.5 Default properties of plot
• The size of the axes matches perfectly with the range of the input data
• There is neither a title nor axis labels
• There is no legend
• A blue line connecting the points is drawn

[14]: plt.axis([0,5,0,20])
plt.title('My first plot')
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[1,4,9,16], marker="o ", color='r')
#plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[1,4,9,16], 'ro-')

[14]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x28b1e90d730>]

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[17]: # Adding labels to the axis
plt.axis([0,5,0,20])
plt.title('My first plot',fontsize=20,fontname='Times New Roman')
plt.xlabel('Counting',color='gray')
plt.ylabel('Square values',color='gray')
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[1,4,9,16], marker="o", color='r')

[17]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x28b1eaae400>]

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[60]: # Adding text within the plot
plt.axis([0,5,0,20])
plt.title('My first plot',fontsize=20,fontname='Times New Roman')
plt.xlabel('Counting',color='gray')
plt.ylabel('Square values',color='gray')
plt.text(2,4.5,'Second')
plt.text(3,9.5,'Third')
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[1,4,9,16], marker="o", color='r', linestyle='-')
plt.legend(['First series'])

[60]: <matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x22eda499ee0>

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[5]: # Saving the figure
plt.savefig('my_chart.png')

<Figure size 640x480 with 0 Axes>

[75]: # Setting ticks

plt.axis([0,5,0,20])
plt.title('My first plot',fontsize=20,fontname='Times New Roman')
plt.xlabel('Counting',color='gray')
plt.ylabel('Square values',color='gray')
plt.plot([1,2,3,4],[1,4,9,16], marker="o", color='r', linestyle='-')
plt.yticks([0,5,10,15,20])
#plt.yticks([0,5,10,15,20], labels=['VL','L', 'M', 'H', 'VH'])

[75]: ([<matplotlib.axis.YTick at 0x22edcc41970>,

<matplotlib.axis.YTick at 0x22edcc41340>,
<matplotlib.axis.YTick at 0x22edccec490>,
<matplotlib.axis.YTick at 0x22edce7d370>,
<matplotlib.axis.YTick at 0x22edce7da30>],
[Text(0, 0, '0'),

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 Text(0, 5, '5'),
Text(0, 10, '10'),
Text(0, 15, '15'),
Text(0, 20, '20')])

[8]: # Multiple charts

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.arange(-2*np.pi,2*np.pi,0.01)
y1 = np.sin(3*x)/x
y2 = np.sin(2*x)/x
y3 = np.sin(4*x)/x
plt.plot(x,y1)
plt.plot(x,y2)
plt.plot(x,y3)
plt.legend(["first", "sec", "thi"])

[8]: <matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x29cbd1917f0>

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[76]: # Single figure. Multiple plots
# Two plots side by side
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)

#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)

[76]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x22edcb79370>]

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 1.6 Chart Typology
• Line Charts
• Scatter plots
• Histogram
• Bar charts
• Pie charts
• Polar charts

[7]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
plt.scatter(x, y)

[7]: <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x29cbe4d9a60>

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[1]: # Histogram
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
pop = np.random.randint(0,100,100)
display(pop)
n,bins,patches = plt.hist(pop,bins=20)

array([79, 85, 55, 51, 44, 4, 29, 7, 98, 51, 22, 97, 31, 62, 67, 29, 75,
87, 85, 16, 19, 78, 16, 69, 6, 38, 62, 22, 82, 35, 83, 27, 22, 10,
69, 85, 0, 48, 2, 44, 21, 67, 11, 77, 43, 45, 25, 70, 36, 96, 15,
61, 8, 35, 40, 29, 84, 74, 14, 56, 98, 61, 11, 56, 8, 22, 72, 52,
34, 82, 12, 42, 73, 37, 23, 29, 62, 57, 17, 96, 77, 98, 38, 0, 12,
33, 93, 5, 47, 6, 19, 3, 34, 48, 44, 44, 66, 52, 78, 77])

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[9]: # Bar Charts
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
index = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']
values = [5,7,3,4,6]
plt.bar(index,values)

[9]: <BarContainer object of 5 artists>

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[9]: # Bar Chart with error bars
# Bar Charts
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
index = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']
values = [5,7,3,4,6]
std = [0.8,1,0.4,0.9,1.3]
plt.bar(index,values, yerr=std, capsize=36)

[9]: <BarContainer object of 5 artists>

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[16]: # Horizontal bar charts
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
index = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']
values = [5,7,3,4,6]
std = [0.8,1,0.4,0.9,1.3]
plt.barh(index,values, xerr=std, capsize=6)

[16]: <BarContainer object of 5 artists>

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[33]: # Multi-series bar chart
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
index = np.arange(5)
values1 = [5,7,3,4,6]
values2 = [6,6,4,5,7]
values3 = [5,6,5,4,6]
wid = 0.3
plt.bar(index,values1,width=wid, color='b')
plt.bar(index+wid,values2,width=wid,color='g')
plt.bar(index+2*wid,values3,width=wid,color='r')

[33]: <BarContainer object of 5 artists>

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[34]: # Multiseries stacked bar chart
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
series1 = np.array([3,4,5,3])
series2 = np.array([1,2,2,5])
series3 = np.array([2,3,3,4])
index = np.arange(4)
plt.bar(index,series1,color='r')
plt.bar(index,series2,color='b',bottom=series1)
plt.bar(index,series3,color='g',bottom=(series2+series1))

[34]: <BarContainer object of 4 artists>

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[35]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
index = np.arange(4)
series1 = np.array([3,4,5,3])
series2 = np.array([1,2,2,5])
series3 = np.array([2,3,3,4])
plt.barh(index,series1,color='r')
plt.barh(index,series2,color='g',left=series1)
plt.barh(index,series3,color='b',left=(series1+series2))

[35]: <BarContainer object of 4 artists>

16
[41]: # Multiseries stacked bar chart
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
series1 = np.array([3,4,5,3])
series2 = np.array([1,2,2,5])
series3 = np.array([2,3,3,4])
index = np.arange(4)
plt.bar(index,series1,color='w', hatch='xx')
plt.bar(index,series2,color='w',bottom=series1, hatch='//')
plt.bar(index,series3,color='w',bottom=(series2+series1),hatch='\\\\')

[41]: <BarContainer object of 4 artists>

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[43]: # Pie-charts
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
labels = ['Nokia','Samsung','Apple','Lumia']
values = [10,30,45,15]
colors = ['yellow','green','red','blue']
plt.pie(values,labels=labels,colors=colors)

[43]: ([<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x22ed12e5b50>,

<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x22ed12e5fd0>,
<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x22ed12f5340>,
<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x22ed12f5790>],
[Text(1.0461621663333946, 0.3399186987098808, 'Nokia'),
Text(-5.149471629032507e-08, 1.0999999999999988, 'Samsung'),
Text(-0.7778174228929385, -0.7778174957174645, 'Apple'),
Text(0.9801071906340714, -0.49938952218422467, 'Lumia')])

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[44]: # Exploding pie chart
# Pie-charts
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
labels = ['Nokia','Samsung','Apple','Lumia']
values = [10,30,45,15]
colors = ['yellow','green','red','blue']
explode= [0.3, 0, 0, 0]
plt.pie(values,labels=labels,colors=colors, explode=explode)

[44]: ([<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x22ed133dbb0>,

<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x22ed134a070>,
<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x22ed134a4f0>,
<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x22ed134a940>],
[Text(1.3314791207879568, 0.4326237983580301, 'Nokia'),
Text(-5.149471629032507e-08, 1.0999999999999988, 'Samsung'),
Text(-0.7778174228929385, -0.7778174957174645, 'Apple'),
Text(0.9801071906340714, -0.49938952218422467, 'Lumia')])

19
[45]: # Contour Plots
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
dx = 0.01; dy = 0.01
x = np.arange(-2.0,2.0,dx)
y = np.arange(-2.0,2.0,dy)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(x,y)
def f(x,y):
return (1 - y**5 + x**5)*np.exp(-x**2-y**2)
plt.contour(X,Y,f(X,Y),8,colors='black')

[45]: <matplotlib.contour.QuadContourSet at 0x22ed138ffa0>

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[46]: # Contour Plots -- with labels
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
dx = 0.01; dy = 0.01
x = np.arange(-2.0,2.0,dx)
y = np.arange(-2.0,2.0,dy)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(x,y)
def f(x,y):
return (1 - y**5 + x**5)*np.exp(-x**2-y**2)
C = plt.contour(X,Y,f(X,Y),8,colors='black')
plt.clabel(C, inline=1)

[46]: <a list of 16 text.Text objects>

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[50]: # Filled Contour Plots -- with labels
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
dx = 0.01; dy = 0.01
x = np.arange(-2.0,2.0,dx)
y = np.arange(-2.0,2.0,dy)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(x,y)
def f(x,y):
return (1 - y**5 + x**5)*np.exp(-x**2-y**2)
C = plt.contour(X,Y,f(X,Y),8,colors='black')
plt.contourf(X,Y,f(X,Y),8)
plt.clabel(C, inline=1)

[50]: <a list of 16 text.Text objects>

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 1.7 3-D plots
• 3D surfaces
• 3D scatter plots
• 3D bar charts

[1]: # 3D surface plots

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
x = np.arange(-2,2,0.1)
y = np.arange(-2,2,0.1)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(x,y)
def f(x,y):
return (1 - y**5 + x**5)*np.exp(-x**2-y**2)

ax.plot_surface(X,Y,f(X,Y))

[1]: <mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Poly3DCollection at 0x1a0c4f5d350>

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[5]: # 3D scatter plots
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
s1_x = np.random.randint(30,40,100)
s1_y = np.random.randint(20,30,100)
s1_z = np.random.randint(10,20,100)
s2_x = np.random.randint(50,60,100)
s2_y = np.random.randint(30,40,100)
s2_z = np.random.randint(50,70,100)
plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.scatter(s1_x,s1_y,s1_z)
ax.scatter(s2_x, s2_y, s2_z,c='r',marker='^')

[5]: <mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d.Path3DCollection at 0x1a0c75518d0>

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[3]: # 3D bar charts
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.arange(8)
y = np.random.randint(0,10,8)
y2 = y + np.random.randint(0,3,8)
y3 = y2 + np.random.randint(0,3,8)
y4 = y3 + np.random.randint(0,3,8)
y5 = y4 + np.random.randint(0,3,8)
clr = ['#4bb2c5', '#c5b47f', '#EAA228', '#579575', '#839557','#958c12',␣
↪'#953579', '#4b5de4']

plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.bar(x,y,0,zdir='y',color=clr)
ax.bar(x,y2,10,zdir='y',color=clr)
ax.bar(x,y3,20,zdir='y',color=clr)
ax.bar(x,y4,30,zdir='y',color=clr)
ax.bar(x,y5,40,zdir='y',color=clr)
ax.set_xlabel('X Axis')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Axis')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Axis')
ax.view_init(elev=0)

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