Transport Phenomena

Dr. Madjid Soltani

Fall 2022

1
Chapter 0
Introduction
Index notation

2
 Momentum
Transport

Introduction
Transport
Phenomena

Heat Mass
Transport Transport

3
  If different parts of the fluid move of different velocities,
momentum flows from a region of higher velocity to a region of
lower velocity.
 Driving force for momentum flow is velocity gradient, 𝜵𝜵𝑽𝑽

Momentum
Transport

4
  When the temperature of a medium is non-uniform, then energy
flows from a region of higher temperature to a region at lower (T)
region. This energy which flows by nature of temperature gradient
is called Heat flow.

 Driving force for heat transfer is temperature gradient, 𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵

Heat Transport

5
  Consider a mixture of two species A and B
 Let one of the species be non-uniform
→ Concentration gradient exists in the mixture
 The transport of species would occur from the region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration.

 Driving force for mass transport is 𝜵𝜵𝑪𝑪𝑨𝑨

Mass
Transport 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴

𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵

A+B
mixture
6
 Heat transport Vector

Scalars Mass transport Vector

Vectors
Tensors Momentum transport
Tensor
(Fluid Dynamic)

Let’s review the definitions!

7
Review:
Scalars, Vectors and Tensors

8
  Scalar quantity is defined as the physical quantity with
magnitude and no direction.

 Some physical quantities can be described just by their

numerical value (with their respective units) without
directions. The addition of these physical quantities
follows the simple rules of the algebra.

Scalars
Vectors  Examples of Scalar Quantities
Tensors  Mass
 Speed
 Distance
 Time
 Area
 Volume
 Density
 Temperature

9
  A vector quantity is defined as the physical
quantity that has both direction as well as
magnitude.

 Examples of Vector Quantities

 Linear momentum
 Acceleration
Scalars
 Displacement
Vectors  Momentum
Tensors  Angular velocity
 Force
 Electric field

10
  A Tensor is a mathematical object similar to, but
more general than, a vector and often
represented by an array of components that
describe functions relevant to coordinates of a
space.

Scalars
Vectors
Tensors

11
 𝑎𝑎⃗

Vectors

12
 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

Scalar Product (or Dot Product) of Two Vectors

Vector The scalar product of two vectors v and w is a scalar quantity
defined by
Operations

𝑖𝑖. 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑗𝑗. 𝑗𝑗 = 𝑘𝑘. 𝑘𝑘 = 1 𝑖𝑖. 𝑗𝑗 = 𝑗𝑗. 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘. 𝑖𝑖 = 0

13
 Vector Product (or Cross Product) of Two Vectors
The vector product of two vectors v and w is a vector
defined by

Thumb
direction
Vector rule

Operations

14
 Vector Product (or Cross Product) of Two Vectors

Vector
Operations

15
 Cross product between unit vectors

Vector
Operations

16
 The vector differential operator ∇, known as “nabla” or “del,” is
defined in rectangular coordinates as

Vector and
Tensor *
Differential
Operations
Symbol ∇ is a vector-operator

It has components like a vector but it cannot stand alone;

It must operate on a scalar, vector, or tensor function.

17
 1. The Gradient of a Scalar Field

If s is a scalar function of the variables x1, x2, x3, then the operation of
∇ on s is

Vector and
Tensor
Differential 2. The Divergence of a Vector Field
Operations

18
 3. The Curl of a Vector Field

Vector and
Tensor
Differential
Operations

19
Index Notation

20
 Instead of using the typical axis labels x, y, and z,
we use x1, x2, and x3 or

𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 = 1, 2, 3

Index Notation
Let 𝛿𝛿1 , 𝛿𝛿2 and 𝛿𝛿3 be the "unit vectors" in the direction of
Unit Vectors the
1, 2, 3 axes
𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 = 1, 2, 3

21
 In standard vector notation, a vector 𝐴𝐴⃗ may be written in
component form as

𝐴𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝑘𝑘�

Using index notation, we can express the vector 𝐴𝐴⃗ as

3
Index Notation
𝐴𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝐴1 𝛿𝛿1 + 𝐴𝐴2 𝛿𝛿2 + 𝐴𝐴3 𝛿𝛿3 = � 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖
Einstein’s
𝑖𝑖
convention
A repeated index implies a summation.

22
 Therefore, the summation symbol is typically
dropped, so that 𝐴𝐴⃗ can be expressed as

𝐴𝐴⃗ = � 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 ≡ 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖

𝑖𝑖
This repeated index notation is known as Einstein’s convention

Index Notation
Dummy index Any repeated index is called a dummy index. Since a
repeated index implies a summation over all possible values
of the index, one can always relabel a dummy index, i.e.

𝐴𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 = 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗 = 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘

≡ 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝛿𝛿1 + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝛿𝛿2 + 𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧 𝛿𝛿3

23
Index Notation
Kronecker delta
&
+1 CW movement i
Permutation
symbol
k j
𝜀𝜀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = -1 CCW movement

0 if any of the two indices are the same

24
 Dot product between unit vectors

𝛿𝛿1 · 𝛿𝛿1 = 𝛿𝛿2 · 𝛿𝛿2 = 𝛿𝛿3 · 𝛿𝛿3 = 1

𝛿𝛿1 · 𝛿𝛿2 = 𝛿𝛿1 · 𝛿𝛿3 = 𝛿𝛿2 · 𝛿𝛿3 = 0
Cross product between unit vectors

Index Notation
Dot product
Cross product
All of these relations may be summarized by the following
two relations

𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 · 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗 = 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

3

𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 × 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗 = � 𝜀𝜀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘

𝑖𝑖=1
25
Example

26
 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors

Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

Index
Notation
Scalar Product (or Dot Product) of Two Vectors

27
 Vector Product (or Cross Product) of Two Vectors

Index
Notation
Determinant

28
 Dyadic products
There is a third kind of product that can be formed with the
unit vectors—namely, the dyadic products

𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗

* written without multiplication symbols

Index Notation The products 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗 are tensors of the second order
Dyadic products We will refer to the products as unit dyads

𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗

29
 Dyadic products
The analogous operations for the unit dyads are introduced
formally by relating them to the operations for unit vectors

Index Notation
Dyadic products

30
VECTOR AND TENSOR
DIFFERENTIAL
OPERATIONS

31
 The vector differential operator 𝛁𝛁 ("nabla" or "del’)

The Gradient of a Scalar Field

Vector and
Tensor
Differential
Operations The Divergence of a Vector Field

32
 The Curl of a Vector Field

Vector and
Tensor
Differential
Operations

33
 Laplacian operator

The Laplacian of a Scalar Field

Vector and
Tensor
Differential
Operations

34
 The Laplacian of a Vector Field

Vector and
Tensor
Differential
Operations

35
Tensors

36
 Expansion of a Tensor in Terms of Its Components

Tensor
I. If 𝜏𝜏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝜏𝜏𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 , the tensor is said to be symmetric

II. If 𝜏𝜏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = −𝜏𝜏𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 , the tensor is said to be antisymmetric

III. Transpose of 𝜏𝜏: 𝜏𝜏 𝑡𝑡 = � � 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗 𝜏𝜏𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗

37
 IV. Unit tensor

V. Any tensor could be split into a symmetric and

antisymmetric tensor

𝛱𝛱 = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑤𝑤
Tensor
symmetric antisymmetric

1
𝑢𝑢 = [𝛱𝛱 + (𝛱𝛱)𝑡𝑡 ] symmetric
2

1
𝑤𝑤 = [𝛱𝛱 − (𝛱𝛱)𝑡𝑡 ] antisymmetric
2

38
 VI. Trace of a tensor

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 (𝛱𝛱) = � 𝛱𝛱𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑖𝑖

VII. Invariants (𝐼𝐼1 , 𝐼𝐼2 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼3 ) of a tensor

Tensor
𝐼𝐼1 = 𝛱𝛱: 𝛿𝛿
𝐼𝐼2 = 𝛱𝛱: 𝛱𝛱
𝐼𝐼3 = det (𝛱𝛱)

*Double Dot Product at Slide #40

39
Proof

40
 The Scalar Product (or Double Dot Product) of Two Tensors
 Two tensors may be multiplied according to the double dot
operation

Double Dot
Product

41
42
Order of a
product

43
Example

44