Worksheet 4 Assembly language

Unit 5 Computer organisation

Worksheet 4 Assembly language Answers

Task 1
1. A positive number is held in memory location 201. Write assembly code instructions which
put the negative of the number in location 202.

MOV R1, #0 ;initialise R1 to zero

LDR R2, 201 ;load value from location 201 into R2
SUB R1, R1, R2 ;subtract value from R1 (which is
zero)
STR R1, 202 ;store result in location 202

2. Write assembly code instructions to take three numbers held in locations 201, 202 and 203
and store them back in the same locations in reverse order.

LDR R1, 201 ;load first number into R1

LDR R3, 203 ;load third number into R3
STR R1, 203 ;store first number in third location
STR R3, 201 ;store third number in first location

Could use any two registers. R1 and R3 used for easier reference.

3. Three numbers are held in locations 201, 202 and 203. Write assembly code instructions to
store the maximum of the three numbers in location 300.

LDR R1, 201 ;load first number into R1

LDR R2, 202 ;load second number into R2
CMP R1, R2 ;compare value in R1 with second number
BGT label1 ;branch if R1 > R2 label1
MOV R1, R2 ;store larger number in R1
label1:
LDR R3, 203 ;load the third number
CMP R1, R3 ;compare value in R1 with third number
BGT label2 ;branch if R1 > R3 to label2
MOV R1, R3 ;store larger number in R1
label2:
STR R1, 300 ; store largest number in 300

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Worksheet 4 Assembly language
Unit 5 Computer organisation
4. Assume that numbers can be input by a user into Register 0 using the instruction
INP R0
(a) Ten numbers are input by the user. Write assembly code instructions to add the ten
numbers as they are input and store the result in location 300.
MOV R1, #0 ;initialise R1 to 0 to hold total
MOV R2, #0 ;initialise R2 to hold count
LOOP
INP R0 ;input a number
ADD R1, R1, R0 ;add number to total
ADD R2, R2, #1 ;increment count
CMP R2, #10 ;have 10 numbers been input?
BNE LOOP ;if not, branch to LOOP
STR R1, 300 ;if yes, store total in location 300

(b) Ten integers are input by the user. Write assembly code instructions to count the
number of integers that are greater than or equal to 30. The result should be stored in
location 301.
MOV R1, #0 ;initialise R1 to 0 to hold total>=30
MOV R2, #0 ;initialise R2 to hold count
LOOP
INP R0 ;input a number
ADD R2, R2, #1 ;increment count
CMP R0, #30 ;is the number in R0 < 30?
BLT label2 ;yes, so skip the next instruction
ADD R1, R1, #1 ;no, so add 1 to total of numbers >=
30
label2:
CMP R2, #10 ;have 10 numbers been input?
BNE LOOP ;if not, branch to LOOP
STR R1, 301
(continue)

Task 2
1. Write assembly code instructions to find whether a number held in location 200 is odd or
even. If the number is even, branch to label1, otherwise continue with the next statement.
LDR R1, 200 ;load the number from 200 into R1
AND R2, R1, #1 ;AND the number with 00000001
CMP R2, #0 ;compare the result of the AND with zero
BEQ label1 ;if the number was even, R2 will be zero
(continue)
label1:
(continue)

2. A bit pattern held in R0 represents 8 switches numbered 1 to 8 (left to right).

(a) Write assembly code instructions to initialise the switches to zero, and then turn on
switches 1,3,5 and 7.
MOV R0, #0 ;move 0 to R0 to initialise switches
ORR R0, R0, #10101010B ;Turn on switches 1,3,5,7, store in
R0
;where B indicates a binary value
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Worksheet 4 Assembly language
Unit 5 Computer organisation

(b) Assume you do not know the state of the switches in R0. Write an assembly code
instruction to turn off any switches that are on, and vice versa.

MVN R0, R0; perform NOT operation on R0

or could use EOR:

EOR R0, R0, #11111111B

3. What will be the effect of performing an XOR operation on an operand with itself?

Give an example.

The result is zero.

For example: A 0101 1111
A 0101 1111
After XOR: A 0000 0000

Task 3
1. Assume R0 contains an 8-bit positive integer. Using logical shifts, compare and branch
operations, write assembly code statements to branch to label1 if the integer represents an
even number, otherwise continue to the next statement.

Test your program by tracing the contents of R0 and any other registers used.

MOV R1, R0 ;copy R0 into R1

LSR R1, R1, #1 ;shift right one bit
LSL R1, R1, #1 ;shift left one bit
CMP R1, R0 ;compare the contents of R0 and R1
BEQ label1 ;if the number is even, the registers will be
equal
(continue)

Trace table:

R0 R1
11010011 11010011 Copy contents
01101001 Shift right
Shift left; R0 and R1 not equal
11010010
so number in R0 is odd

Can you think of another way of testing whether the number is even?

You could use a mask of 00000001 and a logical OR, putting the result in R1. If the number
in R0 is odd, R0 will equal R1. If the number is even, then R0 will not be equal to R1.

OR R1, R0, #1 ;test the rightmost bit

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Worksheet 4 Assembly language
Unit 5 Computer organisation
CMP R0, R1 ;compare the result with 0
BNE label1 ;the number is even