Computer

Programming {
Chapter Two: Basics
of C++ Programming
{
Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
Outline
1. Introduction to C++
2. C++ IDE
3.The C++ Standard Library
4. Parts of a program: Keywords, Identifiers, Inputs, Outputs, Comments
5. Data Types
6.Variables
7. Constants
8.Operators
1. Assignment Operators
2.Compound Assignment Operators
3.Arithmetic Operators
4.Relational Operators
5.Increment and Decrement Operators
6.Infix and postfix types
7.Precedence of Operators
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
Introduction to C++
▪ C++programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs.

▪ C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions
of UNIX.

▪ C++ is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both

high-level and low-level language features.

▪ It is a superset of C, and that virtually any legal C program is a legal C++ program.

▪ C++ is a statically typed, compiled, general-purpose, case-sensitive, free-form

programming language that supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic
programming.
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
Introduction to C++
▪ The most important facilities that C++ adds on C language are C++
fully supports object-oriented programming, including the four pillars of
object-oriented development:
▪ Encapsulation

▪ Inheritance

▪ Polymorphism

▪ Addition of namespaces and STL (Standard Template Library) and Many new
keywords.
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
 COMPILERS and IDE FOR PROGRAMMING WITH C++
To start using C++, you need two things:
1. A text editor, like Notepad, to write C++ code and
2. A compiler, like GCC, to translate the C++ code into a language that the computer will
understand

▪ Some of the free compilers for windows

are given below.
▪ (i) Borland C++
▪ (ii) Dev-C++
▪ (iii) Quincy
▪ (iv) Microsoft Visual Studio
▪ (V) Code Block
▪ And more

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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
COMPILERS and IDE FOR PROGRAMMING WITH C++
▪ An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is used to edit AND compile the

code.

▪ Popular IDE's include Code::Blocks, Eclipse, and Visual Studio, Dev-c++. These

are all free, and they can be used to both edit and debug C++ code.

▪ You can find the latest version of Codeblocks at http://www.codeblocks.org/.

Download the mingw-setup.exe file, which will install the text editor with a

compiler.
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
 The C++ Standard Library
▪ It is a rich collection of programs on classes, functions and template classes and template
functions which are helpful in program writing and in its execution.

▪ Every program requires applications of several functions of C++ Standard Library.

Standard C++ consists of three important parts:

1. The core language giving all the building blocks including variables, data types and
literals, etc.
2. The C++ Standard Library giving a rich set of functions manipulating files, strings, etc.

3. The Standard Template Library (STL) giving a rich set of methods manipulating data
structures, etc.
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
The C++ Standard Library
▪ These functions are included in the program by including the header files
which contain these functions (which help in the execution of the
programs)

▪ Every program has to include the header files which are required by the
program.

▪ For example, the header file <iostream> stands for input and output
stream used to take input with the help of “cin>>” function and display the
output using “cout<<” function.
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
The C++ Standard Library
What are C++ Header Files?
▪ These are those files that store predefined functions.

▪ It contains definitions of functions that you can include or import using a

preprocessor directive #include.

▪ This preprocessor directive tells the compiler that the header file needs
to be processed prior to the compilation.
▪ Basically, header files are of 2 types: Standard library header files and
User-defined header files
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
The C++ Standard Library
1. Standard library header files: These are the pre-existing header files
already available in the C/C++ compiler.
▪ C++ Header File
▪ #include<iostream>
▪ #include<stdio. h> (Standard input-output header) ...
▪ #include<string. h> (String header) ...
▪ #include<conio. h> (Console input-output header) ...
▪ #include<stdlib. h> (Standard library header) ...
▪ #include<math. h> (Math header ) ...
▪ #include<ctype. h>(Character type header) ...
▪ #include<time. h>(Time header) ...

2. User-defined header files: Header files starting #define can be

designed by the user.
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
1. /* The following is a C++ program which prints text message
saying “Helloworld!” */
2. #include <iostream.h> //this is input output header file
3. int main() //this function begins execution of a program
4. { // shows beginning of the main function
5. cout << "Hello World!\n"; //displays the message
6. return 0; // indicate program ended successfully
7. } // shows end of the main function
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
C++ program structure
▪Every C++ program has a number of components
▪ Comments

▪ Compiler directive

▪ main function

▪ Braces

▪ Statement
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
C++ program structure:
Comments
▪ Are remarks that are ignored by the complier .
▪ Use comments to:
▪ Explain the purpose of a program
▪ Keep notes regarding change to the source code
▪ Store the names of programmers for future reference
▪ Explain the parts of your program
▪ Two types:
1. Single-line comment
▪ Begin with //
▪ Example
▪ // This is a text-printing program.
2. Multi-line comment
▪ Start with /*
▪ End with */
▪ May appear anywhere in the program
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
C++ program structure:
Compiler directives
▪ Are instructions to the compiler rather than a C++ instructions that instruct the
C++ compiler to load a file from disk into the current program.
▪ It is a signal for pre-processor which runs before the compiler.
▪ Begin with #: is a pre-processor directive.
▪ Eg. #include <iostream.h>
▪ Tells preprocessor to include the input/output stream header file
<iostream.h>
▪ The name of a header file when included in a program is enclosed between a
pair of angular brackets < >
▪ Only one header file is written in one line.
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
C++ program structure:
The main function
▪ Is a function that runs first in C++ programs.
▪ Program execution starts by executing whatever instructions found in the main
function. “main” is function where execution starts.
▪ Body is delimited by braces ({}): opening and closing
▪ Is a function called by the operating system and returns a value to the
operating system. The int keyword allows the main function to return an
integer value. The return statement is what actually returns the value to the
operating system.
▪ Every C++ program must have only one main function .
▪ The parentheses “()” following the main tell the compiler that main is a
function.
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
C++ program structure:
Braces {}
▪ Are used to mark the beginning and the end of a block of code.
▪ Every opening brace must have a corresponding closing brace.
▪ The body of program enclosed in the curly braces{}.

▪ These braces generally contain expressions, statements and operators with a purpose to carry out some action on the data
presented to the program.
Statements
▪ Are instructions and commands that make the computer work.
▪ Each statement must end in semicolon (;) (The semicolon tells the compiler that the
statement is completed.)
return statement
▪ One of several means to exit a function
▪ When used at the end of main
▪ The value 0 indicates the program terminated successfully
▪ Example
▪ return 0;
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
C++ program structure:
▪ A typical program in C++ may comprise a list of statements involving variables,
constants, operators ,keyword, rules/special syntax and functions.

▪ Keywords have special meanings for the compiler and are used to control and execute
the program.

▪ C++ is case sensitive because it interprets uppercase and lowercase letters differently

▪ For example: Cow and cow are two different combination of letters.

▪ White space, Blank lines, space characters and tabs

▪ Are used to make programs easier to read and they are Ignored by the compiler

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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
C++ program structure: First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text
▪ Stream insertion operator <<
▪ Value to right (right operand) inserted into left operand
▪ Example
▪ cout << "Hello World!\n";
▪ Inserts the string " "Hello World!” " into the standard output
▪ Displays to the screen
▪ Escape characters
▪ A character preceded by "\"
▪ Indicates “special” character output
▪ Example
▪ "\n"
▪ Cursor moves to beginning of next line on the screen

▪ Any C++ program file should be saved with file name extension .cpp
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
C++Tokens
▪ The smallest individual units (the smallest building block of C++ programs that the
compile understans) in a program are known as tokens.
▪ Every word in a C++ source code can be considered a token.
▪ We have several types of tokens each of which serves a specific purpose in the syntax
and semantics of C++. Below are the main types of tokens in C++:
▪ Identifiers
▪ Keywords
▪ Constants
▪ Strings
▪ Special Symbols
▪ Operators 19
Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
Keywords (reserved words)
▪ Words with special meaning to the compiler
▪ Have a predefined meaning that can’t be changed
▪ All reserved words are in lower-case letters
▪ Must not be and cannot be used for any other purposes

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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
Identifiers
▪ Programmer given names
▪ Identify classes, variables, functions, etc.
▪ Consist of letters, digits, and the underscore character (_)
▪ Must begin with a letter or underscore but not with digits
▪ should Not be a reserved word
▪ Whitespaces and special characters such as @,#,!etc are not allowed.
▪ The identifiers in C++ can have identifiers with any length of characters.
▪ They are case sensitive, which means NUM1 and num1 are not the same
identifiers.
▪ A keyword cannot be used as an identifier, because there is a reserved
meaning for this word defined in the C++ library.
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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.
Legal and Illegal Identifiers
▪ The following are legal identifiers in C++:
▪ payrate
▪ number1
▪ First_name
▪ _manUtd

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Computer Programming Chapter Two: Basics of C++ Programming By: Kibru G.