CHAPTER-1

MANAGEMENT OF SPORTING EVENTS

Functions of Sports Events Management.
Topic-1 Concepts Covered  Sports event management - Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing
& Controlling. To know about Pre -During - Post responsibilities of various sports committees.

Revision Notes

"Planning is a process of setting objectives and deciding how to accomplish them".

Proper planning includes:
(i) Improving the success rate.
(ii) Completing the task within the given time period.
(iii) Finding out causes of failure.
(iv) Working efficiently.
(v) Remaining within the budgets while achieving the pre-determined targets.
Functions of Sporting Events Management consist of few important steps:
(a) Planning: Planning is a process of achieving pre-determined goals and decide what is to be done, how it is
to be done, when it is to be done and by whom it is to be done.
(b) Organising: Organising is the management function of assigning duties, grouping tasks, establishing
authority and allocating resources to carry out a specific plan.
(c) Staffing: This function is concerned with finding the right person for the right position at the right time.
(d) Directing: Directing is the process of supervising, motivating, leading and communicating with the
subordinates to achieve the organisational objectives.
(e) Controlling: The task of controlling involves establishing standards of performance, measuring current
performance, comparing it with established standards and taking corrective actions, if there is any
significant deviation between actual and planned performance.

Key Words
Physical process: Great skill or ability.
Goals: Target to be achieved.
Jury of Appeal: Committee responsible for handling protest and overall fair-play in tournament.

Various Sports Committees and their Responsibilities

2 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII

Some important committees and their responsibilities :

• Press and Media Committee : Its main duty is to publish and advertise the sports events.
• Transportation Committee : Its main responsibility is to make necessary arrangements for transportation.
• Equipment Committee : This committee is responsible for making the grounds or laying out the track and
field.
• Committee for Refreshment : This committee takes the charge of supplying refreshments and drinks to the
guests, officials, competitors, etc.
• Decoration and Ceremonies Committee : The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the
chief guests at the opening and closing ceremonies.
• Registration Committee : This committee sends entry forms to the various institutions early. It also arranges
seats for guests and spectators. It sometimes also prepares fixtures of teams participating in the competition.
• Technical Committee : This committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, umpires, etc.
• Announcement Committee : This committee is responsible for making all the announcements during the
period of sports events.
• Health and Safety Committee : This committee provides first aid to the victim or affected sportsman/athlete.
For successful organisation of the sports meet, committees are formed under three heads These are Pre-
meet committee; like publicity, ground and equipment, reception committee During meet committees like
refreshment, transport committee and Post-meet committees like award committee.

Fixtures and Tournaments

Topic-2 Concepts Covered  Knock-out & League tournaments  Procedure to draw fixtures -
Bye & Seeding, Stair-case & Cyclic method.

Revision Notes

Tournament is a competition held among various teams in a particular activity according to a fixed schedule
where we have to decide a winner.
There are various methods for organising a tournament which depends upon various factors such as
• The number of participating teams.
• Facilities of ground.
• Equipment and number of officials available.
• Days in which the tournament is to be completed.
Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed in fixtures in such a way that stronger teams do not meet
each other at the very start of the tournament. Seeding can be done only if the standards of the teams are known
before the tournament starts.
Bye is a privilege given to a team which is decided generally by seeding it or by draw of lots.

Key Words
Bye: Privilege given to a team on random basis.
Seeding: Privilege given to previous best performer teams.

Knock-out or Elimination Tournament : It is a type of elimination tournament where the loser of each bracket is
immediately eliminated from the tournament. In such tournaments, if the number of competitors or competing
teams are not a multiple of 2 (i.e. 4, 8, 16,..) then some teams may be given a ‘bye’ and some teams are given
‘seeding’.
• Advantages
 Minimum number of officials are required in organizing tournaments.
 Owing to lesser number of matches, it takes less time to complete the tournaments.
 It helps in enhancing the standard of sports.
• Disadvantages
 Good teams can get eliminated because of their poor performance even in the first round.
 There are maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final round.
League or Round Robin Tournaments : A league tournament is a type of tournament in which each contestant
meets all other contestants in turn. In this type of tournament, there has to be sufficient time to complete the
tournament.
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII 3
• Types:
 Single league : In a single league round robin schedule, each participant plays with every other participant

once. Number of matches played is equal to

(
N N −1 ) , where N is the number of teams.
2

 Double league : If each participant plays with others twice, this is called a round robin double league
tournament. Number of matches played is equal to N(N–1), where N is the number of teams.
Fixture: Every tournament is arranged according to a set procedure which is known as fixture.
• For knock-out tournament, the procedure to draw fixture is through bye and seeding. For league tournaments,
the procedure to draw fixture is through staircase and cyclic method.
• The success of a tournament depends upon planning of suitable fixture.
• Tournaments are played in various forms of fixtures.
Fixtures in Knock-out Tournament
• Seeding Method : Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed in fixtures in such a way that
stronger teams do not meet each other at the very start of a tournament. It is done to overcome the drawbacks
of a single knockout tournament.
 Seeding can be done only if the standards of the teams are known before the start of the tournament.
 The draw may result between the strong competitors at early level competition, so they are ‘seeded’ to
prevent this.
 The top competitors do not meet until the quarter-final, semi-final or final round.
 It represents the tournament committee’s subjective rating of the various players, and chances of winning
the tournament.
• Special Seeding : It is a method of seeding in which the players or teams directly participate in the quarter-
final or semi-final matches thus avoiding their participation in the initial rounds.
• Bye Method : Some teams may get bye in first round, by which they get promoted to next round competition.
This may be given as a reward for their some previous achievements.
 Byes are given in 1st round only.
 The number of byes that should be given in a tournament is decided by finding the difference between
the number of teams and the next power of two.
Method of Drawing Fixtures in Knock-out Tournament
• Calculate total number of matches that will be played during the entire tournament. The number of matches
to be played is calculated by subtracting 1 from total number of teams (N – 1).
• Calculate number of Rounds – Rounds include the initial rounds, quarter-finals, semi-finals and finals. If the
number of teams is a power of 2, then number of rounds will exactly be multiple of 2 up to that number.
Example : In case of 8 teams, there are 23 teams, so, number of rounds will be 3.
If number of teams is not a power of 2, then number of rounds will be equal to the multiple of next power of
two.
Example : In case of 14 teams, there are (23+6) teams, so, number of rounds will be 4.

Key Words
Fixtures: A proper schedule of matches for tournament.
Knock-out: Type of tournament on elimination basis.
Round-Robin: Type of tournament on league basis.

• Calculate Number of teams in each half – All the teams are divided into two halves.
If the number of teams is even, then the number of teams in upper and lower half will be equal.
Example: In case of 12 teams, number of teams in each half will be
N 12
= =6
2 2
If the number of teams is odd, then the number of teams in upper and lower half will be as under:
Example: In case of 15 teams, number of teams in upper half will be
N + 1 15 + 1 16
= = =8
2 2 2
and, number of teams in lower half will be
N − 1 15 − 1 14
= = =7
2 2 2
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• Calculate Number of byes : Teams getting the byes do not play in the initial round. They are given by
subtracting the number of teams by the next power of 2.
Example:
Total number of teams = 11
Next power of two after 11 = 16 (21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8, 24 = 16)
Number of byes will be 16 – 11=5
• Calculate the number of byes in upper and lower half
N −1 5−1 4
= b = = =2
Number of byes in upper half 2 2 2
Nb + 1 5 + 1 6
= = = =3
Number of byes in lower half 2 2 2
• Method of fixing byes
 The last team of lower half gets first bye.
 The first team of upper half gets second bye.
 The first team of lower half gets third bye.
 The last team of upper half gets fourth bye.
 The second last team of lower half gets fifth bye.
 Like this, the order continues.
Fixtures in League Tournaments
• Staircase method : In this method, the fixtures are made like a staircase. It is arranged in sequential form,
there is no bye, no problem of odd or even and therefore it is easiest to arrange.

• Cyclic method
 Oswaal CBSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-XII 5

CHAPTER-2

CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SPORTS

Common Postural Deformities

Topic-1 Concepts Covered  Different types of postural deformities-Knock knees, flat foot, bow
legs, kyphosis, lordosis, round shoulders and scoliosis.

Revision Notes

 Some Common Postural Deformities are :

1. Knock Knee : Knock Knee is a postural deformity in which both the knees touch or overlap each other in the
normal standing position. Due to this deformity, an individual usually faces difficulty during walking.
Corrective exercises:
(i) Butterfly flatters
(ii) Sumo squats
(iii) Side lunges
(iv) Cycling
(v) Horse riding

Knock Knees

Causes :
(i) Weakness of ligaments and muscles
(ii) Overweighted body
(iii) Lack of balanced diet
(iv) Lack of Vitamin D
2. Flat Foot : It is a deformity in which there is no arch in the foot and the foot is completely flat. The individual
faces problem in standing, walking, jumping and running.

Flat Foot
Corrective measures:
(i) Foot roller
(ii) Calf raise
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(iii) Heel raise

(iv) Toe crawl
Causes :
(i) Heaviness of the body.
(ii) Standing for a long time.
(iii) Faulty posture.
(iv) Use of poor quality footwear not having arch.
3. Round Shoulders : It is a postural deformity in which the shoulders are drawn forward, the head is extended
and the chin points forward.

Correct Forward Head

Corrective measures:
(i) Lateral neck flexion.
(ii) Chest doorway
stretch.
(iii) Reverse shoulder
stretch.
(iv) Band pull-apart.
Causes :
(i) Due to poor posture in work, particularly in desk job.
(ii) Faulty furniture.
(iii) Carrying heavy load on shoulders.
(iv) Poor posture while sitting and standing.
4. Lordosis : It is the inward curvature of spine. It is an increased forward curve in the lumbar region. It creates
problems in standing and walking.

Lordosis
Key Words
Ligaments: Bands of tissue that hold bones, joints and organs in its place.
Lumbar Region: Area of vertebral column around abdomen above pelvic region.
Corrective measures:
(i) Plank
(ii) side plank
(iii) Superman exercise
(iv) Bhujangasana
Causes :
(i) Habitual overeating