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Role of Smart Technology in Architecture-Paving the Way for Smart Factory

Building in Karachi
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ROLE OF SMART TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE-PAVING THE WAY FOR SMART FACTORY BUILDING IN KARACHI PJAEE, 20 (2) (2023)
ROLE OF SMART TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE-PAVING THE

WAY FOR SMART FACTORY BUILDING IN KARACHI
Humaira Nazir1, Ubaid Ullah 2, Bushra Khan3, Hassaan Bilal Rashid4
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Environmental Design, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Architecture, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi,
Pakistan.
2Lecturer, Department of Architecture & National Institute of Urban Infrastructure Planning,
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
3Architect, Al Sadaat Associates, Bahria Town, Karachi, Pakistan.
4Architect, SG Architects and urban designers, Bahria town, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Corresponding Author:
Email:[email protected]
Humaira Nazir, Ubaid Ullah, Bushra Khan, Hassaan Bilal Rashid. Role of Smart
Technology in Architecture-Paving the Way for Smart Factory Building in Karachi--
Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 20(2), 2133-2162. ISSN 1567-214x
Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Building Envelop, Factory Building, Smart Building,

Indoor Environmental Quality, Karachi, Smart Building.
ABSTRACT
The concept of "smart buildings" is used to improve efficiency in the interior and exterior of a
building, and it helps in providing services to the user according to the space requirement. The
goal of this study is to propose a strategy for energy-efficient smart industrial buildings in
Karachi that takes into account the building envelope, low energy for cooling, and appropriate
electrical appliances. The study was conducted in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, because of its status
as a "hub of industrial activities." Mixed research methods, both quantitative and qualitative,
have been used to gather and analyze data, evaluate outcomes, and draw conclusions. A
physical questionnaire survey was used to obtain the data. A detailed survey of the two existing
factories and an analysis of the architectural planning of one factory building were carried out.
In addition, Autodesk Revit was used for simulating the data and analyze the use of energy
efficiently with operative temperature for thermal comfort. Findings from surveys and
interviews indicated that the lack of efficient indoor
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environmental quality, lack of natural ventilation, inappropriate use of materials, and

insufficient space planning resulted not only in suffocation and chronic illness in enclosed
spaces like packaging and production areas but also increased energy consumption.
Concluding, factory space is not a space designed for machines, but human needs and comfort
should be considered in designing a factory. Smart building is a new norm that is being adopted
for many building types around the globe, and results of simulation indicated that smart
building guarantees minimum use of energy for cooling and maintaining a comfortable indoor
environment for the user.
INTRODUCTION
The effects of climate change are already being felt all over the world. It affects
not only the natural world but also human societies and economies. Extreme
weather events occurring more frequently and more intensely, sea levels rising,
and biodiversity loss are just a few of the effects we are now experiencing.
Additionally, pollution from fossil fuels can lead to respiratory problems and
other health issues for both humans and animals. Therefore, it is crucial to
reduce our reliance on these harmful sources of energy and transition towards
more sustainable alternatives that slow down the pace of climate change.
Conversely, the construction sector is responsible for a significant amount of
greenhouse gas emissions due to the energy-intensive processes involved in
maintaining structures and providing comfort to the occupants, as 39% of the
global emissions are contributed by buildings (UN, I., 2020), and after
industrialization, CO2 emissions into the atmosphere increased (Zheng, Saina,
et al., 2021). Therefore, it is a challenge and a responsibility for architects and
urban designers to consider climatic factors as a major design element because
one of the most important factors contributing to environmental change is a lack
of climatic considerations in the construction industry, which causes harmful
gases to be released into the environment.
In addition, as the world's population continues to grow and urbanize, the

demand for new domestic and non-domestic architecture and infrastructure will
increase, making it crucial for the construction industry to adopt sustainable
practices and technologies to decrease the harmful effect of the construction
industry on the surroundings and environment. Therefore, architects and
planners are using a variety of techniques like sustainable design, green building
design, eco-friendly design, smart or intelligent design, and energy-efficient
design to achieve lower or zero carbon footprints, lower greenhouse gas
emissions, and provide comfort to both the environment and the user while
competing with the modern world that is now moving towards smart
technologies, and these smart technologies in buildings are changing the norms
of planning and construction. It helps in maintaining building management
easily, reduces costs and usage of energy, improves cooling, heating, and
ventilation systems, increases not only the property value but also the users’
comfort, and builds an eco-friendly environment. Hence, smart technologies,
when integrated into any building design, are one of the solutions to adopt for
environmentally friendly buildings that can also lead towards zero-carbon
buildings to sustain the environment and occupant comfort and increase
building efficiency by boosting the building's capacity to sense and respond,
turning the building into a smart building. A smart building
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is an integrated system of building systems. It joins individual computer

networks into a bigger supernetwork, similar to the Internet (Sinopoli, J.M.,
2009). Harris (2012) defines a smart building as a medium that receives input,
decides overall responses, and gives output according to adaptability and
adjusting temperature.
The use of smart technologies in domestic architecture is evident worldwide;

however, this concept is now not limited to domestic architecture, and it has
been noticed that the design and desired efficiency of non-domestic architecture
have also evolved over time, and non-domestic structures such as factories are
also being converted to smart structures.
If considering Pakistan, the manufacturing sector contributes around 64% of

GDP to the overall economy (Ahmed, 2014). The main sectors in Pakistan are
the cotton industry and manufacture, accounting for about 65% of product
exports and approximately 40% of the workforce (Kashif et al., 2019).
Pakistan's economy mostly derives from the industrial sector and is currently
dependent on the labour force. Major active industries in different cities of
Pakistan include cement, ceramics, cotton, glass, iron, steel, jute, leather,
matches, paper and board, ship building, silk and rayon, sugar, vegetable ghee,
and woolen industries (Ahmed, 2014).
Considering the largest city in Pakistan, Karachi, is Pakistan's economic hub

with active industrial zones such as SITE, Korangi Industrial Area, Korangi
Creek, Bin Qasim Industrial Park, Landhi Industrial Area, and others that
manufacture and produce paper and board, jute, iron, steel, cotton, class,
cement, matches, vegetable ghee, leather, silk, wool, ceramics, ship building,
and so on (Hassan and Mohib, 2003). Therefore, Karachi was selected for the
specific field of research and design as it has a major chunk of industries in
Pakistan. However, if considering industrial architecture, there is a lack of
environmentally and user-friendly buildings generally in Pakistan and
specifically in Karachi.
The envelope of a factory building and its planning in Karachi do not have a
positive effect on the environment, workers’ health, or their work efficiency
(Ajmair and Hussain, 2017). The main cause is the inefficient space planning
and design of the industrial sector, where walls are placed for the comfort of
machines only. There is a need to rethink the design of a factory building, as a
factory building is more than just a function that serves machines; it is also a
place where labourers spend the majority of their time, and the building itself is
a block that responds to the climate. Many factory workers experience chronic
illness due to poor indoor environmental quality, a lack of natural ventilation,
the maintenance of physical structures, sanitary issues, and many more factors.
It also impacts Pakistan's GDP because Pakistan's GDP depends on laborers’
work efficiency (Ahmed, 2014).
Therefore, the purpose of this research was to see if smart technologies could
be used in the design of a factory building to make it not only environmentally
and user-friendly but also energy efficient.
Below is the study's specific goal:
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Determine how smart technologies can be used in the study area's factory
building planning and design with the goal of lowering energy usage and
improving indoor environmental quality for a positive impact on workers’
health.
The task set to achieve the goal was to propose a smart factory building design
in Karachi, focusing on the efficient use of technology as a blend with
architecture to improve indoor environmental quality, maintain a healthy
environment for labourers with the minimum use of energy for cooling, and
make the building environmentally responsive.
LITERATURE STUDY
Overview of Smart Building
Intelligent buildings have been improved to smart buildings, which combine

building optimization with the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve building
efficiency and provide long-term solutions for environmental and life safety
(Hoy, 2016). For nearly two decades, the "smart" building has incorporated
intelligent control systems and smart and networked equipment in addition to
the standard building functions and structure. The intelligent systems control
the temperature, humidity, and ventilation rates, etc. By using building mass,
smart buildings may be viewed as a thermal storage medium (Verma et al.,
2019). In addition, smart building technology includes building management
systems, security systems, and facility management systems connected to an
Integrated Building System. It helps to operate a single system connected to all
facilities rather than a traditional building system in which each system is
operated separately (Sinopoli, 2009).
Talking about the evolution of smart buildings, building automation reflects

back to the 1900’s but actively started with the birth of DDC (Direct Digital
Control) in the mid of the 1970’s. Leading building automation professionals
were early contributors to making it a reality. In the late 70's, the revolutionary
development of DDC systems exploded and traditional pneumatic control
systems shifted to the building automation market as DDC was much lower in
cost and highly functional as compared to pneumatics. In 1974-1975, the first
computer for building monitoring was developed on DDC and named RCMS,
or Remote Control and Monitoring System. This is the time of the evolution of
an intelligent building that integrates with IT installations and is flexible enough
to solutions, responsive and adaptive. In the 1990’s and 2000's, IT development
evolved from the concept of proprietary to client-server architecture, and
mainframe computers were replaced by web server farms. Hence, IT
development gives us another era of revolution, and that is connectivity through
the internet of things. The phrase "Internet of Things" was invented by Kevin
Ashton in 1999, a new term with known and advanced functions. Before 1999,
pervasive computing, ubicomp, and ambient intelligence were all terms used to
describe it. In the same year, LONTALK was developed and added to ANSI,
SEMI, IFSF, and EN. It is optimised for control and is widely used in industrial
control, building systems, and home automation. It is now being adopted as an
International Control Networking
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Standard in the ISO/IEC 14908 standards family (Buckman, Mayfield, and

B.M. Beck, 2014). Hence, building automation systems started to integrate
into buildings in the 1990's, termed "intelligent buildings."
The term "intelligent building" is being updated from time to time. Originally
named "automated building" in 1985, "responsive building" till 1991, "effective
building" and now the upgraded form of intelligent buildings is "smart
buildings" (Parlak, 2020). The specific features and criteria for assessing smart
buildings in different time periods are given in Table-1.
Table 1.The Specific features of each elements and criteria for assessing smart
buildings (source: Pitroda, 2015)
Automation (1981- Response (1986-1991) Efficiency (1992-now)

1985)
Automatic control of Building control by the Achieve optimum
the building and the users as well as the performance and
possibility of remote automatic control reduce costs.
control
providing a setting providing a setting that Applying the best
that is comfortable and is comfortable and building security and
functional for users to functional for users to safety system.
meet their needs. meet their needs
Flexibility to confront Adapt the internal Space management so
future changes building environment to that the future changes
the surrounding can be controlled.
environmental.
The ability to achieve Building management
compatibility between through the
the various functional environmental control
elements in the in the building systems.
building.
Providing comfort to Management business
users without any
human intervention.
If talking about the modern trends in smart building design in present times,
smart building trends increase the efficiency, responsiveness, and adaptability
of the building according to the needs of the environment and user, making it
more effective, energy efficient, and comfortable for the user. These
advancements have changed the concept of architecture from static to dynamic
spaces according to the environmental needs of light, wind, heat, cooling, or
user requirements. According to Ahmed et al. (2015), some sustainable
applications of smart technologies on the building’s skins and facades are
energy-generating building skins, dynamic and kinetic smart building skins,
solar shaded skins, double skins, smart green building skins, and more.
In addition, according to Wei and Li (2011), the technologies that make a

building smart are:
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1. Intelligent Building Control System (BCS): A building control system is

used to manage mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical services.
2. Input Information: Each system in a smart building has a means of

receiving information.
3. Information Processing and Analysis: Information processing is

controlled by the building control system.
4. Time Consideration: In smart building design, the time consideration

factor is one of the key elements. The system should respond on time to avoid
maximum damage.
5. Building Management System (BMS): A building management system

is an open programming language that shares subsystems to control electrical,
mechanical, and electromechanical systems.
Industrial revolution and smart factories
Back at the end of the 18th century, a new revolution named the "industrial
revolution began as new materials and construction techniques emerged and
industry started working as a societal economy. Mechanization became the
central part of the increase in economy, labour, and production until the
beginning of the 19th century. Hence, the industrial revolution changed the way
people lived. Two major advancements in technological up gradation are
building automation and machine connections through IIoT (Elheddad et al.).
In addition, smart building envelopes and smart factory concepts emerged after
the industrial revolution, and developed countries are adopting automation in
buildings and machines to make them energy efficient and more reliable for
indoor and outdoor environments and to increase productivity. First-generation
countries have used smart technologies in factory building envelopes and
interiors to increase efficiency (Umair et al., 2021). A factory is said to be smart
through the interconnectivity of tools known as Cyber Physical systems (CPS).
It connects and analysis the data, which can be further used to create better
products and more efficient techniques. Used by producing companies, a smart
factory works by using technology like computing (AI), robotics, analytics,
huge amounts of information, and therefore the internet of things (IoT), and
might run for the most part autonomously with the flexibility to self-correct.
However, the operations manifest themselves within the four walls of the
factory (Umair et al., 2021). The foundation of smart factories is smart
manufacturing, which links the factory to other components in the digital supply
network and facilitates better supply chain management. Additionally, they are
built on digital manufacturing, in which a product is digitally connected
throughout its entire life cycle with the aid of a digital twin (Lee and Kim, 2018).
Hence, smart factories are supported by the Industrial Internet system,
consisting of hundreds and thousands of sensors and systems operated by a
single central operator. It acts as the link that binds everything (Figure 1).
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Moreover, smart factories also have the potential to improve the overall comfort
and well-being of building occupants. For example, advanced HVAC systems
can monitor and adjust temperature and humidity levels to create a more
comfortable and healthy indoor environment. Additionally, smart lighting
systems can adjust lighting levels and colour temperatures to promote
productivity and reduce eye strain. As technology continues to advance, the
possibilities for improving building performance and occupant comfort are
endless. The smart building envelope can respond to changing external and
internal conditions and adjust its performance accordingly. This can lead to
significant energy savings, a reduced carbon footprint, and improved occupant
comfort and productivity (Lee and Kim, 2018).
Figure 1: Connection of sensors and machines with one central part that controls the
activity (Mittal et al., 2017)
Figure 2: Connection of machines with one another that links with bigger platform as
shown in Fig 3.8 (Mittal et al., 2017)
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Conceptual Framework
Figure. 3: Conceptual framework (Author)
METHODOLOGY
The article's primary goal is to propose an approach for energy-efficient smart
buildings in Karachi that takes into account the building envelope, low energy
for cooling, and appropriate electrical appliances. For this purpose, the primary
technique of data collection was a qualitative approach because interviews are
one of the most significant sources of case study material.
Other additional methods were also employed, such as case studies,

questionnaires, informal conversations, observation, photography, layout
design analysis, and in-depth document analysis, mostly of news items and
reports.
A factory building in the site area of Karachi was selected and surveyed to
understand the problems of the users, ventilation, day lighting, and space
planning issues. The factory building's floor plans were drawn up, which is
supposedly the most effective technique for documenting, understanding, and
communicating spatial qualities.
In addition, structured interviews were conducted with the users of this building.
Structured interviews, sometimes known as "questionnaire surveys," use
structured questions. The research sample consisted of factory owners,
employees engaged in production lines, and architects and developers. A sample
of 100 individuals was selected using a random sampling process in which two
factory owners, 20 architects, and 68 workers were involved.
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In order to evaluate the thermal comfort of the interior spaces, the building was
modelled, and energy efficiency was also studied with simulation. Building
Information Modelling (BIM) is a complex 3D model-based method that gives
AEC professionals all the data they require to plan, design, build, and maintain
buildings and infrastructure. BIM enables people engaged in design and
construction to keep track of the data they produce while doing their work while
helping them work more effectively (Bouhmoud & Dalila, 2021). For this study,
Autodesk Revit was chosen for the design of a G+4 industrial building proposed
in Karachi. The building was designed so that thermal comfort is provided to
the inhabitants of the building and to optimise efficiency in terms of self-energy
production.
To achieve this objective, all the building materials were created using the
"family creation tool’ in Autodesk Revit, which allows the user to assign
physical and thermal properties to the building elements used to model the
building. Once the modelling was completed, thermal loads were simulated by
assigning thermal parameters to the building materials and other relevant data
such as power loads, lighting loads, etc.
Area of Study- Karachi
Karachi is Pakistan's largest city and the provincial capital of Sindh, covering a
total area of 3,527 km2. It is situated on the Arabian Sea coast (latitude: 24.56′-
00" N and longitude: 67.01′-00" E) and is both the nation's largest seaport and
main commercial and industrial center.
Dadu District is on its northeastern boundary, Thatta District is on its south-

eastern border, the Arabian Sea is on its southern border, and the Lasbela
District of Baluchistan Province is on its western border (Figure 4). Karachi
experiences high relative humidity throughout the year, with the wettest month
of August being 85 percent and the driest month of December being 58 percent.
The winds in Karachi blow south-west to west for around half of the year,
including during monsoons. The wind usually shifts to the east and north-east
during the winter, keeping the average temperature around 21 degrees Celsius.
May and June are the warmest months, with average maximum temperatures
reaching 35 °C. The month of January is the coldest of the year (Hasan, and
Mohib, 2003) (Figure 5).
Pakistan's single port is Karachi, and it is home to a large number of the

country's industries and enterprises. In the formal sector, Karachi has 4,500
industrial units. Many of these sectors are focused on exports. For the informal
sector, no statistics are available. However, the informal sector, which mostly
works in the garment, leather, textile, carpet, and light engineering sectors in
low-income settlements, employs 75% of the working population (MPD- KDA,
1989) (Karachi Development Plan 2000, KDA).
The area that has been selected for the study is Sindh Industrial Trading Estate
(SITE) (Figure 11), because it is one of the oldest industrial areas in Karachi,
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Pakistan. SITE Town is located in the southern region of Karachi and was
named after the Sindh Industrial and Trading Estate. One factory was selected
for a detailed case study, named Printech Packages (Pvt) Ltd., located at
Fakhruddin Valika Rd., Metroville Sindh Industrial Trading Estate, Karachi,
Karachi City, Sindh. Two other factories were also surveyed in order to achieve
the research's goal.
Figure. 4:Map of Karachi with district and town boundaries and study area
(http://www.kmc.gos.pk/)
Figure. 5: Climate of Karachi (Source: Climate and average monthly weather in

Karachi, Pakistan, n.d.)
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FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
Survey and Interviews Results
This research relies on surveys of existing factories, their analysis, and

interviews with stakeholders are given in the following figures.
Figure. 6: Analysis of spatial layout of factory building (Source: Author)
Figure. 7: Analysis of form and massing, and ventilation of factory building (Source:
Author)
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Figure. 8: Analysis of zoning and circulation of factory building (Source: Author)
An analysis of floor plans in terms of spatial layout and circulation, natural

ventilation, form, and massing of a factory shows that the factory is not well
ventilated and has day lighting issues. Interior spaces are very hot because air
conditioning is not provided in the production areas, which already lack natural
light and ventilation, and workers are forced to work in this environment, which
causes them to suffer from chronic illness(see Figure 6, 7 and 8). This situation
also slows down the work progress and reduces the quantity of the products. In
addition, a power breakdown also interrupts the working process. Therefore, it
is required to redesign the factory to resolve the issues that provide a healthy
environment for the workers and use minimum non-renewable energy sources,
which in turn reduce the harmful impact on the environment.
The results of the surveys and questionnaire for respondents' perspectives on the
smart building idea, smart building envelope, thermal comfort, and applying
smart technology in non-domestic buildings such as the factory in Karachi were
collected from factory workers, factory owners, and architects and are
mentioned below.
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How you see smart building concept for a factory design

in Karachi as a transition process towards a smart
factory.
Minimize Energy
Losses
12% Single Hall
Concepts
Lack 12%
Infrastructure
38%
Proper Design and
Easier
Implementation
12%
Use of Membrane &

Understand Factory
Glass Wool in the
Need and Design
Roof of the Factory
Carefully
13%
13%
Figure. 9:(A) Concept of smart building and application of this concept to a factory
building (N = 100). Source: Authors, 2023.
Considering the transition process from traditional buildings to smart buildings

influences the design of a factory. According to the survey’s findings, 12 percent
of respondents say that smart facade design can be a gateway to minimizing
energy losses. The same percentage is considering this concept as a way to make
flexible spaces where many functions can be done in a single space rather than
designing multi-story buildings. Almost half of the respondents (38 percent) say
that the concept of smart buildings can be applied to a smart factory. However,
the lack of technology and infrastructure in Karachi is a big challenge to
applying the concept of smart buildings. For 12 percent of the respondents, the
concept of a smart building will be a modern boom not only in terms of design
but also in terms of the functionality of the building and its envelop that will act
smartly in the contextual fabric.
When talking about smart building envelope what is your
understanding towards it and how you think the word smart will
impact the industrial sector of Karachi?
Use of membrane &
glass whool roof & No Response
walls 12%
13%
Use of Automation,
Overall Lowering The
Operational Cost &
Trend Following &
Increase Process
Harmless
Efficiency
13%
Skeleton Of The
Building & Beneficial Use Technology To Achevie
For Owners & workers Operational & Enviromental
13% Goals
12%
Figure. 9 :( B) Concept of smart building envelope and its impact in industrial

sector (N = 7100). Source: Authors, 202
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It will also create great opportunities for the users. 13 percent of the respondents
claimed that the use of membrane and glass wool now-a-days in the roof of the
factory is paving the way to apply the smart building concept for a factory
design in Karachi (see Figure 9A). To understand the concept of smart
buildings and their use in buildings, survey results show that 37 percent of
respondents said that smart building design results in an overall enhancement of
efficiency and a lower operational cost, which in turn reduces energy
consumption. Energy consumption is a major factor in factories since
production areas need a huge amount of electricity, and when there is a shortage
of electricity in Pakistan, that is being fulfilled by load shedding, and this
negatively affects the industries of the countries as industries suffer a billion
rupees per year loss due to failures in the power grid. In addition, respondents
say that in smart factories, the process and working will be proper as per
international standards and will take less time to produce larger amounts of
products. For 13 percent of the respondents, the smart building envelope is the
skeleton of the building, and it could be beneficial for owners as well as workers.
For 12 percent of respondents, a smart building refers to the use of technology
to achieve certain goals like reducing operational costs, improving the
environment, or providing other benefits. In addition, 12 percent of respondents
have no idea about smart buildings or smart envelopes (see Figure 9B).
Can a smart building envelope play a significant role in

reducing harmful impacts on labor health and interior
environment of a factory building in Karachi (example
thermal comfort)?
Environmental Enhance Product
Friendly & Quality
Labour 12%
Betterment
25% Enhance
Thermal
Comfort
13%
Environmental
Friendly
25%
Labour
Betterment
25%
Figure. 9:(C) Impact of smart building envelope on environment and user’s health in
a factory building (N = 7100). Source: Authors, 2023.
The survey results about the impacts of the smart building envelope on the users
health and interior environment indicated that half of the respondents (25
percent) say that the smart building envelope will help reduce harmful impacts
on labour and interior spaces as well as respond positively to the environment,
i.e., it will be environmentally friendly. 13 percent of the respondents feel that
the thermal comfort of the occupant will also be impacted by the smart envelop,
as it will work according to the climatic conditions and give a positive response
to the user in terms of thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is a key concern in
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factories due to the special requirements of some specific spaces, such as storage
and packing facilities. Many individuals feel dizzy as a consequence of the lack
of ventilation in these interior spaces. Factories in general do not have any
insulation measures installed or any thermal comfort measures adopted, which
causes suffocation in the interior. Heat also plays a part in the summer, when
temperatures in Karachi approach 40 degrees Celsius. According to the study,
the thermal comfort level for Karachi residents fluctuates between 24 oC and 27
o
C with relative humidity ranging from 50% to 60% (Panjwani et al., 2014).
Hence, thermal comfort and ventilation in a factory building can be maintained
and accurately monitored through the use of smart technologies, which can aid
in the prevention of factory fires and the provision of a comfortable environment
for humans. In addition, 25 percent of the respondents considered that this
technology will be in favour of labour, and 12 percent claimed that it will
enhance the quality of products because machines and workers will work in a
controlled and comfortable environment (see Figure 9C).
What is your opinion on "technology in terms of building and

machine functioning will take over in industrial sector of
Karachi in coming 10-15 years"?
Use Of Robotics
Machine & 15 Years
Good Safty 25%
Services
13%
No Idea
13%
Depend Upon
Mutilnational More Then 15
Companies Years
Opening 37%
12%
Figure. 9 :( D) Users opinion about the advancement of industrial sector in terms of

smart technology application (N = 7100). Source: Authors, 2023.
More than half of respondents (52 percent) believe that Pakistan will adopt this
technology during the next 15 years, according to the survey findings on the
development of buildings with the use of smart technologies. The other
respondents are doubtful if the smart building idea would be used in Pakistan,
as they believe that doing so is dependent on both the availability of modern
technology and the country's economic status (see Figure 9D).
After surveying and analysing the factories in Karachi, along with discussions
with the stakeholders, the following problems have been identified in the
industrial sectors of Karachi:
1. Thermal comfort
2. Energy consumption
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Therefore, these issues were addressed in the final design proposal for a factory
building.
Building Information Model of the Proposed Building
After analysing the factory’s’ space layout, circulation, and questionnaire

findings, a final design proposal for the factory is made (Figure. 11, 13 and 14),
and the thermal comfort and energy consumption of the new building are
calculated through simulation (. The simulation models-BIM and
computational-(Figure. 10, 12), and collected data are given in detail below.
Figure. 10: BIM model of the proposed factory Building (source: Author)
Figure.11: Proposed floor plans of factory Figure.12: Model for simulation (Author)
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Figure.13: Section at BB’
Figure.14: Section at AA’
Computational Thermal Simulation on Autodesk Revit
Figure.15: Computational simulation on Autodesk Revit (source: Author)
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The energy simulation was used to investigate the impact of the suggested air
conditioning unit installation on factory building cooling energy consumption.
The simulation was also used to investigate the factor of heat insulation by
proposing a solar-shaded smart skin around the building and providing rooftop
solar panels. The energy consumption in the planned industrial building was
modelled using Autodesk Revit (Figure 15), which included contributing
factors such as HVAC systems, lights, machinery, and inhabitants. On an hourly
basis, the interior loads of inhabitants and equipment were calculated. The
blinds' activation, ventilation, and other building control systems were also
calculated hourly. Below are the results of the energy simulation (see Figure
16).
Analysis Prosperities
By default, analysis properties are generated from information in conceptual
types. Prosperities of schematics Types are used when override is selected.
Category Override Analytic Construction

Roofs  Sloping roof with solar panels (
U=0.1589 W/m2.K)
Exterior Walls  Metal curtain wall with 1ft
insulation ( U=0.5149 W/m2.K)
Interior Walls  Frame partition with ¾ in gypsum
board (U=1.4733 W/m2.K)
Ceilings  8 In lightweight concrete ceiling (
U=1.3610 W/m2.K)
Floors  8 in lightweight concrete floor desk
(U=1.3610 w/m.k0
Slabs Slab edge R-10 insulation
(U=0.1160 W/m2.K)
Door  Metal ( U=3.7021 W/m2.K)
Exterior Windows  Large double-glazed windows (
reflective coating) - industry
Interior windows  Large single-glazed windows
2
(U=3.6869W/m .K) SHGC=0.86
Skylights  Large double-glazed windows
(reflective coating) -industry
All None Shading factor for exterior window 0
OK Cancel
Figure.16: Building Material Parameters for Thermal load Analysis (source: Author)
2150
Table 2: Simulation results of required indoor operative temperature of the factory

building with the required energy (source: Author)
Building Summary
Inputs
Building Type Manufacturing
Area (S.F) 203,129
Volume (CF) 3,848,475.39
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Total Load (kW) 600.3
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 3:00 pm
Peak Cooling Sensible Load 534.2
Peak Cooling Latent Load (kW) 203.3
Maximum Cooling Capacity (kW) 619.3
Peak Cooling Airflow (CFM) 68.107
Peak Heating Load (kW) 110.5
Peak Heating Airflow (CFM) 16,090
Checksums
Cooling Load Density (Btu/[h.ft2]) 12.39
Cooling Flow Density [CFM/SF] 0.34
Cooling Flow / Load (CFM/ton) 324.79
Cooling Area / Load (SF/ton) 968.68
Heating Load Density (Btu/[h.ft2]) 1.86
Heating Flow Density (CFM/SF) 0.08
The simulation was then run for a full year. The load parameters from the
measurement duration of two weeks (two shifts, no work on weekends or
national holidays) were assumed to be typical for the whole year (see Table 2).
Despite the fact that load profiles fluctuate based on client demand and
equipment usage, this assumption may be considered a baseline case.
Cooling Loads
250
 Case 1 (790 Kw): No
exterior insulation is
200 provided.
 No solar panel added on roof.
150
100
 Case 2 (600 Kw): Exterior
insulation is provided (3”
50 metal frame wall)
 Solar panels are provided on
the whole roof
0
790kW 600kW
wall roof power people ventilation fan heat lighting
Figure.17: Comparison of cooling load with and without insulation (Source: Author)
2151
The peak cooling load is 600 kW in the proposed factory building, so we need this
quantity of energy to counteract the impact of heat and maintain a temperature of 27–28
O
C in the summer. When comparing the energy generated by the solar panels installed in
the factory, which is 850 kW, with the demand for energy that is 600 kW to maintain the
normal interior temperature, it is clear that the solar panels are sufficient to meet the peak
cooling load requirement while also giving 250 kW extra that may be utilized for other
purposes. However, it suggests that more solar panels should be installed in the building
to meet the energy requirements of the machines and other similar appliances.
Table 3: Thermal load parameters for hourly based Energy Analysis for
proposed building (source: Author)
Parameter Value
Energy Analysis
Area per Person 260.00SF
Sensible Heat Gain per 250.00Btu/h
person
Latent Heat Gain per person 200.00Btu/h
Lighting Load Density 1.20 W/ft2
Power Load Density 1.00 W/ft2
Infiltration Airflow per area 0.04CFM/SF
Plenum Lighting Contribution 20.0000%
Occupancy Schedule Warehouse Occupancy – 7 AM to 4
PM
Lighting Schedule Office lighting - 6 AM to 11 PM
Power Schedule Office lighting - 6 AM TO 11 PM
Outdoor Air per Person 5.00 CFM
Outdoor Air per Area 0.06 CFM/SF
Air changes per hour 0.000000
Outdoor air method By people and by area
Heating set point 21.11 oC
Cooling set point 28.00 oC
Humidification set point 0.0000 %
Dehumidification set point 70.0000%
The indoor environmental conditions of the connected production zone are
controlled by a central HVAC system with an evaporation humidifier (the floor
plan area is 203,129 square feet). The temperature and humidity are set to 22°C
and 46%, respectively. The air exchange rate ranges between three and six times
every hour (see Table 3). A solar panel system is installed on the whole roof,
and a simulation is run for thermal load analysis. Building material parameters
for this purpose are shown in Figure 16. For exterior insulated walls, the air gap
in the cavity wall is kept at 1’-0" with the 3" metal skin to get the heat gain
value of the walls. Moreover, peak cooling load is calculated for the interior
environment before and after applying the insulation to the walls and roof and
comparing it with the building without insulation. The result of the simulation
clearly indicates that the building without insulation is using more energy (790
kW) than the building with insulation (600 kW), as shown in Figure 17. This
implies that proper insulation can cut down on the energy usage of any building.
2152
Table 4 Summary of zones with the effect of proposed installation of an air

conditioning units on the building cooling energy demand (Source: Author)
Zone Summary
Inputs
Area (SF) 203,129
Volume (CF) 3,848,475.39
Cooling Setpoint 23oC
Heating Setpoint 21oC
Supply Air Temperature 12oC
Number of People 781
Infiltration (CFM) 0
Air Volume Calculation Type VAV – Dual Duct
Relative Humidity 46.00% (Calculated)
Psychometrics
Psychometric Message None
Cooling Coil Entering Dry-Bulb 27oC
Temperature
Cooling Coil Entering Wet-Bulb 18oC
Temperature
Cooling Coil Leaving Dry-Bulb 10oC
Temperature
Cooling Coil Leaving Wet-Bulb 10oC
Temperature
Mixed Air Dry-Bulb Temperature 27oC
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (Kw) 600.3
Peak Cooling Month and Hour June 3:00 pm
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (kW) 564.7
Peak Cooling Latent Load (kW) 54.6
Peak Cooling Airflow (CFM) 68.107
Peak Heating Load (kW) 110.5
Peak Heating Airflow (CFM) 16,090
Peak Ventilation Airflow (CFM) 16,090
Checksums
Cooling Load Density (Btu/[h.ft2]) 10.40
Cooling Flow Density (CFM/SF) 0.34
Cooling Flow / Load (CFM / ton) 386.79
Cooling Area / Load (SF/ton) 1,153.61
Heating Load Density (Btu/[h.ft2]) 1.86
Heating Flow Density (CFM/SF) 0.08
Ventilation Density (CFM/SF) 0.08
Ventilation/Person (CFM) 21
2153
Table 5 Result summary of thermal analysis (Source: Author)
Components Cooling Heating

Loads(kW) Percentage Loads(kW) Percentage of
of Total Total
Wall 83.8 12.46% 18.8 16.98%
Windows 0.0 0.00% 0.0 0,00%
Door 0.0 0.00% 0.0 0.00%
Roof 50.0 9.00% 0.0 0.00%
Skylight 0.0 0.00% 0.0 0.00%
Partition 0.0 0.00% 0.0 0.00%
Infiltration 0.0 0.00% 0.0 0.00%
Ventilation 62.6 10.25% 91.7 83.02%
Lighting 120.7 29.18%
Power 151.0 24.55%
People 78.9 12.74%
Plenum 0.0 0.00%
Fan Heat 12.3 1.98%
Reheat 0.0 0.00%
Total 600.3 100% 110.5 100%
Figure.18: Temperature range within adaptive thermal comfort: 23.7 -29.1

degrees Celsius (source: Author)
2154
Figure.19: Comparison of relative humidity and temperature (source: Author)

The operative temperature of the factory is compared with the walls’
construction techniques and solar-shaded smart skin or façade, adaptive to
changing climatic conditions with and without ventilation. When simulated, a
factory without cavity walls and no shading devices shows higher operative
temperatures in all months and the least number of hours in the range of indoor
thermal comfort. Block masonry walls with a cavity, climate-adaptive solar-
shaded smart skin or façade, and a roof with the covering of solar panels give
more hours within the range of adaptive thermal comfort when ventilated.
According to the findings, switching from a standard 0'-6" concrete wall to a
wall with cavities and a façade with a metal curtain wall can save up to 28
percent of energy (see Table 5).
When considering a factory's peak day performance in the summer, the interior
operative temperature increases to 29.1 degrees Celsius without ventilation and
reduces to 26.9 degrees Celsius with ventilation to 28.4–23.7 degrees Celsius
(see Table 4). Figure 26 shows a graph comparing the performance of a factory
building with an operative temperature in the adaptive thermal comfort range
for the entire year when ventilated with the solar-shaded smart skin and metal
curtain exterior walls.
Table 5 shows a graph that illustrates the outcomes of interior values from
factory simulations with relative humidity and operative temperature; with
ventilation, there appears to be a proportionate increase in relative humidity.
Temperature drops when relative humidity rises, but people utilise fans to be
comfortable. This suggests that increasing energy demand has a climate cause.
DISCUSSION
A shift towards implementing smart technology into the interior of buildings
can solve the energy crises, ventilation and indoor comfort problems and
provide better solutions in areas like warehouses and production areas where
there is little natural ventilation or where conventional techniques, like air
conditioners, cannot be a solution. All this work is based on the smart building
concept and as a result, it is said that smart building guarantees minimum use of
2155
energy for cooling and maintaining a comfortable indoor environment for the
users. Hence, based on the findings of the study, this research presented some
suggestions that need to be incorporate in the design of any factory in Pakistan
to make it users and environmental friendly.
Solar Shaded Smart Skin
Between the internal and external environments, the building skin serves as an
environmental filter, addressing and resolving a variety of issues including
technical performance, aesthetic appeal, and ventilation, among others.
Adaptive facades are building skins that can change in response to changing
weather on a daily, seasonal, or annual basis. In order to effectively and
efficiently meet occupant comfort and well-being needs, an element must be
able to adapt to or benefit from the conditions of the exterior environment.
Unlike permanent facades, which remain in place regardless of the weather,
adaptive facades are multi-parameter envelopes with excellent performance that
can be mechanically or manually adjusted to meet the demands of occupants
and internal loads. In addition, solar shading, often referred as "solar control" or
"solar protection," encompasses a range of strategies used to reduce the quantity
of heat and light entering a structure from the sun. It serves to improve the
indoor environment as well as the comfort of building occupants (Premier,
2019). Research has supported the use of adaptive solar blinds. Therefore, a
solar shaded smart skin that can adjust to changing climatic conditions and
control the amount of both heat and light entering into the building is
recommended.
Building Control System (BCS)
The HVAC systems are managed by the same building automation and
management systems that control other aspects of the building, such as air
quality, precipitation, and air velocity. The Building Control System allows
HVAC management to be limited to times and locations where internal comfort
is most needed in order to reduce energy consumption (Tahir et al., 2015).
Therefore, it is recommended for use in factory buildings.
Thermal Comfort/ Temperature Control/ Dehumidifying and Dust Control
One of the major issues in the industrial sector is thermal comfort. This research
suggested a solution to this issue by using chillers that can accurately work by
using a smart control system to accurately manage the temperature of the
interior environment, dehumidify paper storage areas, control dust in production
areas, or maintain the specific temperature for product quality. The BA Smart
is a modern-day air-handling unit with a specialized AHU controller, an inbuilt
control panel, sensors, and a control valve. The controller and HMI display are
designed by System Air. BA smart air handling, which is truly plug and play,
not only saves space but can also reduce energy consumption by up to 40%
(Wang et al., 2010).
2156
Energy Consumption/ Solarization
Building energy consumption costs can be minimized by reducing their

dependency on the main grid by using solarized energy. Excluding machine
energy consumption, the rest of the energy requirements are fulfilled by making
the proposed building a smart building that generates its own energy using
400W solar panels.
Panel dimensions are 2024.0 mm long by 1024.0 mm wide by 40.0 mm deep.
Smart LED Lights
DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) networked based lighting that

controls lighting in building automation founded by Phillips's lighting in 1884
(Mahmoud, 2021) is suggested for use in the factory building.
Smart Sensors
Sensors in the proposed factory building are suggested for use to sense
temperature, water, and humidity. The sensors are waterproof and are designed
as industrial technology. It is easy to install, has a 15-year life span, and a long
battery life (Frank, 2013).
CONCLUSIONS
Technology is developing and advancing at an extraordinary pace, and it is
having an unprecedented influence on facilities and the building construction
sector. More automated, customer-focused, and energy-efficient buildings are
becoming the norm. A balance of smart building elements and architectural
quality that is both aesthetically pleasing and functional must be created in light
of the present array of technological breakthroughs, as this may help to satisfy
user needs.
Architecture and technology have a long-standing interdependent connection in

which developments in one discipline permit or require changes in the other.
Contemporary architecture's new generation is significantly different from
earlier generations. They are moving with the changing paradigms, and in
today's world, smart technologies in building have changed the whole scenario
of construction. Smart buildings, both domestic and non-domestic, have a
technological identity, and technology is heavily involved in the design of their
shape, volume, façade, and materials (Vaisi, 2012). Earlier, technology was
limited only to residential architecture, but now industrial architecture is
adopting it.
One of the necessities for sustainable industrial growth is the provision of an

appropriate thermal environment for employees in order to improve their health
and productivity. Installing a lot of expensive equipment and spending a lot of
money on running it to keep the building at an acceptable temperature is a
common way to attain comfort. However, a well-designed building with smart
technologies allows residents to adapt it to their requirements and desires, such
as adaptive solar blinds, moving partitions seasonally, etc.
2157
On the other hand, a climate change study found a link between rising global
temperatures and the rate at which heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) systems are installed. Furthermore, since a major source of energy
from fossil fuels has been widely used to generate electricity, the final energy
demand is also concerned with energy conservation. Therefore, different
strategies must be considered to conserve energy. The building envelope,
particularly the selection of materials and design, as well as the surroundings,
such as plants and vegetation to promote natural ventilation, are major elements
determining building energy usage. Other significant factors include effective
lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Building
envelopes, cooling systems, and appliances should all be carefully considered
when designing structures, especially in tropical regions like Karachi. The
climate has a significant impact on the selection of appropriate building
technology, such as a cooling system and energy-efficient appliances. Finally,
if natural ventilation is used, thermal comfort should be maintained with
minimal building energy usage.
The simulation findings also demonstrated that automating lighting, adaptive

solar shading devices, cavity walls, and door operation may significantly cut
energy use. It was also shown that, depending on the building and HVAC
performance features, a 50–60% reduction in energy consumption is achievable.
Data availability statement
The authors will make the raw data used to support this article's conclusion
available without any delay.
Author contributions
Conceptualization, Humaira Nazir,and Bushra Khan; project administration,

Humaira Nazir, Ubaid Ullah, and Bushra Khan; methodology, Humaira
Nazir,and Bushra Khan; data collection, Humaira Nazir, and Bushra Khan;
formal analysis, Humaira Nazir, Bushra Khan, Ubaid Ullah, and Hassaan Bilal
Rashid; writing—original draft preparation Humaira Nazir; writing, review and
editing, Humaira Nazir, Bushra Khan, and Ubaid Ullah; All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are very thankful to the Chairperson of the Department of
Architecture and Environmental Design at SSUET, Mohammad Fazal Noor,
and Pervez Sadiq, an Industrial Consultant, for their assistance throughout this
study.
Conﬂict of interest
The study's authors declare that there were no financial or commercial links that
may be viewed as having a possible conflict of interest.
2158
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Role of Smart Technology in Architecture-Paving the Way for Smart Factory

Article · May 2023

Humaira Nazir Ar. Prof. Dr. Ullah U.

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ROLE OF SMART TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE-PAVING THE

Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Building Envelop, Factory Building, Smart Building,

environmental quality, lack of natural ventilation, inappropriate use of materials, and

In addition, as the world's population continues to grow and urbanize, the

is an integrated system of building systems. It joins individual computer

The use of smart technologies in domestic architecture is evident worldwide;

If considering Pakistan, the manufacturing sector contributes around 64% of

Considering the largest city in Pakistan, Karachi, is Pakistan's economic hub

Overview of Smart Building

Intelligent buildings have been improved to smart buildings, which combine

Talking about the evolution of smart buildings, building automation reflects

Standard in the ISO/IEC 14908 standards family (Buckman, Mayfield, and

Automation (1981- Response (1986-1991) Efficiency (1992-now)

In addition, according to Wei and Li (2011), the technologies that make a

1. Intelligent Building Control System (BCS): A building control system is

2. Input Information: Each system in a smart building has a means of

3. Information Processing and Analysis: Information processing is

4. Time Consideration: In smart building design, the time consideration

5. Building Management System (BMS): A building management system

Industrial revolution and smart factories

Figure. 3: Conceptual framework (Author)

Other additional methods were also employed, such as case studies,

Area of Study- Karachi

Dadu District is on its northeastern boundary, Thatta District is on its south-

Pakistan's single port is Karachi, and it is home to a large number of the

Figure. 5: Climate of Karachi (Source: Climate and average monthly weather in

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

Survey and Interviews Results

This research relies on surveys of existing factories, their analysis, and

Figure. 6: Analysis of spatial layout of factory building (Source: Author)

Figure. 8: Analysis of zoning and circulation of factory building (Source: Author)

An analysis of floor plans in terms of spatial layout and circulation, natural

How you see smart building concept for a factory design

Use of Membrane &

Considering the transition process from traditional buildings to smart buildings

Figure. 9 :( B) Concept of smart building envelope and its impact in industrial

Can a smart building envelope play a significant role in

What is your opinion on "technology in terms of building and

Figure. 9 :( D) Users opinion about the advancement of industrial sector in terms of

Building Information Model of the Proposed Building

After analysing the factory’s’ space layout, circulation, and questionnaire

Figure.13: Section at BB’

Figure.14: Section at AA’

Computational Thermal Simulation on Autodesk Revit

Figure.15: Computational simulation on Autodesk Revit (source: Author)

Category Override Analytic Construction

All None Shading factor for exterior window 0

Table 2: Simulation results of required indoor operative temperature of the factory

wall roof power people ventilation fan heat lighting

Table 4 Summary of zones with the effect of proposed installation of an air

Table 5 Result summary of thermal analysis (Source: Author)

Components Cooling Heating

Figure.18: Temperature range within adaptive thermal comfort: 23.7 -29.1