Lecture 4

Transformer
Working of Transformer
• A transformer contains two or more windings linked by a mutual field.
• The primary winding is connected to an alternating voltage source, which
results in the flow of an alternating flux whose magnitude depends on the
voltage and number of turns of the primary winding.
• This changing magnetic field gets associated with the secondary through
the soft iron core
• The alternating flux links the secondary winding and induces a voltage in it
with a value that depends on the number of turns of the secondary
winding.
• The operation of the transformer depends on Faraday’s voltage law and
Ampere’s law.
Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Types
• Power Transformer
 Power transformers are generally used in transmission network for stepping
up or down the voltage level.
• Distribution Transformer
 It steps down the voltage for distribution purpose to domestic or commercial
users.
• Instrument Transformer
 This include C.T and P.T which are used to reduce high voltages and current to
lesser values which can be measured by conventional instruments.

Conventional vs Autotransformer
Conventional Transformer Autotransformer

• Two Separate Windings • Single winding
• First winding act as primary winding • Can be used at different taps
• Second winding works as secondary • Smaller size
winding • Higher efficiency and voltage
• Provide Isolation regulation

Classification of Transformer
Transformers are classified, based on types of core structure
• Shell Type • Core Type
The mean length of windings is short The mean length of the magnetic circuit for this type is
long
Losses in Transformer
• Copper Losses:
It is due to the power wasted in the form of I2R due to resistance of primary and secondary
windings. The magnitude of copper losses depends upon current flowing through these coils.
• Iron Losses:
It depends upon the voltage applied.
• Hysteresis Loss:
Some energy is lost during magnetizing and demagnetizing due to hysteresis effect. This is called
hysteresis loss.
Depends upon: (i)Quality and amount of iron in the core (ii) Flux density and (iii) Frequency
• Eddy Current Loss:
The leakage magnetic flux generates E.M.F in the core produces current called eddy current loss.
Phasor Diagram of transformer on ‘No Load’

Transformer Performance Parameters
• Voltage Regulation
The voltage regulation measures the variation in the secondary voltage when
the load is varied from zero to rated value at a constant power factor
Transformer voltage regulation is the ratio or percentage value by which a
transformers output terminal voltage varies either up or down from its no-
load value as a result of variations in the connected load current
( ) ( )

( )
• Efficiency


• Losses produce a reactance and resistance in the transformers
winding providing an impedance path through which the
secondary output current
• Secondary winding consists of both resistance and reactance
• Internal voltage drop must occur in the windings of the transformer

by an amount depending on the effective impedance and the load
current being supplied (V = I*Z)
• The impedance (Z) of the secondary winding is the phasor sum of The secondary load current increases,
the voltage dropped within the
both its resistance (R) and the leakage reactance (X), 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑋 transformers windings must also
increase, and for a constant primary
supply voltage, the secondary output
The secondary windings no-load voltage is defined as: voltage must therefore fall
VS(no-load) = ES
and its full-load voltage is defined as:
VS(full-load) = ES – ISR – ISX
or VS(full-load) = ES – IS(R+jX)
∴ VS(full-load) = ES – IS*Z

Impedance, Z of the secondary winding is the phasor sum
of the resistance and reactance, their individual phase
angles are given as:

As V = I*Z, the voltage drop across the secondary
impedance is therefore given as:
Vdrop = IS(RcosΦ + XcosΦ)
and as VS(full-load) = VS(no-load) – Vdrop, the percentage
regulation can be given as:
Lagging Power Factor Expression Leading Power Factor Expression

3-Phase Transformer

Configuration of 3-Phase Transformer

Parallel Operation of Transformer
• The line voltage ratio of the transformers must be same.
• The transformers should have equal per unit leakage impedance.
• The ratio of equivalent leakage reactance to equivalent resistance
should be same for all the transformers.
• The transformers should have the same polarity.
• The relative phase displacement between the secondary line
voltages of all transformers should be zero. This means that
transformers to be connected in parallel must belong to same Group Additional
number like Yy0 and Dd0 belong to same group number viz. “Vector conditions for
Group” (A vector group is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) method of categorizing the high 3-Phase
voltage (HV) windings and low voltage (LV) winding configurations of three-phase transformers). Transformers
• The phase sequence of secondary line voltages of all the
transformers should be same.

Example
Q. The primary winding of a 500VA, 10:1 single-phase step-down
transformer is fed from a constant 240Vrms supply. Calculate the percentage
regulation of the transformer when connected to an impedance of 1.1Ω
Q. A single-phase transformer with a voltage regulation of 4% has a

secondary terminal voltage of 115.4 volts at full load current. Calculate its
no-load terminal voltage when the load is removed
Q. Calculate the regulation of transformer in which ohmic loss is 1% of the

output and reactance drop is 5% of voltage when power factor is 0.8 lag

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Transformer

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Conventional Transformer Autotransformer

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

• Secondary winding consists of both resistance and reactance

• Internal voltage drop must occur in the windings of the transformer

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Lagging Power Factor Expression Leading Power Factor Expression

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

Q. A single-phase transformer with a voltage regulation of 4% has a

Q. Calculate the regulation of transformer in which ohmic loss is 1% of the

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

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