A/L ICT Operating Systems

What is an Operating System?

O/S consists of set of programs that controls computer.
UNIX, MacOS, Android, Windows 7, Proprietary

System programs
• File manipulation – File Manager
Status information – Sys Info
File modification – Hex Editor
Programming language support – Batch Files, VBS, Python
Program loading and execution – Shell
Communications – PING
Application programs – MS paint

Application Programs : Office, ERP, CAD, MUSIC….software

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A/L ICT Operating Systems

O/S Services
kernel services, library services, and application-level services

Kernal
The core of the operating system is the kernel. It is a
control program running in privileged state. The kernel
responds to service calls from the processes and
interrupts from the devices. Kernal creates and
terminates processes and responds to their request for
service.

A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture where the entire operating system is working in the kernel space
and alone as supervisor mode. Microkernel is the near-minimum amount of software to implement an O/S.

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A/L ICT Operating Systems

Operating Systems
manage resources in the
computer.

Hardware processors, storage,

input/output devices,
communication devices, and
data, Memory.

Layered Approach Design

O/S are designed to easier to debug and

modify, because changes affect only
limited portions of the code.
The programmer does not have to know
the details of the other layers.

Layered Approach Design

O/S are designed to easier to debug and modify, because changes affect only limited
portions of the code, and programmer does not have to know the details of the other
layers.
Operating system services

Provide the user interface (GUI / CLI)

Sharing hardware among users (Printing)
Allowing users to share data among themselves (File Share)
Preventing users from interfering with one another (Security)
Scheduling resources among users (Printing)

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A/L ICT Operating Systems

Facilitating input/output (KBD/VDU)

Recovering from errors (Task Manager)
Accounting for resource usage (Printing)
Facilitating parallel operations (Multi Tasking)
Organizing data for secure and rapid access (HDD/ Catche)
Handling network communications (INTERNET)

Objectives of Operating Systems

1. Hide details of hardware by abstraction (transforms the physical world of devices,

instructions, memory, and time into virtual world using device drivers.

2. Provides file abstraction so that programs do not have to deal with disks.

3. Transforms the computer hardware into multiple virtual computers. Each program is
seen as a process.

3. Allocation of resources to processes (Manage resources)

4. Provide a pleasant and effective user interface (command interpreter, the file
system, on-line help, task manager, and application integration (CLI & GUI)

Operating Systems Design uses client-server model for the management of

processes, memory, I/O, file systems and security. + UI

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A/L ICT Operating Systems

Evolution of Operating Systems

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A/L ICT Operating Systems
The 1940's - First Generations (ENIAC)

The earliest electronic digital

computers had no O/S.
Programs and data were
entered one bit at time on
rows of mechanical switches.

The 1950's - Second Generation

Punch cards used in IBM 701 ran one job at a
time. (used Binary)

The 1960's - Third Generation

Batch processing systems enabled running several jobs at once
(Multiprogramming). Used Symbolic Programming Languages.
Punch cards used for input / output.

Multiprogramming
Partitioning memory into several spaces, with a different job in
each partition. While one job was waiting for I/O to complete,
another job could be using the CPU.

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A/L ICT Operating Systems
Spooling (simultaneous peripheral operations on line).
Instead of writing directly to a printer, the outputs are written to the disk.
Output printed when the printer becomes available

Time-sharing technique
Timesharing systems for multiprogramming of large number of simultaneous
interactive users.

1970 - Fourth Generation

LSI (Large Scale Integration) / Microprocessor technology
UNIX & DOS

Fifth Generation
Parallel Processing with multiple CPUs

1. Research Internet and find Windows Linux Time Lines

2. Solaris and AIX
3. What is the OS of Apple Mac
4. Who developed Linux, MS-DOS, Windows O/S?
4.Which Company developed Android and What O/S is it based on?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems

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A/L ICT Operating Systems
O/S Types

Real-time (multitasking, scheduling, event-driven/time-sharing design)

Multi-user (concurrent access, Time-sharing)
Multi-tasking (pre-emptive/ co-operative, time slices/defined times
Distributed (group of independent computers appear to be a single computer)
Embedded (operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy)

UNIX: SCO UNIX, BSD UNIX, SUN OS, AIX, SOLARIS, LINUX
WINDOWS : MS-DOS, WINDOWS 98, XP, 7, WINDOWS CE
Apple OS : Mac OS, OS X,
Linux : Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Edubuntu, Redhat, Suse, Mandrake, Hanthana ++

O/S Process Management

O/S manages user programs and system programs as processes.

Command Interpreter System

An interface of the operating system for the user to give commands to be executed by
operating system (make system calls). Command-Interpreter is usually not part of the
kernel. (shell in UNIX, CMD in windows)

CLI – Command Line Interpreter

Computer Components Managed by O/S
O/S uses device drivers to interface with hardware.

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Devise Driver Management

Networking, System protection & Security

Protection refers to mechanism for controlling the access
of programs, processes, or users to the resources in the
computer systems.

O/S Main-Memory Management

In Primary-Memory each word or byte has its own

address. It is accessed directly by the CPU.

1. Keeping track of which part of memory are currently used/ by whom.

2. Decide which processes are loaded into the memory

3. Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.

File Management in O/S

Magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical
disk. Each of these media has its own
properties like speed, capacity, and data
transfer rate and access methods. O/S
manages the

1. creation and deletion of files.

2. creation and deletion of directions.
3. manipulating files and directions.
4. mapping of files onto secondary storage.
5. back up of files on stable storage media.

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A/L ICT Operating Systems

I/O System Management

I/O subsystem connected with device drivers of the O/S.

Secondary-Storage Management

Secondary storage consists of tapes,

disks etc. Each location in storage has an
address; All addresses available to a
program is called an address space. O/S
is managing free space, Allocation of
space and Scheduling of requests for
data access.

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Comparative Access Speeds of Different Storage Systems

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