Aviation is the development and operation of air aircraft, such as hot air

Aviation balloons, airplanes, helicopters, and gliders. The word comes from the Latin
word avis, which means "bird".

Morphable wings

Hot air balloon Airsh

ips
Wing-less lifting bodies
Rotary-wing Ornithopter

Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. Aircraft
includes fixed-wing, ornithopter and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as
well as lighter-than-air craft such as hot air balloons and airships.
History of Aviation

Flying with birds has been a dream

of man since the Neolithic era. We
only achieved remarkable feats in
aviation after centuries of studies
and experiments preceded the first
successful flight.
15th century Aviation
Leonardo da Vinci had begun drawing
blueprints of a flying machine in the 15th
century. At that time, human flight had
never been contemplated, beyond a dream.
Late 17th Century Aviation
1783 was a watershed year for ballooning and aviation. Between 4 June and 1 December, five aviation firsts
were achieved in France:

On 4 June, the Montgolfier brothers demonstrated their unmanned hot air balloon at Annonay, France.
On 27 August, Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers (Les Freres Robert) launched the world's first
unmanned hydrogen-filled balloon, from the Champ de Mars, Paris.
On 19 October, the Montgolfiers launched the first manned flight, a tethered balloon with humans on
board, at the Folie Titon in Paris. The aviators were the scientist Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, the
manufacture manager Jean-Baptiste Réveillon, and Giroud de Villette.
On 21 November, the Montgolfiers launched the first free flight with human passengers. Jean-François
Pilâtre de Rozier, along with the Marquis François d'Arlandes, successfully petitioned for the honour. They
drifted 8 km (5.0 mi) in a balloon-powered by a wood fire.
On 1 December, Jacques Charles and the Nicolas-Louis Robert launched their manned hydrogen balloon
from the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris, as a crowd of 400,000 witnessed. They ascended to a height of
about 1,800 feet (550 m) and landed at sunset in Nesles-la-Vallée after a flight of 2 hours and 5 minutes,
covering 36 km. After Robert alighted Charles decided to ascend alone. This time he ascended rapidly to
an altitude of about 9,800 feet (3,000 m), where he saw the sun again, suffered extreme pain in his ears,
and never flew again.
Ballooning became a major "rage" in Europe in the late 18th century, providing the first detailed
understanding of the relationship between altitude and the atmosphere.
 The Wright Flyer (also known as the Kitty Hawk, Flyer I or the 1903 Flyer) made the first
sustained flight by a manned heavier-than-air powered and controlled aircraft, an airplane
on December 17, 1903. Invented and flown by brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, it
marked the beginning of the pioneer era of aviation.

First flight Modern Flight

But only at the beginning of the 20th century have we accomplished flight in a heavier-
than-air craft. Throughout the past century of evolution, aviation has acquired a
responsibility much greater than ever conceived.
The utilization spectrum of aviation extends from air combat and high-altitude surveillance
to more mundane functions like shipping mail and cargo.
Indian Aviation Industry
Aviation Industry in India is one of the
fastest growing industries in the world.
With the liberalization of the Indian
aviation sector, aviation industry in India
has undergone a rapid transformation.

From being primarily a

government-owned industry,
the Indian aviation industry is
now dominated by privately
owned full service airlines and
low cost carriers.
International Civil Aviation
Organization
ICAO Headquarters, Montreal, Canada

ICAO’s Regional Presence

1. ​ angkok, Thailand
B : Asia and Pacific (APAC) Office
2. Cairo, Egypt : Middle East (MID) Office
3. Dakar , Senegal : Western and Central African (WACAF) Office
4. Lima, Peru : South American (SAM) Office
5. Mexico City, Mexico : North American, Central American and Caribbean
(NACC) Office
6. Nairobi, Kenya : Eastern and Southern African (ESAF) Office
7. Paris, France : European and North Atlantic (EUR/NAT) Office
About ICAO
ICAO is funded and directed by 193 national governments to support their diplomacy
and cooperation in air transport as signatory states to the Chicago Convention (1944).
Its Official language are: 1. Arabic, 2. Chinese, 3. English, 4. French, 5. Russian and 6.
Spanish.
Its core function is to maintain an administrative and expert bureaucracy (the ICAO
Secretariat) supporting these diplomatic interactions, and to research new air transport
policy and standardization innovations as directed and endorsed by governments
through the ICAO Assembly, or by the ICAO Council which the assembly elects.
As new priorities are identified by these stakeholders, the ICAO secretariat convenes
panels, task forces, conferences and seminars to explore their technical, political, socio-
economic and other aspects. It then provides governments with the best results and
advice possible as they collectively and diplomatically establish new international
standards and recommended practices for civil aviation internationally.
Once governments achieve diplomatic consensus around a new standard’s scope and
details, it is then adopted by those same 193 countries in order to bring worldwide
alignment to their national regulations, helping to realize safe, secure and sustainable
air operations on a truly global basis.
It also conducts educational outreach, develops coalitions, and conducts auditing,
training, and capacity building activities worldwide as per the needs and priorities
governments identify and formalize.
International Agencies Indian Agencies
 Common Aviation Terms and their
Meanings
Abort – To stop or cancel takeoff or landing.
Accelerate – To increase the speed of the aircraft.
Acknowledge – To confirm receipt of a message.
Ailerons – Control surfaces on the wings that control roll.
Airspeed – The speed of the aircraft relative to the air around it.
Altitude – The height of the aircraft above sea level.
Approach – The final phase of flight before landing.
ATC – Air Traffic Control.
Autopilot – A system that automatically controls the aircraft's flight path.
Beacon – A light on the aircraft that signals its presence to others.
Birdstrike – A collision with a bird.
Bearing – The direction from the aircraft to a specific location.
Cabin – The passenger compartment of the aircraft.
Ceiling – The height of the lowest clouds or other obscuring phenomena.
Clearance – Permission from ATC to proceed with a specific action.
Cockpit – The area of the aircraft where the pilots sit.
Crosswind – A wind that blows across the aircraft's direction of travel.
Descent – The phase of flight where the aircraft descends to a lower altitude.
Dead reckoning – Navigation based on a previously determined position.
Elevation – The height of the terrain below the aircraft.
Engine – The power source for the aircraft.
Final – The last part of the approach before landing.
Flaps – Control surfaces on the wings that increase lift and drag.
Flight level – An altitude measured in feet above sea level.
Flight plan – A document that outlines the intended flight path and destination.
Glide – A descent without engine power.
Groundspeed – The speed of the aircraft relative to the ground.
Ground control – ATC responsible for aircraft movement on the ground.
Hold – A specified location where the aircraft waits for further instructions
Heading – The direction the aircraft is pointing.
ILS – Instrument Landing System.
Inbound – Heading toward a specific location.
Instrument – A device used to measure or control the aircraft's flight.
Intercept – To intercept a specific flight path or heading.
Jumpseat – An extra seat in the cockpit for a non-crew member.
Landing – The act of touching down on the runway.
Lateral – A movement from side to side.
Mach – A measurement of airspeed based on the speed of sound.
Maneuver – A change in the aircraft's flight path.
Minimums – The minimum altitude or visibility required for a safe approach or landing.
Missed approach – A procedure where the aircraft goes around and tries the landing again
Navigation – The process of determining the aircraft's position and flight path.
Nautical mile – A unit of distance equal to 1.852 kilometers.
Outbound – Heading away from a specific location.
Overhead – A position directly above a specific location.
Pattern – The standard flight path for takeoff and landing.
Pitch – The angle of the aircraft's nose up or down.
Pilot – The person who controls the aircraft.
Position – The aircraft's current location.
Portside– The direction to the aircraft's left.
Power – The amount of thrust or force provided by the engines.
Preflight – The process of checking the aircraft before flight.
Radar – A device used to track the aircraft's position and movement.
Radio – The device used for communication with ATC and other aircraft.
Range – The distance the aircraft can fly without refueling.
Report – To provide information to ATC or other pilots.
Request – To ask ATC for permission or information.
Roll – A movement from side to side.
Runway – The surface used for takeoff and landing.
Sector – A specific area of airspace.
Speed – The aircraft's velocity.
Squawk – A code transmitted by the aircraft's transponder.
Stall – A loss of lift due to a low airspeed or high angle of attack.
Starboard – The direction to the aircraft’s right.
Takeoff – The act of becoming airborne.
Taxi – The movement of the aircraft on the ground.
Thrust – The force that propels the aircraft forward.
Tower – The ATC facility located at the airport.
Track – The aircraft's flight path.
Transponder – A device that responds to ATC radar signals.
Turbulence – Unstable air that can cause the aircraft to bounce or shake.
Turn – A change in direction.
Unicom – A common frequency used for communication at uncontrolled airports.
Vector – A heading provided by ATC to guide the aircraft to a specific location.
Velocity – The speed and direction of the aircraft.
Visibility – The distance the pilot can see outside the aircraft.
Visual – A landing approach where the pilot can see the runway.
Waypoint – A specific location along the flight path.
Wind – The movement of the air relative to the ground.
Zero – The starting point for a measurement.
Longitude Longitude is
measured in
degrees,
These imaginary minutes, and
lines that divide seconds.
the Earth measures
distance east or
west of the prime
meridian. Lines of
longitude are also
called meridians.
Longitudes run
north to south from 64° 42' 12" W: Read as 64 degrees,
pole to pole, but 42 minutes, and 12 seconds west of
they measure the the Prime Meridian
Can also be written as 064 42 12
distance east or W, 064°42:12 W
west.
Prime Meridian
The prime meridian is an
imaginary line that runs
from north pole to south
pole through Greenwich,
England, and has a
longitude of 0°
The prime meridian and
its anti-meridian, which is
on the opposite side of
the Earth at 180°
longitude divides the
Earth into the Eastern and
Western Hemispheres.
Antimeridian – is a straight line is
drawn in the Pacific Ocean at 180
degrees of the Prime Meridian
and International Date Line is
drawn with reference of this line.
The International Date line
determines where the new day
begins in the world, this line is
not actually a straight line, rather
it follows national borders so that
a country isn’t divided into two
separate days.
Time Zone
A time zone is an area
which observes a uniform
standard time for legal,
commercial and social
purposes.
Time zones tend to follow
the boundaries between
countries and their
subdivisions instead of
strictly following longitude,
because it is convenient
for areas in frequent
communication to keep
the same time.
Coordinated
Universal Time
(UTC) is the
primary time
standard globally
used to regulate
clocks and time.
It establishes a
reference for the
current time,
forming the basis
for civil time and
time zones.
Each time zone is defined by a standard offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

The offsets
range from
UTC−12:00
to
UTC+14:00,
and are
usually a
whole
number of
hours, but a
few zones
are offset by
an
additional
30 or 45
minutes,
such as in
India and
Nepal.
The military time
zones are a
standardized,
uniform set of time
zones for
expressing time
across different
regions of the
world, named after
the NATO phonetic
alphabet.
The Zulu time zone
(Z) is equivalent to
Coordinated
Universal Time
(UTC) and is often
referred to as the
Aviation time.