Aa¨vq-1g Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ

MCQ Gi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n

❖ KvbvwWqvb `vk©wbK nvev©U gvk©vj g¨vKjynvb n‡jb wek¦MÖvg aviYvi cÖe³v| [Xv. †ev. ,Kz.‡evW© ,Õ16]
❖ wek¦Mªvg aviYvi mv‡_ RwoZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv- wkÿv, Kg©ms¯’vb, †hvMv‡hvM, wPwKrmv, M‡elYv, Awdm, evm¯’vb, e¨emv-evwYR¨, msev`,
we‡bv`b I mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM, mvs¯‹…wZK wewbgq|
❖ wek¦MÖvg ev Global village Gi cÖavb ev me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU| [Xv.‡ev Õ,16 ; h.‡ev Õ,17
❖ wek¦MÖv‡gi †giæ`Û n‡jv †bUIqvK© ev Kv‡bKwUwfwU| [e.‡ev Õ,17; P.‡ev Õ,16]
❖ wek¦MÖv‡gi †bwZevPK cÖfve-
(i) ev¯Íe mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM n«vm cv‡”Q
(ii) Z‡_¨i †MvcbxqZv n«vm cv‡”Q
(iii) mvBevi AvµgY e„w× cv‡”Q [wm.‡ev Õ,16]
(iv) hye mgv‡R mvgvwRK Aeÿ‡qi m„wó n‡”Q
(v) wWwRUvj wWfvBm `ªæZ evo‡Q
(vi) mn‡RB ¸Re ev wg_¨v msev` Qwo‡q mvgvwRK wek„sLjv ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q
❖ Kw¤úDUvi mswkøó hš¿cvwZ ev nvW©Iq¨vi mg~n‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi cÖ‡qvRb| [e.‡ev Õ,19]

wkÿv, Kg©ms¯’vb I e¨emv evwYR¨

❖ jvBf- K¬v‡m mivmwi wkÿv_x©‡`i cvV`v‡bi mdUIq¨vi n‡jv WebEx, Google Meet, Skype whatsapp, Zoom BZ¨vw`|
[iv.‡ev.23]
❖ AvDU‡mvwm©s ev wd«j¨vwÝs n‡jv B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK KvR †hLv‡b GK †`‡k e‡mB Ab¨ †`‡ki †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv hvq| [Xv.‡ev . Õ16; P.‡ev;17]
❖ AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi RbwcÖq gv‡K©U‡cøm ev Re †kqvwis mvBU n‡jv Freelancer, Upwork (c~‡e©i bvg Odesh), Belancer, fiverr,
Peopleperhour etc. [Kz.‡ev .Õ17]
❖ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQy BÑKgvm© I‡qemvBU n‡jv www.bikroy.com, www.daraz.com, www.alibaba.com, www.amazon.com,
www.ebay.com BZ¨vw`|
❖ BÑKgv‡m©i AšÍfy©³ n‡jv gv‡K©wUs ev wecYb, †mj ev weµq, †Wwjfvix ev mieivn, e¨emv msµvšÍ †jb‡`b|
❖ B‡jKUªwbK Dcv‡q A_© ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii c×wZ n‡jv EFT ev Electronic Fund Transfer.
❖ ATM Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Automated Teller Machine.
❖ WWW ( World wide web) n‡jv ey‡jwUb †ev‡W©i GKwU Ab¨Zg D`vniY|

fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU

❖ fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z e¨eüZ nq Qwei wÎgvwÎK wmgy‡jkb|

A_ev fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡ek n‡jv wÎgvwÎK| [P.‡ev .Õ17; w`.‡ev .Õ17; wm.‡ev .Õ17; iv.‡ev .Õ16; Kz.‡ev .Õ16; h.‡ev .Õ16]
❖ fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z e¨eüZ HMD ev Head Mounted Display n‡jv we‡klfv‡e ˆZwi Pkgv ev †nj‡gU| [e.‡ev .Õ23]
❖ fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi e¨envi/cÖ‡qvM †ÿÎ n‡jv- wPwKrmvq, we‡bv`b †ÿ‡Î, hvbevnb Pvjv‡bv I cÖwkÿ‡Y, mvgwiK evwnbxi cÖwkÿ‡Y, wkÿv I
M‡elYvq, e¨emv- evwYR¨| [h.‡ev .Õ19; iv.‡ev .Õ23, 19]
❖ D”PÿgZvm¤úbœ Kw¤úDUv‡i ms‡e`bkxj MÖvwd· e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g A‡bK `~i †_‡K KvR cwiPvjbvi cÖwµqv‡K †Uwj‡cÖ‡RÝ e‡j| fvPz©qvj
wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡Z †Uwj‡cÖ‡RÝ Gi cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq| [Xv.‡ev .Õ23; wm.‡ev .Õ23; g.‡ev .Õ23]

AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ I †iv‡evwU·

❖ Al ev AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ ( Artificial lntelligence ) Gi AvIZvq †ek wKQz †ÿÎ i‡q‡Q, hvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv: †gwkb jvwb©s
†evewU·, Kw¤úDUvi wfkb, b¨vPvivj j¨v½y‡qR cÖ‡mwms ( NLP) , w¯úP cÖ‡mwms BZ¨vw`| [e.‡ev .Õ23]
❖ K…wÎg e„w×gËv eZ©gv‡b wPwKrmvwe`¨v, hyׇÿÎ, K…wl, B-Kgvm©, wkÿv, wegvb Pvjbv, †Mwgs, †ivewU· BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ
n‡”Q| [e.‡ev .Õ23]
❖ NLP Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Natural Language Processing.
❖ K…wÎg e„w×gËv ev Artificial lntelligence cÖavbZ e¨eüZ nq †iv‡evwU†·| [h.‡ev .Õ16; e.‡ev .Õ16]
❖ K…wÎg eyw×gËv‡K cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ LISP, CLISP, PROLOG, C/C++, java, MATLAB, python, SHRDLU BZ¨vw` †cÖvMÖvwgs
j¨vs¸‡qR e¨envi Kiv nq| [w`.‡ev .Õ23]
❖ ‡ive‡Ui A‡bK¸‡jv e¨env‡ii g‡a¨ `ywU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi n‡jv RwUj mvR©vix wPwKrmvq [iv.‡ev .Õ16] Ges gvby‡li weKí wn‡m‡e
wec¾bK `ytmva¨ Kv‡R|

µv‡qvmvR©vix

❖ µ‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ hv‡Z AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ
wUmy¨¸‡jv‡K aŸsm Kiv nq|
❖ µ‡qvR©vmvix‡Z e¨eüZ cÖavb Dcv`vb ev µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U n‡jv Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb| [h.‡ev .Õ19; Xv.‡ev .Õ16; P.‡ev .Õ16] GQvovI Ab¨vb¨
µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U †hgb: Kve©b WvBA·vBW, Aw·‡Rb AvM©b [Kz.‡ev .Õ19], B_vBb †K¬vivBW BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq| [h.‡ev .Õ23
❖ µv‡qvmvR©vix wjfvi K¨vÝvi [h.‡ev.Õ16], , †cÖv‡÷U K¨vÝvi, jvsm K¨vÝvimn mKj ai‡bi K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq| wbD‡ivmvR©vwi I
wUDgvi wPwKrmvq µv‡qv‡_ivwc c×wZ we‡klfv‡e Kvh©Ki|

gnvKvk Awfhvb
❖ NASA Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
❖ evsjv‡`k 57Zg †`k wn‡m‡e wbR¯^ m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui gvwjKvbv AR©b K‡i Ges Óe½eÜz-1ÕÕ n‡jv wRI÷kbvwi m¨v‡UjvBU|
ev‡qv‡gwU&ª· I ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·

❖ ev‡qv‡gwUª· †Kv‡bv gvbyl‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi cÖhyw³| [iv.‡ev.Õ17; Ky.‡ev.Õ16; e.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ Rxe msµvšÍ Z_¨ e¨e¯’vcbv, RxeweÁv‡bi mv‡_ †WUv‡eR, A¨vjMwi`g, cwimsL¨vb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi mgš^q n‡q‡Q
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·| [P.‡ev.Õ23,19; wm.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ ‡cÖvwU‡bi wmKz‡qÝ ˆZwii cÖhyw³ n‡”Q ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·| GQvovI wR‡bvg wmKz‡qÝ, wRb‡_ivwc, gwjKzjvi †gwWwmb, Ilya
‰Zwi‡Z weKí kw³i Drm mÜv‡b, RxevYy A¯¿ ˆZwi‡Z ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e¨eüZ nq| [e.‡ev.;23]
❖ kvixie„Ëxq ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ-
(i) Av½y‡ji Qvc kbv³KiY (Fingerprint) [iv.‡ev.Õ23;P.‡ev.Õ16]
(ii) nv‡Zi †iLv kbv³KiY ( Hand geometry)
(iii) AvBwik kbv³KiY (Iris and retina) [wm.‡ev.Õ17]
(iv) gyLgÛ‡ji Aeqe kbv³KiY ( Face Recognition) [iv.‡ev.Õ19]
(v) wWGbG ch©‡eÿY ( DNA test)
❖ AvPiYMZ ev‡qv‡gwU&ª· c×wZ- [ Xv.‡ev.Õ23;wm.‡ev.Õ19]
(i) wK-‡evW© UvBwcs MwZ hvPvBKiY (Typing key stroke verification) [Ky.‡ev.Õ19]
(ii) nv‡Z Kiv ¯^vÿi hvPvBKiY ( Signature Verification)
(iii) Kɯ^i hvPvBKiY ( Voice Recognition)
❖ DNA ch©‡eÿ‡Y gvbe kix‡ii i³ e¨envi Kiv nq| [h.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb ev AvPiYMZ ˆewkó¨‡K m¨v¤új wnmv‡e K¨vcPvi K‡i G·UªvKkb K‡i
†WUv‡e‡R msiÿY Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z msiwÿZ †WUvi m‡½ K¤úvwiRb I g¨vwPs Gi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR Kiv nq|
[ wm.‡ev.Õ23;g.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ †gvevBj wmg µ‡qi †ÿ‡Î ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZi Av½y‡ji Qvc ev wd½viwcÖ‡›Ui gva¨‡g wmg wbeÜb Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| GQvov
RvZxq cwiPqc‡Î, cvm‡cv‡U©, Rb¥ wbe܇bI ev‡qv‡gwUª· e¨eüZ n‡”Q| [ mw¤§wjZ.‡ev.Õ18; h.‡ev.Õ16]

†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
❖ ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ RwUj †iv‡Mi KviY [Xv.‡ev.Õ19], wW.Gb.G- Gi bZzb wmKz‡qÝ ˆZwi Kiv [wm.‡ev.Õ16],
Rx‡ei bZyb wR‡bvg Avwe®‹vi Kiv, evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Bbmywjb Avwe®‹vi Kiv [Ky.‡ev.Õ16; e.‡ev.;16], D”P djbkxj km¨ Drcv`b
[P.‡ev.Õ17], AwaK Liv I VvÛv mnbkxj km¨ Drcv`b Kiv hv‡”Q|
❖ GMO Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- Genetically Modified Organism.
 b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
❖ AvYweK ch©v‡q avZe c`v_©‡K cwieZ©b I wbqš¿‡Yi cÖhyw³ n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| [mw¤§wjZ.‡ev.Õ18]
❖ weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz ˆZwi Kiv‡K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e‡j|
[Xv.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ gwjKzjvi K‡¤úv‡b›U †_‡K ˆZix Ae‡R± n‡jv b¨v‡bvcvwU©‡Kj| [w`.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ Top down c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K †K‡U †QvU K‡i Zv‡K wbw`©ó AvKvi †`Iqv nq| [h.‡ev.Õ23;P.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ Bottom up c×wZ‡Z ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª AvYweK Dcv`vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ax‡i ax‡i eo †Kv‡bv wRwbm ˆZwi Kiv nq|
❖ Avgv‡`i eZ©gv‡b B‡jKUªwb· n‡jv Top down cªhyw³|
❖ 1 nm= 10-9 m [Xv.‡ev.Õ17; h.‡ev.Õ 17; e.‡ev.Õ17; h.‡ev.Õ16; Kz.‡ev.Õ16;]
1

= 1,000,000,000 m

A_©vr , GKkZ †KvwU fv‡Mi GK fvM mgvb GK b¨v‡bv|

❖ Lv`¨RvZ `ª‡e¨i c¨v‡KwRs I cÖ‡jc ˆZix‡Z b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ nq| [wm.‡ev.Õ16; wm.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ cÖmvabx‡Z wRsK A·vBW Gi b¨v‡bvcwU©‡Kj hy³ nIqvq Z¡‡Ki K¨vÝvi †iva m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii ˆbwZKZv

❖ Kw¤úDUvi Bw_Km BÝwUwUDUÕ 1992 mv‡j Kw¤úDUvi Bw_Km Gi wel‡q 10wU wb‡`©kbv ˆZix K‡i| [w`.‡ev.Õ19;Kz.Õ‡ev.Õ17]
❖ ‡bUwfwËK A‡b¨I Z_¨‡K wb‡Ri bv‡g Pvwj‡q †`qv A_©vr A‡b¨i †jLv Pywi Kiv n‡jv †cøwRqvwiRg| [w`.‡ev.Õ19;w`.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ B-‡gBj A¨vKvD‡›U AbvKvw•ÿZ ev AevwÂZ B-‡gBj ev †g‡mR cvVv‡bv‡K ejv nq ¯ú¨vwgs| [wm.‡ev.Õ23;g.‡ev.Õ23]

Aa¨vq-2q KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷gm I †bUIqvwK©s

MCQ Gi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n

KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g I e¨vÛDB_

❖ †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g †gŠwjK Dcv`vb n‡jv 5wU| h_v: (1) †mvm©, (2) UªvÝwgUvi, (3) wgwWqvg, (4) wiwmfvi I (5) †WmwU‡Kkb|
❖ †WUv UªvÝwgkb ¯úxW ev e¨vÛDB_ Gi GKK‡K bps (bit per second) G wnmve Kiv nq| [Ky.‡ev.Õ23; h.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ eZ©gv‡b †bUIqv‡K© A‡bK †ewk e¨vÛDB_ cvIqv hvq e‡j bps Gi cwie‡Z© ( 1024 bit = 1 kilobit), Mbps ( 1024 kilobit=1
Megabit) GgbwK Gbps ( 1024 Megabit=1 Gigabit) A‡bK †ewk e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
❖ x †m‡KÛ †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq y bit
𝑦
∴ 1 †m‡K‡Û †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq ( ) bit
𝑥

𝑦
myZivs , e¨vÛDB_ = ( ) bps
𝑥

❖ b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ mvaviYZ 45-300 bps, f‡qm e¨vÛ mvaviYZ < 900 bps Ges eªWe¨vÛ mvaviYZ> 1 Mbps n‡q _v‡K|

†WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W I †gvW

❖ †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi `ywU Dcvq Av‡Q| h_v : (i) c¨vivjvj I (ii) wmwiqvj|
❖ weU wmb‡µvbvB‡R‡k‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| (i) A¨vwmb‡µvbvm, (ii) wmb‡µvbvm I (iii)
AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb|
❖ A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡b †cÖiK †h‡Kv‡bv mgq †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †cÖi‡Ki †Kv‡bv cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
 [iv.‡ev.Õ23;P.‡ev.Õ19;e.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ AvB‡mv‡µvbvm c×wZ‡Z †cÖiK I cÖvcK †÷k‡bi g‡a¨ †WUv UªvÝwgkb wW‡j ( Delay) me©wb¤œ nq| [ h.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ †WUv cÖev‡ni w`‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
(1) wmg‡cø· : †WUvi GKgyLx cÖevn
(2) nvd Wz‡cø· : †WUvi DfqgyLx cÖevn, Z‡e GKB mg‡q bq| [Kz.‡ev.Õ19]
(3) dzj- Wz‡cø· : †WUvi DfqgyLx cÖevn Ges GKB mg‡q m¤¢e| [w`.‡ev.Õ19; h.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ wmg‡cø· †gv‡Wi wKQz D`niY n‡jv Kx-‡evW©, gvwëwgwWqv, cÖ‡R±i, Kw¤úDUvi, gvDm, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb BZ¨vw`|
❖ nvd Wz‡cø· †gv‡Wi wKQz D`vniY n‡jv : IqvwKUwK , d¨v·, SMS , I‡qe eªvDRvi BZ¨vw`|
❖ †gvevBj †dvb I †Uwj‡dvb n‡jv dzj Wz‡cø· †gv‡Wi Ab¨Zg D`vniY| [P.‡ev.Õ17; Kz.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ MÖnxZv ev cÖvc‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K cÖavbZ BDwbKv÷, eªWKv÷ I gvwëKv÷ GB wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| GQvovI
Av‡iv `ywU †gvW, n‡jv A¨vwbKv÷ I wRIKv÷|
❖ BDwbKv÷ : †bUIqv‡K©i GKRb ‡cÖi‡Ki †_‡K ïay gvÎ GKRb cÖvcK †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| ( One to one †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW)|
eªWKv÷ : †bUIqv‡K©i GKRb †cÖiK †_‡K †WUv cvVv‡bv n‡jv †bUIqv‡K©i mK‡j Zv MÖnY K‡i| [Kz.‡ev.Õ17]
gvwëKv÷ : †bUIqv‡K©i GKRb †cªiK †_‡K cvVv‡bv †WUv †bUIqv‡K©i AbygwZ cÖvßivB ïaygvÎ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
❖ BDwbKv÷ †gvW wmg‡cø·, nvd-Wz‡cø· ev dyj Wz‡cø· n‡Z cv‡i| †cRvi, d¨v·, †gvevBj, †Uwj‡dvb, †Ljbv, IqvwKUwK, wm‡½j, SMS
BZ¨vw` BDwbKv÷ †gv‡Wi D`vniY|
❖ eªWKv÷ †gvW ïay wmg‡cø· n‡q _v‡K| †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb BZ¨vw` eªWKv÷ †gv‡Wi D`vniY| [e.‡ev.Õ17; wm.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ gvwjKv÷ †gvW nvd Wz‡cø· ev dzj Wz‡cø· G n‡q _v‡K| wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs, P¨vwUs, MÖæc wfwWI P¨vwUs, MÖæc SMS BZ¨vw` gvwëKv÷
†gv‡Wi D`vniY| [e.‡ev.Õ23;P.‡ev.Õ19;e.‡ev.Õ19;mw¤§wjwZ †evW© 18;wm.‡ev.Õ17]

†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨gmg~n (Wired)

❖ UzB‡÷W †cqvi †Ke‡j 8 †Rvov Zvi e¨eüZ nq| hvi cÖwZ †Rvovq GKwU Kgb is‡qi ( mv`v) Zvi _v‡K| [Xv.‡ev.Õ19; iv.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ †Kv Gw·qvj K¨ve‡j mwjW (Solid) Kcvi Zvi‡K wN‡i Rov‡bv _v‡K Acwievnx cøvw÷K †dv‡gi Bbmy¨‡jkb ( lnsulation )
❖ dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej g~jZ miæ KuvPZšÍÍy Ges, K¬vwWs I R¨v‡KU GB 3wU Ask Øviv ˆZix|
❖ UyB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji e¨envi- [wm.‡ev.Õ16]
(i) †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡b
(ii) B_vi‡bU †bUIqv‡K©
❖ †Kv Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji e¨envi
(i) cÖavbZ LAN G
(ii) wUwf wm‡÷g ev wWm jvB‡b
❖ †Kv- Gw·qvj K¨ve‡j UªvÝwgkb jm A‡cÿvK…Z Kg Ges 1 km Gi †ewk `~‡i †WUv cvVv‡bv hvq bv|
❖ AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍix cÖwZdj‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †WUv UªvÝwgU nq|
❖ AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii e¨vm 150 gvBµ‡bi g‡Zv nq|

†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨gmg~n ( Wireless )

❖ gvB‡µvI‡qf cÖhyw³ Transmitter I Receiver Gi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM euvavi Amyweav `~ixKi‡Yi m¨v‡UjvBU ev K…wÎg DcMÖn e¨envi Kiv
nq| [iv.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ GEO m¨v‡UjvBU f‚wg †_‡K 3600 km D”PZvq wbw`©ó Kÿc‡_ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| [Kz.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ eøyUz‡_i gva¨‡g ˆZix †bUIqvK© n‡jv PAN/WPAN [h.‡ev.Õ17] ÷¨vÛvW© n‡‡”Q IEEE 802.15 [w`.‡ev.Õ17] Ges ‡iÄ 3-10m.
❖ eøyUz‡_i wd«K‡z qwÝ 2.45 GHz
❖ IqvB-dvB (WiFi ) Gi gva¨‡g ˆZix †bUIqvK© n‡jv LAN [wm.‡ev.Õ19] WLAN, ÷¨vÛvW© n‡”Q IEEE 802.11 [iv.‡ev.Õ17; w`.‡ev.Õ16]
Ges †iÄ 50-100/200 m.
❖ IqvB-g¨v· (WiMax ) Gi gva¨‡g ˆZix †bUIqvK© n‡jv MAN [mw¤§wjZ †evW©Õ18] WMAN , ÷¨vÛvW© n‡”Q IEEE 80.216 [Xv.‡ev.Õ19]
Ges †iÄ 50 km ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
❖ Zviwenxb (AvbMvB‡WW) gva¨‡g Gi g‡a¨ †iwWI I‡qf Gi wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ cwimi 3kHz- 300 GHz, gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi 300 MHz-300
GHz Ges Bbd«v‡i‡Wi 300 GHz- 400 THz
❖ †iwWI I‡qf †iwWI-wUwfi wmMb¨vj I MRI h‡š¿ gvB‡µvI‡qf WiFi, gvB‡µvI‡qf I‡f‡b, †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡b,
Bbd«v‡iW wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvj, AcwUK¨vj dvBevi cÖhyw³, wdwRI‡_ivwc‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
†gvevBj †hvMv‡hvM I wm‡÷‡gi cÖRb¥
❖ †gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³ 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(i) GSM ev Global System for Mobile Communication
(ii) CDMA ev Code Divilon Multiple Access
❖ cÖ_g cÖRb¥ ev 1 G †gvevBj †dv‡b †mwgKÛv±i, gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Ges Kg e¨v‡Ûi wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv|
❖ 2G †gvevB‡j B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡ii myweav [e.‡ev.Õ16] ; me©cÖ_g MMS ev SMS mvwf©m [iv.‡ev.Õ19] †iwWI wmMb¨v‡ji e¨envi [e.‡ev.Õ19]
BZ¨vw` Pvjy nq|
❖ Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥I †gvevB‡j cÖ_g wfwWI K‡ji ïiæ nq| [g.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ 4G †gvevBj †dv‡bi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡jv AvBwc wbf©i Iqvi‡jm †bUIqvK© [Xv.‡ev.Õ17; wm.‡ev.Õ17] GQvov, AvjUªv eªW e¨vÛ MwZi B›Uvi‡bU
e¨envi Kiv hvq|

Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
❖ †fŠMwjK we¯Í…wZ Abymv‡i Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© PAN, LAN, CAN, MAN I WAN GB 5 cÖKvi|
❖ LAN- †K cÖavbZ 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-
(i) K¬v‡q›U- mvf©vi †bUIqvK©
(ii) wcqvi- Uz-wcqvi †bUIqvK©
(iii) wgkÖ ev nvBweªW †bUIqvK©
❖ PAN Gi cwimxgv 10 m Gi g‡a¨,LAN Gi cwimxgv 100 m Gi g‡a¨, CAN Gi cwimxgv 1-5 km Gi g‡a¨, MAN Gi cwimxgv 50-
70 mile Gi g‡a¨ Ges WAN Gi cwimxgv wek¦e¨vcx n‡q _v‡K|
❖ GKB fe‡bi wewfbœ Zjvq Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUvi mg~n‡K wb‡q LAN ‰Zix Kiv hvq| [iv.‡ev.Õ19; e.‡ev.Õ19; iv.‡ev.Õ17] GQvov †QvU -gvSvwi
Awd‡m LAN ‰Zix K‡i wcª›Uvi [w`.‡ev.Õ19] ; g‡Wj, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv hvq|
❖ PAN Gi gva¨g n‡jv eøyUz_, USB|

‡bUIqvK© wWfvBm
❖ myBP e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wmMb¨vj wbw`©ó cÖvcK Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖiY Kiv hvq| [mw¤§wjZ †evW©Õ18]
❖ ivDUv‡i cwic~Y©fv‡e †WUv wdëvwis m¤¢e| [w`.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ Gateway e¨envi K‡i cÖ‡UvKj Uªv݇mk‡bi myweav cvIqv hvq| [P.‡ev.Õ23; e.‡ev.Õ23; Ky.‡ev.Õ19; P.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ HUB GKvwaK Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq Ges GwU Kv‡bw±s c‡q›U ev wiwcUvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

†bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR
❖ Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s Gi Rb¨ 6 ai‡bi U‡cvjwR e¨envi Kiv nq| [P.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ evm U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kv‡bv †nv÷ ev †m›Uªvj Kw¤úDUvi _v‡K bv, G‡Z GKwU cÖavb K¨vej _v‡K hv e¨vK‡evb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
❖ wis U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi Zvi cvk¦©eZx© Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ e„ËvKv‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K| [ mw¤§wjZ †evW©18; P.‡ev.Õ17;e.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU †K›`ªxq wbqš¿YKvix Kw¤úDUvi ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi _v‡K hvi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi mivmwi hy³ _v‡K|
[h.‡ev.Õ23; iv.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ wUª U‡cvjwR‡Z Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Mv‡Qi kvLv cÖkvLvi g‡Zv A_©vr `yw`‡K `ywU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ web¨¯Í _v‡K|
[h.‡ev.Õ17; wm.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ †gk U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ cª‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi G‡K Ac‡i mv‡_ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K| [wm.‡ev.Õ23;mw¤§wjZ †evW©.Õ18; h.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †K›`ªxq wWfvBmwU nve, myBP ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kv‡bw±s wWfvBm n‡Z cv‡i| [wm.‡ev.Õ17; iv.‡ev.Õ16; h.‡ev.Õ16; w`.‡ev.Õ16]

K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs
❖ mdUIq¨vi A¨vR G mvwf©m (Saas) n‡”Q K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi GKwU †mev †hLv‡b e¨enviKvix K¬vD‡Wi Dci Pj‡Q Ggb †iwW‡gBW
mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| [Xv.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs cÖhyw³ B›Uvi‡bU Ges †K›`ªxq wi‡mvU© mvf©vi e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †WUv Ges Gwcø‡Kkbmg~n wbqš¿Y I iÿYv‡eÿY Ki‡Z
mÿg| [Xv.‡ev.Õ19]
 Aa¨vq-3q msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
MCQ Gi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n
msL¨v c×wZ
❖ Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i msL¨v c×wZ‡K cÖavbZ 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v: (i) cwRkbvj I (ii) bb- cwRkbvj| [P.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ wfwË ev †e‡Ri Dci wbf©i K‡i msL¨v c×wZ‡K 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: (i) evBbvwi, (ii) A±vj,(iii) †Wwm‡gj I(iv) †n·‡Wwm‡gj|
[h.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ evBbvwi, A±vj, †Wwm‡gj, †n·v‡Wwm‡gj n‡jv ¯’vwbK ev cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ Ges nvqv‡ivwMøwd·, Uvwj, †ivgvb BZ¨vw` n‡jv A¯’vwbK
ev bb cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ|
❖ †Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZ‡Z GKwU msL¨v †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ me©‡gvU hZ¸‡jv A¼ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq, †mwU n‡”Q msL¨vwUi wfwË ev †eR| †hgb:
`kwgK c×wZi Rb¨ †eR 10, evBbvwi Rb¨ 2|

❖ msL¨v c×wZ †eR †gŠwjK A¼

evBbvwi 2 0, 1
A±vj 8 [P.‡ev.Õ23] 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
†Wwm‡gj 10 [h.‡ev.Õ16] 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A (10), B(11), C(12),
D(13), E (14) ,F (15)
❖ LSB n‡jv Least Significant Bit Ges MSB n‡jv Most Significant Bit. [Ky.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ 2 Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z †hv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ we‡qv‡Mi KvR Kiv nq| [iv.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ Abvek¨Kfv‡e RwUj Ges A‰eÁvwbK †ivgvb msL¨v GL‡bv †eu‡P Av‡Q Ges Nwoi Wvqv‡j ev Ab¨ RvqMvq gvS gv‡S Avgiv Zvi e¨envi
†`L‡Z cvB [P.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ KzwowfwËK msL¨v c×wZi cÖPjb nq gvqvb mf¨Zvqv| [e.‡ev.Õ23]

Kw¤úDUvi †KvW
❖ †KvW‡K cÖavbZ 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v :- (1) wbD‡gwiK †KvW I (2) AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW|
❖ wewmwW (BCD), A±vj I †n·‡Wwm‡gj †KvW n‡jv wbD‡gwiK †KvW hv ïaygvÎ bv¤^vi wb‡q KvR K‡i|
❖ AvmwK (ASCII), BwewmwWK AvBwm (EBCDIC) I BDwb‡KvW (UNICODE) n‡jv AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW hv Aÿi, AsK Ges wewfbœ
MvwYwZK wPýmn AviI KZ¸‡jv wPý wb‡q KvR K‡i| [iv.‡ev.Õ16; P.‡ev.Õ17; h.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ `kwgK msL¨vi cÖwZwU AsK‡K mgZzj¨ evBbvwi msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv n‡j BCD †KvW cvIqv hvq| †hgb, (78)10 Gi j BCD gvb
(01111000)BCD [iv.‡ev.Õ16]; (72)10 Gi BCD gvb (01110010)BCD. [e.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ ASCII-7 †gvU 7wU weU Øviv ˆZix nq hvi evgw`‡Ki 3wU †K †Rvb weU Ges Wvbw`‡Ki 4wU‡K msL¨vm~PK weU ejv nq|
❖ evsjv fvlv mn mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i AšÍfz©³ Kivi Rb¨ 16 we‡Ui †KvWÑ BDwb‡KvW e¨envi Kiv nq|
[iv.‡ev.Õ16, wm.‡ev.Õ17,iv.‡ev.Õ19]

eywjqvb Gj‡Reiv I jwRK dvskb mijxKiY

❖ 1885 mv‡j Bswjk MwYZwe` RR© eyj GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi exRMvwYwZK c×wZ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib hv eZ©gv‡b eywjqvb exRMwYZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
❖ eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivq gvÎ 2wU A¼ Õ0Õ Ges Õ1Õ e¨eüZ nq †hLv‡b,
0 wg_¨v, Ad, 0 Volt †_‡K + 0.8 Volt
1 mZ¨, Ab, 2 Volt †_‡K + 5 Volt
❖ jwRK dvskb‡K mijxKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wKQy wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z nqÑ
(i) evgw`K n‡Z Wvbw`‡K mijxKiY ïiæ Ki‡Z nq|
(ii) cÖ_‡g cÖ_g eÜbxi wfZ‡ii KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
(iii) c~iK ev bU Acv‡ik‡bi KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
(iv) Zvici A¨vÛ (AND) Acv‡ik‡bi (.) Gi KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
(v) Zvici Ai (OR) Acv‡ikb (+) Gi KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
❖ wW- giMv‡bi Dccv`¨ 2wU n‡jvÑ
 (i) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐴̅ ⋅ 𝐵̅ [h.‡ev.Õ16]
(ii) ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅ [Kz.‡ev.Õ16]

jwRK †MBU
❖ n-msL¨K Pj‡Ki Rb¨ mZ¨K mviwY‡Z 2n msL¨K mvwi _vK‡e|
❖ AND, OR, NOT n‡jv 3wU †gŠwjK jwRK †MBU, [iv.‡ev.Õ23; Kz.‡ev.Õ23;h.‡ev.Õ16] NAND, NOR n‡jv 2wU mve©Rbxb †MBU [h.‡ev.Õ17]
Ges XOR, XNOR n‡jv 2wU we‡kl †MBU|
❖ NOT †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU Bbcy‡Ui wecixZ weavq, †MBU‡K Inverter ejv nq|
❖ NAND †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU NOT †MB‡Ui g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖ‡ek Kiv‡j AND †MBU Ges NOR †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU NOT †MB‡Ui g‡a¨ w`‡q
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡j OR †MBU cvIqv hv‡e| [w`.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ AND, OR mn Ab¨vb¨ †MB‡Ui GKvwaK BbcyU jvBb Ges GKwU AvDUcyU jvBb _v‡K, wKš‘ Bbcy‡Ui wecixZ AvDUcyU cvIqvi †MBU A_©vr
NOT †MB‡Ui GKwU BbcyU Ges GKwU AvDUcyU jvBb _v‡K| [Xv.‡ev.Õ16; Xv.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ NAND †MBU ‰Zix nq AND I NOT †MB‡Ui mgš^‡q [Xv.‡ev.Õ16,iv.Õ16] Ges NOR †MBU ˆZix nq OR I NOT †MB‡Ui mgš^‡q|
❖ 𝑌 = 𝐴̅𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵̅ = 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵; hv G·K¬zwmf-Ai jwRK †M‡Ui AvDUcyU dvskb [Xv.‡ev.Õ23;Kz.‡ev.Õ19,16] 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴̅𝐵̅ =
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵 hv G·K¬zwmf- bi jwRK †M‡Ui AvDUcyU dvskb|

Gb‡KvWvi-wW‡KvWvi
❖ Gb‡KvWvi GKwU mgevq wWwRUvj eZ©bx hv †Kv‡bv AvjdvwbD‡gwiK eY©‡K evBbvwi †KvW, wewmwW †KvW, A¨vmwK, BDwb‡KvW BZ¨vw` †Kv‡W
cwiYZ K‡i| [iv.‡ev.Õ17;hv.‡ev.Õ16;w`.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ Gb‡KvWv‡i 2 msL¨K BbcyU Gi Rb¨ n msL¨K AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq|
n
[iv.‡ev.Õ23;wm.‡ev.Õ17;h.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ wW‡KvWv‡i n msL¨K BbcyU Gi Rb¨ 2n msL¨K AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq| [e.‡ev.Õ23;Kz.‡ev.Õ19;h.‡ev.Õ19; 17; Xv.‡ev.Õ19]

nvd A¨vWvi-dyj A¨vWvi

❖ nvd A¨vWvi 2wU weU Bbcy‡Ui Rb¨ 2wU AvDUcyU, †hvMdj I K¨vwi cÖ`k©b K‡i|
❖ `yB weU †hvM Kivi Rb¨ †h m¤^wbZ eZ©bx e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K nvd A¨vWvi e‡j| [wm.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ dzj A¨vWvi 3wU weU Bbcy‡Ui (hvi 1wU Av‡Mi K¨vwiweU ) Rb¨ 2wU AvDUcyU, †hvMdj I K¨vwi cÖ`k©b K‡i|

†iwR÷vi-KvD›Uvi
❖ †iwR÷vi n‡jv GK¸”Q wd¬c-d¬‡ci mgš^q, hv GKwU †g‡gvwi wWfvBm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
❖ GKwU wd¬c d¬c GKwU evBbvwi weU (0 A_ev 1 ) aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
❖ wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb· G KvD›Uv‡ii e¨vcK e¨envi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
‡hgbÑ
1. K¬K cvj‡mi msL¨v MYbvi Kv‡R
2. UvBwgs wmMb¨vj cÖ`v‡bi Kv‡R
3. wWwRUvj Nwo‡Z
4. wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡i
5. A¨vbvjM wmMb¨vj‡K iƒcvšÍi Kivi Kv‡R|

Aa¨vq-4_© Z_¨ wWRvBb cwiwPZ Ges HTML

MCQ Gi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n
I‡qe mvBU
❖ MVb ˆewP‡Î¨i Dci wfwË K‡i I‡qe mvBU‡K ÷¨vwUK I WvBbvwgK GB 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
❖ ÷¨vwUK I‡qemvBU ïay HTML I CSS e¨envi K‡iB ˆZix Kiv hvq|
❖ WvBbvwgK I‡qemvBU ˆZixi Rb¨ HTML Gi cvkvcvwk PHP, ASP, ISP, SQL/MYSQL BZ¨vw` fvlvi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
❖ wKQz †cÖvUK‡ji bvg n‡jv-
HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
 FTP- File Transfer protocol
TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
❖ I‡qe wjsKW ev †bUIqvK© KvVv‡gv‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv I‡qe‡cR †_‡K mivmwi †nvg †c‡R hvIqv hvq|
❖ Wjwbqvi ev wmKz‡qÝ KvVv‡gv‡Z Previous, Next m¤úK© c~e©eZx, cieZx© †c‡R †h‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
❖ nvqvivwK©K¨vj ev wUª ÷ªvKPv‡i I‡qemvB‡Ui †cR¸‡jv Ge ev GKvwaK †j‡fj ev ¯Íi ch©šÍ msiÿY Kiv hvq| [Xv.‡ev.Õ23;mw¤§wjZ †evW©.Õ18]

A¨v‡Wªg (IP Address, Domain Name, URL)

❖ IpV4 wm‡÷‡g cÖwZwU AvBwc A¨v‡Wªm‡K cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ 4wU A‡±U (cªwZ A‡±U 8 we‡Ui) Ges 32 weU cÖ‡qvRb nq|
[P.‡ev.Õ19,16; wm.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ DNS ev Domain Name System n‡jv I‡qemvB‡Ui ¯^Zš¿ bvg| [Kz.‡ev.Õ23; w`.‡ev.Õ17,h.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ GKwU URL Gi wewfbœ Ask : [h.‡ev.Õ23]

https : // www. hubspot .com . us /marketing /parts_ url

Protocol Sub-Domain Second Level Top Level Country Directory Document

Domain/Domain Domain\ code Path File
Name Domain
Type

I‡qe eªvDRvi I mvP© BwÄb [Xv.‡ev.Õ16]

❖ RbwcÖq wKQz I‡qe eªvDRvi n‡jv :

1. ¸Mj †µvg (Google Chrome) [Kz.‡ev.Õ17]
2. gwRjv dvqvid· (Mozilla Firefox) [w`.‡ev.Õ16]
3. I‡civ (Opera)
4. mvdvwi (Safari)
5. gvB‡µvmdU GR (Microsoft Edge) [Kz.‡ev.Õ17]
6. B›Uvi‡bU G·‡cøvivi (Internet Explorer)
❖ RbwcÖq wKQz mvP© BwÄb n‡jv :
1. www.google.com
2. www.bing.com
3. www.yahoo.com
4. www.ask.com
5. www.amazon.com
6. www.pipilika.com

HTML Gi aviYv I †gŠwjK welqmg~n

❖ HTML ev Hyper Text Markup Language Ges WWW Gi D™¢veK n‡jb MIT Gi Aa¨vcK wUg evbvm© wj| [h.‡ev.Õ17; Kz.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ HTML w`‡q wjLvi Rb¨ †bvUc¨vW, †bvUc¨v ++, mvejvBg †U·U, wf.Gm †KvW BZ¨vw` †U·U GwWU‡i .html ev htm G·‡Ubk‡bi
dvBj Lyj‡Z nq| [wm.‡ev.Õ16; h.‡ev.Õ17; Kz.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ GBPwUGgGj U¨v‡Mi wPý n‡j < > (I‡cwbsU¨vM) Ges < /> ( †K¬vwRs U¨vM)| [h.‡ev.Õ17,17 Xv.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ HTML †Kv‡W I‡cwbs U¨vM †_‡K †K¬vwRs U¨vM ch©šÍ mKj wKQz‡K HTML K‡›U›U ev Gwj‡g›U ev Dcv`vb e‡j| [h.‡ev.Õ16; P.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ <html>……..</html> U¨vMwU n‡jv HTML Gi gva¨‡g I‡qe‡cR ˆZix‡Z Avek¨K U¨vM| [wm.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ GBPwUGgGj G head †mKk‡b _v‡K title Ges body †mKk‡b _v‡K WKz‡g‡›Ui mg¯Í †U·U|
❖ wb‡P wKQz G¤úwU ev duvKv U¨vM †`Iqv n‡jv :
< br> jvBb †eª‡Ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| [iv.‡ev.Õ23;iv.‡ev.Õ19;w`.‡ev.Õ19;Xv.‡ev.Õ17; mw¤§wjZ †evW©.Õ18; h.‡ev.Õ16;w`.‡ev.Õ16]
 <hr> Abyf‚wgK jvBb AvuKvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| [e.‡ev.Õ19]
<img> WKz‡g‡›U Qwe hy³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| [mw¤§wjZ †evW©.Õ18]
❖ < p align= ‘’center’’> Bangladesh </p> U¨vMwU‡Z Õ=Õ wP‡ýi evgcv‡k A¨vwUªweDU †bg, Wvb cv‡k A¨vwUªweDU †fjy Ges ÷vU© I
†K¬vwRs U¨v‡Mi ga¨eZx© mewKQy Gwj‡g›U Kb‡U›U| [iv.‡ev.Õ23;w`.‡ev.Õ23;h.‡ev.Õ19]

dig¨vwUs U¨vM
❖ 6wU heading teg i‡q‡Q hvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo heading teg n‡jv hl [Xv.‡ev.Õ23;Kz.‡ev.Õ17,Xv.‡ev.Õ16] Ges me‡P‡q †QvU heading
teg n‡jv h6. [P.‡ev.Õ17;Kz.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ Font tag Gi wmb‡U· n‡jv :
<font face= “font name’’ color= “font_ color”size= “size_number”>
HTML page- G evsjv font Gi Rb¨ face= “Sutonny MJ” n‡e|
❖ <b> , <u> , <big> , <em> , <i> , <small> , <strong> , <sub> , <sub> , <ins> , <del> , <mark> , <pre> wKQz
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ dig¨vwUs U¨vM| [iv.‡ev.Õ23; P.‡ev.Õ23;]
❖ <p> H ²0 </p> GBPwUGgGj †KvWwU I‡qe‡c‡R H20 cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| [Xv.‡ev.Õ17]

nvBcviwjsK
❖ nvBcvi wjsK ev wjsK U¨vM wjL‡Z anchor U¨vM e¨eüZ nq hvi wmb‡U· :
<a href= “URL” > link text </> [Xv.‡ev.Õ19; w`.‡ev.Õ19; mw¤§wjZ †evW© .Õ18; iv.‡ev.Õ17; wm.‡ev.Õ17; e.‡ev.Õ17; w`.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ nvBcviwjs‡K a href Gi A_© n‡”Q a hyperlink reference.
❖ wjsK U¨v‡Mi wKQz A¨vwUªweDU n‡jv href, title, target, name.

B‡gR U¨vM
❖ B‡gR U¨v‡Mi wmb‡U· n‡jv :
<img src = “image name with extension and path> [e.‡ev.Õ23; w`.‡ev.Õ23; Kz.‡ev.Õ19;e.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ B‡gR U¨v‡Mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© 2wU A¨vwUªweDU n‡jv :
Src = “URL” Qwei Drm wbaviY Kiv
Alt = “text” B‡gR †jvW Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j Zvi RvqMvq †h †U·U cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| [wm.‡ev.Õ23; P.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ jpg ev joint Photographic Group, jpeg ev joint photographic Experts Group, png ev Portabie Network
Graphics,GIF ev Graphics Interchange Format, svg ev Scalable Vector Graphics, BMP ev bitmap BZ¨vw` n‡jv B‡gR
dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb | [ Xv.‡ev.Õ23; e.‡ev.Õ17; h.‡ev.Õ16]

†Uwej I wj÷ U¨vM

❖ †Uwe‡ji †mj ev †Uwej WvUv wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ HTML table tag n‡jv <td>.
❖ <caption> U¨vMwU †Uwe‡ji title wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
❖ HTML G †Uwej ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ nq <tr> , <th> , <td> U¨vM|
❖ <table> U¨v‡M cellspacing A¨vwUªweDUwU e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU †mj †_‡K Avi GKwU †m‡ji gv‡S duvKv RvqMv ivLv nq|
❖ <table> U¨v‡M cellspacing A¨vwUªweDUwU e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g row height I column width evov‡bv hvq|
❖ HTML G mvaviY‡Z 3 ai‡bi wj÷ e¨envi Kiv hvq| [iv.‡ev.Õ23; P.‡ev,Õ23]
(i) Ordered list <ol>… … … </ol> (ii) Unordered list <ul> … … … </ul>
(iii) Definition list <dl> … … … </dl>

I‡qe wWRvBwbs Ges I‡qemvBU cvewjwks

❖ I‡qe wWRvB‡bi g~j KvR n‡jv †Ug‡cøU ˆZix Kiv A_©vr HTML WKz‡g›U ev dvBj ˆZix Kiv| [Xv.‡ev.16]
❖ CSS Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Cascading Style Sheets.
❖ I‡qemvBU cvewjwks Gi Rb¨ †Wv‡gb †bg †iwR‡÷ªkb Ki‡Z nq,I‡qe‡cR wWRvBb Ki‡Z nq Ges I‡qemvBU mvf©v‡i †nvw÷s Ki‡Z nq|
Important Tables
 ❖ HTML dig¨vwUs U¨vM:
U¨vM KvR ev e¨envi D`vniY djvdj
<u> †jLv‡K AvÛvijvBb K‡i <u> Have a nice day</u> Have a nice day
<ins> <ins> Have a nice day</ins>
<i> †jLv‡K BUvwjK K‡i <i> Have a nice time</i> Have a nice day
<em> <em> Have a nice time</em>
<b> †jLv‡K †evì/ †gvUv K‡i <b> Welcome to ICT</b> Welcome to TCT
<strong> <strong> Welcome to
ICT</strong>
<big> †jLv‡K wWdë mvBR †_‡K GK mvBR eo <big> Welcome to ICT </big> GKUz eo †jLv
K‡i †`Lvq|
<small> †jLv‡K wWdë mvBR †_‡K GK mvBR †QvU <Small> Welcome to GKUz †QvU †jLv
K‡i †`Lvq| ICT</small>
<del> <del> Welcome to ICT</del>
<strike> †jLv‡K gvSLvb w`‡q †K‡U †`q| <strike> Welcome to Welcome to ICT
ICT</strike>
<s> <s> Welcome to ICT</s>
<sub> mvew¯ŒÞ †U·U †`Lv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| H₂0 H20
<sup> †U·U‡K mycviw¯ŒÞ K‡i †`Lvq| X<sup>x</sup> Xx
<q> †U·U‡K †Kv‡Uk‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i| <q> Royal Publication</q> ‘’ Royal Publication
<mark> †Ljv‡K njy` is w`‡q wPwýZ K‡i| <mark> Royal Royal Publication
Publication</mark>
<pre> IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡i †hfv‡e †U·U jvBb †f‡O <pre> This is preformatted This is
†f‡O mvwR‡q wjwL †hfv‡e †Kv‡W wjL‡j GB text. It preserves both spaces Preformatted text.
U¨vMwU Abyiƒcfv‡eB cÖ`k©b K‡i| and line breaks. </pre> It Preserves both
spaces and line breaks.

❖ HTML wj÷ U¨vM:

U¨vM eY©bv
<Ol> AW©vi wj÷ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
<ul> Avb-AW©vi wj÷ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
<li> Avb-AW©vi Ges AW©vi wj‡÷I wj÷ AvB‡Ug ‰Zwi Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|

Ordered list type Unordered list type

type = ‘’A’’ n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e A, B, C type = ‘’disc’’ n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e
type = ‘’a’’ n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e a, b, c type = ‘’circle’’ n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e
Type = ‘’l’’ n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e I, II, III type = ‘’square’’ n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e
Type = ‘’i’’ n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e i, ii, iii

❖ HTML B‡gR U¨v‡Mi A¨vwUªweDU:

<img> U¨vM Gi A¨vwUªweDU mg~n:

i. src Qwei Drm wba©viY K‡i|

 ii. align B‡gR Gi Ae¯’vb wb‡`©k K‡i|
iii. width B‡gR Gi cÖ¯’ wb‡`©k K‡i|
iv. height B‡gR Gi ˆ`N¨© wb‡`©k K‡i|
v. vspace B‡gR Gi Dc‡i ev wb‡P j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e duvKv RvqMv wb‡`©k K‡i|
vi. hspace B‡gR Gi Wv‡b I ev‡g duvKv RvqMv wb‡`©k K‡i|
vii. border B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ Pviw`‡K wK cwigvY eW©vi _vK‡e Zv wb‡`©k K‡i|
viii. alt B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ GKwU AjUvi‡bU †U·U wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
❖ HTML †Uwej U¨vM:

U¨vM eY©bv
<table>….</table> †Uwej ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ GB U¨vM e¨envi Kiv nq|
<caption>….</caption> †Uwe‡ji cwiwPwZg~jK eY©bv †Uwej K¨vck‡b _v‡K|
<th>……</th> †Uwe‡ji Kjv‡gi †nWvi ev †nwWs wba©viY K‡i|
<tr>……</tr> †Uwe‡ji †iv ev mvwi wba©viY K‡i|
<td>……</td> †Uwej WvUv ev welqe¯‘ †jLvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
<tfoot> †Uwe‡ji dzUvi MÖæc Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

❖ HTML †Uwej U¨v‡Mi A¨vwUªweDU:

U¨vM A¨vwUªweDU f¨vjy ev gvb e¨envi
border 1,2,…. †Uwe‡ji eW©vi ˆZwi Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
bordercolor Rag (x,x,x) #xxxxxx †Uwe‡ji eW©v‡ii is wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
bgcolor colorname †Uwe‡ji e¨vKMÖvDÛ Kvjvi †mU Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

cellspacing 2,3,4….. †mj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ duvKv ¯’vb wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|

<table> cellpadding 2,3,4….. †m‡ji Kb‡U›U Gi g‡a¨ duvKv ¯’vb wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq
align left, right, center †Uwe‡ji Ae¯’vb (Wv‡b), ev‡g, †K‡›`ª) wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
evB -wWdë ev‡g _v‡K|
width Pixels; 50px %; eªvDRvi DB‡Ûv‡Z †Uwe‡ji cÖk¯ÍZv wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
Height 50% eªvDRvi DB‡Ûv‡Z †Uwe‡ji cÖk¯ÍZv wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
align left, right, center Mvwi Gi Kb‡U›U¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb (Wv‡b,ev‡g, †K‡›`ª) wbav©i‡Y
e¨eüZ nq| evB- wWdë ev‡g _v‡K|
bgcolor rgb(x,x,x)#xxxxxx
<tr> colorname mvwi Gi e¨vKMÖvDÛ Kvjvi †mU Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

width Pixels; 50px %; mvwi Gi cÖk¯ÍZv wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|

height 50% mvwi Gi D”PZv wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|

❖ <td> I <th> U¨v‡Mi A¨vwUªweDU :

rgb(x,x,x) †mj Gi e¨vKMÖvDÛ Kvjvi †mU Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
bgcolor #xxxxxx
colorname
width Pixels: 50%px %; †mj Gi cÖk¯ÍZv wba©vi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
<th> height 50% †mj Gi D”PZv wb©avi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
<td> rowspan 2,3,4 GKwU †mj KqwU mvwi‡K gvR© ev GKÎ Ki‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|
colspan GKwU †mj KqwU Kjvg‡K gvR© ev GKÎ Ki‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|
align left, right, center †mj Gi Kb‡U›U¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb (Wv‡b, ev‡g, †K‡›`ª) wba©vi‡Y
e¨eüZ nq| <th> Gi †ÿ‡Î evB-wWdë †K‡›`ª _v‡K| <td>
Gi †ÿ‡Î evB-wWdë ev‡g _v‡K|

❖ Style A¨vwUªweD‡Ui mv‡_ e¨eüZ wKQz †cÖvcvwU© I Zv‡`i e¨envi:

 †cÖvcvwU©i bvg e¨envi
Wide Dcv`v‡bi cÖ¯’ wba©viY K‡i
Height Dcv`v‡bi D”PZv wba©viY K‡i
font-family d›U wba©viY K‡i
Margin Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb †_‡K `~iZ¡ wba©viY K‡i
Padding Dcv`v‡bi mxgvbv †_‡K Gi †fZ‡ii Dcv`vb¸‡jvi `~iZ¡ wba©viY K‡i
Border Dcv`v‡bi mxgvbv †`L‡Z †Kgb n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i
text- align Dcv`v‡bi ‡fZ‡ii †jLv Kxfv‡e web¨¯Í _vK‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|
( †hgb: left, right, center BZ¨vw`)
Color Dcv`v‡bi is wba©viY K‡i
background-color Dcv`v‡bi †cQ‡bi c`©vi is wba©viY K‡i

Aa¨vq-5g †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv

MCQ Gi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n

†cÖvMÖv‡gi aviYv I wewfbœ cÖR‡b¥i fvlv

❖ weL¨vZ Bs‡iR Kwe jW© evBi‡bi Kb¨v A¨vWv jvf‡jm evi‡bvwj bv¤^vi e¨envi K‡i cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg iPbv K‡ib, ZvB Zv‡K cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvgvi ejv
nq|
❖ †hme †g‡gvwi‡Z Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Kivi c‡iI †WUv msiwÿZ _v‡K, Zv‡`‡K non-volatile †g‡gvwi e‡j| †hgb: ig, nvW©wW·, wWwfwW,
BDGmwe WªvBW BZ¨vw`| [iv.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ †gwkb fvlv n‡jv cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i fvlv, †h fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ Abyev`‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv [iv.‡ev.Õ19] KviY G fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖv MÖvg
Kw¤úDUvi mivmwi eyS‡Z cv‡i| [h.‡ev.Õ23; Kz.‡ev.Õ23; Xv.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ †gwkb fvlvi myweav n‡jv-
• †cÖvMÖvg mivmwi I `ªæZ Kvh©Ki nq| [P.‡ev.Õ16]
• Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg mivmwi eyS‡Z cv‡i ZvB Abyev`‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| [Xv.‡ev.Õ17]
• Kg cwigv‡Y †g‡gwi I jwRK e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vn Kiv hvq|
❖ mvs‡KwZK wPý w`‡q MwVZ A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv n‡jv 2q cÖR‡b¥b fvlv| [wm.‡ev.Õ16; w`.‡ev.Õ16; P.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ gvby‡li Rb¨ mn‡R †evaMg¨ fvlv n‡”Q nvB †j‡fj ev D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlv| †hgb: C [iv.‡ev.Õ19], C++,BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN,
Python, ALGOL, Oracle, Java BZ¨vw`|
❖ 4th Generation Language ev AwZ D”P¯Í‡ii [Kz.‡ev.Õ16] fvlvi wKQy D`vniY n‡jv- SQL, NOMAD, ORACLE, INTELLECT,
RPG III, FOCUS BZ¨vw`| [Kz.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ K…wÎg eyw×gËvq mvaviYZ 5GL ev 5g cÖR‡b¥i fvlv e¨eüZ nq hvi wKQz D`vniY n‡jv- Prolog, Ops5, Mercury BZ¨vw`|

Abyev`K mdUIq¨vi
❖ Abyev`K mdUIq¨vi 3 ai‡bi| h_v: K¤úvBjvi (Compiler) B›UviwcÖUvi (Interpreter) I A¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assembler) [P.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K hvwš¿K ev †gwkb fvlvq iƒcvšÍi K‡i K¤úvBjvi, B›UviwcÖUvi [Kz.‡ev.Õ23,16] Ges A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv‡K hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍi
K‡i A¨v‡m¤^jvi |
❖ K¤úvBjvi †mvm© ev Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K GKmv‡_ Ae‡R± ev e¯ÍÍ †cÖvMÖv‡g Abyev` K‡i Ges †cÖvMÖv‡g fzj _vK‡j me¸‡jv GKmv‡_ cÖ`k©b K‡i|
[e.‡ev,Õ23; w`.‡ev.Õ23,17; Kz.‡ev.Õ19; w`.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ B›UviwcÖUvi †mvm© ev Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K jvBb evB jvBb Ae‡R± ev e¯‘ †cÖvMÖv‡g Abyev` K‡i Ges †cÖvMÖv‡g fzj _vK‡j Abyev` eÜ K‡i GK
jvBb K‡i fzj cÖ`k©b K‡i| [h.‡ev.Õ23; w`.‡ev.Õ16]

Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg Dbœqb

❖ †cÖvMÖv‡gi wmbU¨v· fz‡ji Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi evZ©v †`q| [Kz.‡ev.Õ17]
 ❖ †cÖvMÖvg ˆZixi avc¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g n‡jv-
(i) mgm¨v wbw`©óKiY [P.‡ev.Õ17], (ii) mgm¨v we‡kølY [Xv.‡ev.Õ16], (iii) †cÖvMÖvg wWRvBb [w`.‡ev.Õ19] (iv) †cÖvMÖvg DbœqY ev †KvwWs
[mw¤§wjZ .‡ev.18], (v) †cÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevqb, (vi) WKz‡g‡›Ukb, (vii) †cÖvMÖvg iÿYv‡eÿY|
❖ †Uw÷s I wWevwMs n‡jv †cÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevqb ev implementation Gi Ask|
❖ †cÖvMÖvg wWRvB‡bi Uzjm n‡jv A¨vjMwi`g, †d¬v-PvU© I my‡Wv‡KvW|

A¨vjMwi`g- †d¬vPvU©
❖ A¨vjMwi`g kãwU G‡m‡Q gymwjg MwYZwe` Ógymv Avj LvwiRgxÓ Gi bvg †_‡K|

❖ †d¬vPv‡U© ïiæ/ †kl wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ Dce„Ë , BbcyU ev AvDUcyU wPý wn‡m‡e mvgvšÍwiK

❖ †d¬vPv‡U©i †gŠwjK MVb n‡jv mij Abyµg, wbev©Pb, jyc ev Pµ Ges Rv¤ú, GB 4wU|

wm †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi cÖv_wgK aviYv

❖ Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi †Wbwm wiwP 1970 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi GwUGÛwU †ej j¨ve‡iUix (AT & T Bell Laboratory)- †Z BDwb· Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g e¨envi K‡i C fvlvq D™¢veb K‡ib| [e.‡ev.Õ23]
❖ wm fvlv‡K ÷ªvKPvW© ev †cÖvwmwWDi Awi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR, wgW †j‡fj j¨v½y‡qR, †Rbv‡ij cvi‡cvR †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR, †Km
†mbwmwUf j¨v½y‡qR BZ¨vw` ejv n‡q _v‡K| [wm.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ C †cÖvMÖv‡gi AZ¨vek¨Kxq `yB Ask Link section I main function section- Gi g‡a¨ wmKy‡qÝ n‡”Q #include< > main
() [Xv.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ RbwcÖq wm K¤úvBjvi n‡jv-GCC-GNU Compiler, Clang, Intel C + + Compiler, Borland Turbo C BZ¨vw`|
❖ Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvgs (OOP) fvlvi D`vniY n‡jv- C++, Java, C# BZ¨vw`|

PjK, aªæeK I †WUv UvBc

❖ PjK ev †fwi‡qe‡ji bvgKi‡Yi wbqg Abyhvqx dvskb, Kx-IqvW©, †÷U‡g›U BZ¨vw` Pj‡Ki bvg wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| [e.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ C †cÖvMÖvwgs G PjK ev †fwi‡qe‡ji bvgKi‡Y AvÛvi‡¯‹vi I b¤^i e¨envi Kiv hvq, Z‡e ïiæ‡Z e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| GQvov ïiæ‡Z
†¯úkvj K¨v‡i±viI (‡hgb;!,@,#,$,%,*, +,- BZ¨vw`) e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| [Xv.‡ev.Õ23;iv.‡ev.Õ23;e.‡ev.Õ17,16;mw¤§wjZ.‡ev.Õ18;h.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ #define wcÖcÖ‡mmi ev const Kx-IqvW© e¨envi K‡i aªæeK wW‡K¬qvi Kiv nq|
❖ wm fvlvq Bw›URvi †WUv UvBc 4 evBU ev 32 we‡Ui [Xv.‡ev.Õ19; h.‡ev.Õ17], †d¬vU †WUv UvBc 4 evBU ev 32 we‡Ui [P.‡ev.Õ23; wm.Õ23;
g.‡ev.Õ23 iv.‡ev.Õ19,17], Wvej †WUv UvBc 8 evBU ev 64 we‡Ui [e.‡ev.Õ23] Ges K¨v‡i±vi †WUv UvBc 1 evBU ev 8 we‡Ui n‡q _v‡K|
❖ †fwi‡qej wW‡K¬qvi Kivi wbqg n‡jv-
Data Type Variable Name
†fwi‡qej BwbwkqvjvBRW Kivi wbqg n‡jv-
Variable Name= Value;

Acv‡iUi, Acv‡iÛ Ges G·‡cÖkb

❖ wi‡jkbvj Acv‡iUi 6 ai‡bi (<, >, <=,>=, = =,! =) [wm.‡ev.Õ23;g.‡ev.Õ23 iv.‡ev.Õ16; P.‡ev.Õ17], Ges jwRK¨vj Acv‡iUi 3 ai‡bi
(&&, II,!). [iv.‡ev.Õ17;Kz.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ wm fvlvq G·‡cÖkb X = pow (3,2)+ (5%2)+3 Gi gvb X = 13. [P.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ a++ n‡jv a=a + 1, q- - n‡jv a =a-1,a +=b n‡jv a = a+b, a- =b n‡jv a =a-b,a* =b n‡jv a =a *b,a/=b n‡jv a =a/b.

Kx-IqvW© I BbcyU- AvDUcyU †÷U‡g›U

 ❖ ANSI- †Z 47wU I C++ G 63wU Kx-IqvW© Av‡Q|
❖ wm Gi wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kx-IqvW© n‡jv- break, char, const, continue, default, do, double, else, float, for [iv.‡ev.Õ16] ,
goto, if, long, int, return, short, size of, switch [wm.‡ev.Õ19] void, while BZ¨vw`| [Ky.‡ev.Õ19; P.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ Bw›URvi, †d¬vU, Wvej Ges K¨v‡i±vi †WUvi dig¨vU †¯úwmdvqvi h_vµ‡g %d [P.‡ev.Õ23],%f [h.‡ev.Õ19; w`.‡ev.Õ17], %/f [iv.‡ev.Õ17] I
%C|
❖ wm †cÖvMÖv‡g DcvË MÖnY ev Kx- †ev‡W©I gva¨‡g †fwi‡qe‡ji gvb MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ gets ( ), getchar ( ), scanf ( ) dvskb e¨envi Kiv
nq| [Xv.‡ev.Õ16; P.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ scanf ( ) G †hme f¨vwi‡qe‡ji gvb BbcyU †bIqv n‡”Q Zv‡`i Av‡M A¨vgcvi‡mÛ (&) wPý e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| [P.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ wcÖ›U Kivi Rb¨ wm †cÖvMÖv‡g printf ( ) [w`.‡ev.Õ16; Xv.‡ev.Õ16], puts ( ), putchar ( ) dvskb e¨eüZ nq|
❖ printf ( ) \n bZyb jvB‡b hvIqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| [h.‡ev.Õ19]

K‡›Uªvj †÷U‡g›U ( KwÛkbvj I jyc)

❖ wm †cÖvMÖv‡g e¨eüZ jyc †÷U‡g›U¸‡jv n‡jv for, while, do while [iv.‡ev.Õ17] Ges Rvw¤ús †÷U‡g‡›U¸‡jv n‡jv break, continue,
goto.

❖ for i= I ; i < = 10; i+=2 n‡jv GKwU for jyc Gi †÷U‡g›U hvi Øviv jycwU 5 evi Nyiv‡bv hv‡e|
initialization condition increment/decrement

(KviY , i = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 Gi Rb¨ 5 evi jyc G XzK‡e) [P.‡ev.Õ17; h.‡ev.Õ17Õ mw¤§wjZ.‡ev.Õ18; Kz.‡ev.Õ19]

we `ª: for jyc w`‡q wewfbœ mv‡ji †ev‡W© cy‡ivcywi GB cÖkœ bv Avm‡jI, GB UvB‡ci A‡bK cÖkœ G‡m‡Q|
❖ int i, s =0;
for (i=l ; i < =n; i++){
s+ = I;
}
for jy‡ci mvnv‡h¨ avivi †hvMdj wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î i = avivi cÖ_g c`, i = < = avivi †kl c`, i = I + cv_©K¨ Ges avivi †hvMdj s G
msiwÿZ n‡e| [g.‡ev.Õ23; e.‡ev.Õ23; e.‡ev.Õ17; w`.‡ev.Õ19,16; P.‡ev.Õ19]

A¨v‡i I dvskb
❖ mgRvZxq †WUv msiÿ‡Y A¨v‡i e¨eüZ nq| [Xv.‡ev.Õ23; wm.‡ev.Õ17; mw¤§wjZ. †ev.Õ18]
❖ jvB‡eªix dvskb¸‡jvi †cÖv‡UvUvBc †nWvi dvB‡j ewY©Z _v‡K|
❖ dvskb `yÕai‡bi nq- (i) jvB‡eªwi dvskb, hv weë Bb dvskb ev Av‡M †_‡K wWdvBbW dvskb (ii) BDRvi- wWdvBÛ dvskb, hv †cÖvMÖvg
iPbvi mgq †cÖvMÖvgvi‡K wWdvBb K‡i w`‡Z nq|

¸iæZ¡c~Y© MÖvdmg~n
❖ †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPv‡U©i Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖZxKmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
 Important Tables
❖ wm †cÖvMÖv‡g wZbwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †nWvi dvB‡ji wewfbœ dvsk‡bi KvR:
†nWvi dvBj dvskb Gi bvg dvsk‡bi weeiY
Scanf( ) Kx‡evW© n‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi †WUv BbcyU †`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq
printf( ) †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi †WUv AvDUcyU cvIqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
stdio.h getchar( ) Kx‡evW© n‡Z GKB mg‡q ïay GKwU K¨v‡i±vi †WUv BbcyU †`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
putchar( ) GKB mg‡q ïay GKwU K¨v‡i±vi AvDUcyU cvIqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
gets( ) Kx‡evW© n‡Z w÷ªs †WUv BbcyU †`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
puts( ) w÷ªs AvDUcyU cvIqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
conio.h clrscr( ) gwbU‡ii c`©v cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
getch( ) GKwU K¨v‡i±vi BbcyU †`Iqv hvi wKš‘ Zv gwbU‡i †`Lvq bv|
math.h pow( ) Exponential Value (En ) gvb cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨|
sqrt( ) †Kvb msL¨vi eM©g~j gvb cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨|

❖ †ewmK Ges gwWdvBW †WUv UvBc †fwi‡qe‡ji Rb¨ msiwÿZ †g‡gvwi †¯ú‡mi cwigvY:
†gŠwjK †WUv UvBc gwWdvBW †WUv UvBc mvBR (weU)
Int or signed 16
Unsigned int 16
Bw›URvi ev c~Y©msL¨v Signed long int 32
Unsigned Iong int 32
Float 32
†d¬vwUs c‡q›U ev fMœvsk Double 64
Long double 80
K¨v‡i±vi Char or signed char 8
Unsigned char 8

❖ wm †cÖvMÖv‡g (wmÕ 89) e¨eüZ KxIqvW©¸‡jv n‡jv:

auto Double int Struc
break Else long Switch
case Enum register Typedel
char Extern return Union
const Float short Unsigned
continue For singned Void
default Goto sizeof Volatile
do If static While

❖ for/ while/do-while loop/if-goto e¨envi K‡i avivi †hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvg:
 for ‡÷U‡g›U Gi MVb: while ‡÷U‡g›U Gi MVb:
s =0; s =0;
for (a= cÖ_g c`; a <= ‡kl c`; a = a + mvaviY AšÍi) a = cÖ_g c`;
{ while (a <= †klc` )
s= s + a; {
} S = s +a;
printf(“%d”,s); a = a + mvaviY AšÍi;
}
printf(“%d”,s);
do-while ‡÷U‡g›U Gi MVb: If-goto ‡÷U‡g›U Gi MVb:
s =0; s =0;
a = cÖ_g c`; a = cÖ_g c`;
do level : s = s +a;
{ a = a + mvaviY AšÍi;
S = s +a; if (a ,= †klc` ) goto level
A = a + mvaviY AšÍi; printf(“%d”,s);
} while (a <= ‡klc` );
printf(“%d”,s);

Aa¨vq -6ô †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g

MCQ Gi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n

†WUv‡e‡Ri aviYv
❖ †WUv‡eR K_vi mnR A_© n‡jv Z‡_¨i fvÛvi|
❖ weU n‡”Q †WUv‡e‡Ri ÿz`ªZg GKK|
❖ †WUv‡eR wWRvB‡bi Rb¨ cÖavbZ 2 wU welq we‡ePbv Kiv nq| h_v: (i) wdwRK¨vj wWRvBb (ii) jwRK¨vj wWRvBb
❖ †WUv‡eR †Uwe‡j †WUv msiwÿZ _v‡K|
❖ wd‡ìi mgwô‡K †iKW© e‡j|
❖ wdì n‡”Q †WUv‡e‡Ri wfwË| [P.‡ev.Õ16; e.‡ev.Õ19; wm.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ GKwU †WUv dvBj ˆZwii mwVK Abyµg¸‡jv n‡jv : wdì †iKW© †Uwej †WUv‡eR| [w`.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ GK ev GKvwaK †iKW© wb‡q †Uwej MwVZ nq| [P.‡ev.Õ16]

†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g

❖ DBMS Gi c~Y©iƒc Database Management System.
❖ Mysqul, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, SQLite, Oracle Giv n‡”Q RbwcÖq DBMS mdUIq¨vimg~n| [iv.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ wK wdì mvaviYZ wZb cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_v:
(i) cÖvBgvix wK (Primary key)
(ii) K‡¤úvwRU cÖvBgvwi wK (Composite Primary Key)
(iii) d‡ib wK (Foreign Key)
❖ 1970 mv‡j RDBMS cÖeZ©b K‡ib GWMvi d«v¼ KW|
❖ EF Codd Zvi “Codd’s Twelve Rules’’ cÖe‡Ü wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡e‡Ri 12wU ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v D‡jøL K‡ib|
❖ mvaviYZ cÖvBgvwi wK Øviv †WUv‡e‡Ri cÖwZwU †iKW©‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
❖ cÖvBgvwi wd‡ìi †WUv¸‡jv BDwbK ev ¯^Zš¿ n‡q _v‡K|
❖ RDBMS Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡”Q Relational Database Management System.
†WUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv
❖ †U·U †WUv UvB‡c e‡Y©I msL¨v m‡e©”P 255 n‡Z cv‡i| [P.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi bvg, wVKvbv, c`ex BZ¨vw` †U·U (Text) †WUv UvB‡ci D`vniY| †WUv UvB‡ci D`vniY|
[w`.‡ev.Õ16;iv.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ †WUv‡e‡Ri me‡P‡q eo †WUv n‡”Q †g‡gv †WUvUvBc| [Xv.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ †g‡gv †WUvUvB‡c m‡e©v”P 65, 536 wU eY© †jLv hvq|
❖ Date/Time †WUv UvB‡ci Rb¨ 8 evBU †÷v‡iR cÖ‡qvRb nq| [P.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ †WUv †Uwe‡j n‡gR ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ OLE Object †WUv UvBc e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| [iv.‡ev.Õ19]

GmwKDGj (SQL)
❖ SQL Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡”Q Structured Query Language [e.‡ev.Õ17;iv.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ mvaviY †WUv‡e‡R †Kv‡bv Z_¨ †LuvRvi Rb¨ SQL e¨envi Kiv nq| [gv`ªvmv †evW©.Õ16]
❖ Insert, Update, Select Ges Delete KgvÛ SQL Gi Data Manipulation Language Gi myweav AšÍM©Z wKQz eûj e¨eûZ
KgvÛ| [iv.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ DDL Gi c~Y©iƒc Ñ Data Definition Language [Kz.‡ev.Õ19]
DCL Gi c~Y©iƒc Ñ Data Control Language
DQL Gi c~Y©iƒc Ñ Data Query Language
DML Gi c~Y©iƒc Ñ Data Manipulation [P.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ Create KgvÛwU DDL Gi AšÍfz©³ GKwU KgvÛ|
❖ mvaviYZ kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ †WUv‡eR †_‡K †Kvb †WUv Luy‡R †ei Kiv‡K Kz‡qwi e‡j| [Kz.‡ev.Õ16; Xv.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ †WUv †Uwe‡ji wdì I †iK‡W©I Ici wfwË K‡i wm‡j± Kz‡qwi ˆZwi Kiv nq|
❖ UPDATE, DELETE, APPEND Ges MAKE TABLE n‡”Q Pvi ai‡bi A¨vKkb Ky‡qwi| [iv.‡ev.Õ17; wm.‡ev.Õ19]
❖ †WUv‡eR SQL †Uwe‡j bZzb †iKW© ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ INSERT †÷U‡g›U e¨envi Kiv nq|
❖ †WUv‡eR SQL †Uwej †_‡K †iKW© ev` w`‡Z Delete row †÷U‡g›U e¨envi Kiv nq| [w`.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ mvaviYZ `ywU G·‡cÖk‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z Comparison Acv‡iUi e¨eüZ nq| (†hgb; <, > , < =, = BZ¨vw`) [h.‡ev.Õ16]

mwU©s I Bb‡Ww·s
❖ †WUv‡K GKwU wbw`©ó µ‡g mvRv‡bv‡KB mwU©s e‡j|
❖ mwU©s‡K cÖavbZ `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
❖ †WUv‡eR †Uwe‡ji †iKW©mg~‡ni A¨v‡Wªm jwRK¨vj AW©v‡i mvRv‡bv‡K Bb‡Ww·s e‡j| [w`.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ mvaviYZ †WUv Bb‡Ww·s‡qi gva¨‡g `ªæZ Kz‡qwi Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges Kv‡Ri MwZ e„w× cvq|

†WUv‡eR wi‡jkb
❖ mvaviYZ GKwU wd‡ìi †iKW© wb‡q GKwU wi‡c©vU ˆZwi Kiv nq|
❖ mvaviYZ †WUv‡e‡Ri AšÍfz©³ †Uwej¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †iKW©¸‡jvi m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ †WUv‡eR wi‡jkb‡K †gvU Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(i) One to one wi‡jkb [wm.‡ev.Õ17]
(ii) One to many wi‡jkb
(iii) Many to one wi‡jkb [h.‡ev.Õ16]
(iv) Many to Many
❖ Foreign key Ges Primary Key Gi gv‡S Many to One m¤úK© we`¨gvb _v‡K| [w`.‡ev.Õ17]
❖ Many to Many †WUv‡eR wi‡jk‡b Rvsk‡b †Uwej e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| [P.‡ev.Õ19]

†WUv‡e‡Ri e¨envi I †WUv‡eR wmwKDwiwU

❖ eo eo e¨emv cÖwZôv‡b kvLv Awdm¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri mgš^q Ges Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Corporate †WUv‡eR e¨envi Kiv nq|
❖ †WUv‡e‡Ri †WUvi †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv‡KB †WUv‡eR wmwKDwiwU e‡j|
❖ mvaviYZ GKRb †WUv‡eR A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi †WUv‡eR wmwKDwiwUi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb|
❖ g~j †WUv‡K Ab¨ di‡g‡U cwieZ©b Kiv‡K †WUv Gbwµckb e‡j| [mw¤§wjZ †evW©.Õ18]
❖ Gbwµck‡bi gva¨‡g †WUvi †MvcbxqZv wbwðZ Kiv nq| [Xv.‡ev.Õ16]
❖ †WUv‡K GbwµÞ I wWwµÞ Kivi welq‡K w·ÞvMÖvwd ejv nq| [h.ev.Õ16]
❖ Gbwµck‡bi cÖavb D‡jøL¨ Ask PviwU| h_v:- [wm.‡ev.Õ17]
(i) †cøBb‡U·U (Plaintext)
(ii) mvBdvi †U·U (Ciphertext)
(iii) Gbwµckb A¨vj¨vwi`g (Encryption Algorithms)
(iv) wK (Key)
❖ eZ©gv‡b 2 cÖKvi Gbwµckb †`Lv hvq| h_v:
(i) wm‡gwUªK (ii) A¨vwm‡gwUªK|

Important Diagram

❖ wKQz eûj e¨eüZ SQL Commands :

Command e¨envi
CREATE bZyb †Uwej, †WUv‡eR ˆZwi Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
SELECT †Kvb wbw`©ó †iKW©‡K wbevP©b Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
UPDATE bZzb gwWdvB ev nvjvbvMv` Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
DELETE †Kv‡bv †iKW© gy‡Q †dj‡Z Z_v ev` w`‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
DROP †Uwej ev †WUv‡eR gy‡Q †dj‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
INSERT bZzb mvwi ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
ALTER †Uwe‡j Kjvg hy³ ev gy‡Q †dj‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
WHERE kZ© wbevP©b Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
FROM mwVK †Uwej wb‡`©kbvq e¨eüZ nq|
IS NULL ïay bvj f¨vjyi mvwi wiUvb© Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
COUNT mvwi msL¨v MYbvq e¨eüZ nq|
ORDER BY †iKW©mg~n‡K mwU©s Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|