MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

BRISO, MARIEL C.
What is Mathematics in the Modern World? MATHEMATICS IN THE NATURAL
WORLD
• Mathematics as a system of knowing
or understanding our surroundings.
• It provides glimpses into the nature Mathematics For Organization
of mathematics and how it is used to
understand our world.  Using mathematical tools to make
• To explore those facets of sense of all existing data in
mathematics that will strengthen the generating analysis, interpretations
quantitative understandings of our and better decisions.
environs.
• It is specifically designed to connect Mathematics For Prediction
mathematics to the real world.
 Applying the concept of probability to
calculate the chance of an event
MATHEMATICS occurring like weather forecasts,
 It is the science of pattern and meteor showers and eclipses.
relationship.
Mathematics For Control
THE USE OF MATHEMATICS  Through its usage, man is able to
 It makes our life orderly and exert control over himself and the
systematic, and it prevents chaos; it effects of nature such as threat of
is used to express, solve, and climate change and global warming.
interpret the puzzles observed in
nature. Mathematics As Indispensable
 Logical reasoning and critical
THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS thinking are crucial skills that are
 It expounds the power of reasoning, needed in any human endeavor
creativity,abstract or spatial thinking, (doctor, engineer, chef, entrepreneur,
critical thinking, problem-solving farmer, nurse, fisherman, teacher,
ability, and even effective etc.)
communication skills.
PATTERNS
MATHEMATICS IN NATURE  Regular, repeated, recurring forms or
 It is evident in the natural world, designs
specifically in how the patterns that Examples
we observe in nature follow logical o Man-made patterns
and mathematical structures. o Nature patterns
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
BRISO, MARIEL C.
MATHEMATICAL PATTERN FRACTALS
• an expression of mathematics which • are geometric figures that are self-
are sequences that repeat and similar across different scales.
following rules as a way to calculate
or solve a problem.
ORDER OF ROTATION
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order
SEQUENCE
n (n-fold rotational symmetry) if 1/n of a
• an ordered list of numbers called complete turn leaves the figure unchanged.
terms, that may have repeated The formula to compute the angle of
values of which arrangement of rotation:
these terms is set by a definite rule.
Angle of rotation = 360° / n

PATTERN FORMATION IN NATURE

PACKING PROBLEMS
The zebras and tigers that are covered in
patterns of stripes, the number of petals in • Involves finding the optimum method
different layers of a flower, the rainbow of filling up a given space such as a
mosaic of a butterfly’s wings and the cubic or spherical container.
number of ridges on the leaves of a fern
plant
Suppose the circles have:
• The pineapple cone, the sunflower
• Radius (r) = 1 cm
seeds and the snail’s shell exhibit
• Area of circle (Ac) = πr2 = πcm2
logarithmic spiral pattern called
• Area of square(As) = S2 = 4cm2
Fibonacci

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
SYMMETRY & ORDER OF ROTATION
• It is a series of numbers or a
sequence that begins with zero or
SYMMETRICAL PATTERNS one with each subsequent number is
found by getting the sum of the two
• are designs or patterns that are preceding numbers.
identical on both halves when folded.
BILATERAL SYMMETRY FIBONACCI NUMBERS
• are evident in most animals and • are series of numbers that often
humans. Snowflakes and occur in nature or can be observed
Honeycombs contain Fractal everywhere in the world around us.
Patterns.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
BRISO, MARIEL C.
FIBONACCI SPIRAL SERIES
• Is the most prominent geometric • is the sum or difference of the
application of Fibonacci numbers in sequence separated by a plus (+)
our nature. sign or a minus (-) sign
• The spirals in the waves, eye of the • example:
storm, human face, ears, hair etc. 1 - 1/2 + 1/3 – 1/ 4 = 7/12
• The sunflower has a Golden Spiral
seed arrangement. The pineapple
has a double set of spirals (clockwise 2 CATEGORIES OF SEQUENCE AND
direction & the opposite). The SERIES
seashell or snail depicts Fibonacci
spiral.
GOLDEN RATIO (φ or ɸ) is an irrational Finite Sequence Finite Series
number with a value of:
1 + √5 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 35

φ= 2
= 1.618
Infinite Sequence Infinite Series
It is typically represented by the Greek
letter Phi “φ or ɸ”. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,… 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + …

The Golden Ratio 3 consecutive dots is called ELLIPSIS

• is a special number also known as which connotes that some elements of a
the Golden Section, Golden Mean, set are to follow but not listed
Divine Proportion, or Greek letter
Phi, which exists when a line is
divided into two parts, and the longer ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
part (a) divided by the smaller part • every term differ by a certain amount
(b) is equal to the sum of (a) + (b) called the COMMON DIFFERENCE
divided by (a), which both equal to which is denoted by small letter D (d)
1.618. o Example
2, 5, 8, 11, 14
❖ The difference between 2&5 is
SEQUENCE 3 so as between 5 & 8, 8 & 11,
• is the list of numbers separated by a 11 & 14
comma ➢ an = a1 + (n-1) d
• example: ➢ Sn = n/2 (a1 + an)
1, -1/2, 1/3, -1/4
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
BRISO, MARIEL C.
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE • it was developed by Leonardo
fobonacci, a famous Italian
• Every succeeding term has the same
mathematician. But his real name is
quotient when divided which is called
Leaonardo Pisano Bigollo. The name
the COMMON RATION and denoted
“Fibonacci” was made up in 1838 by
by a small letter R (r)
the franco – Italian historian
o Example
Guillaume Libri and is short for “filius
3,1.5,0.75, 0.375,…
bonnacci” (son of the bonacci).
❖ Is we divide the 2nd term by the
• Fibonacci sequence was used as a
first term (1.5/3) the quotient is
mean to solve the population growth
0.5 or 1/2 . the same result can
of rabbits and was belived to exist on
be obtained when dividing the
many things in the natural world like
3rd by the 2nd term and so on.
the resemblance of Fibonacci spirals
on the seashells, flower pistils, trees,
➢ an = a1 rn-1
flower petals, leaves, storms and
➢ Sn = a1 / 1-r (Infinite sequence)
even YOU.
➢ Sn = a1 (1-rn) / 1-r (Finite Sequence)

The Language of SETS

HARMONIC SEQUENCE
SET
• The reciprocal of every term depicts
an arithmetic progression • is a well-defined collection or
o Example aggregate of definite, distinct objects.
1/2 , 1/5, 1/8, 1/11, ….. • members are called elements So, If 3
❖ If we will get the reciprocal of is an element of Set A, then: 3 ∈ A”,
each terms, it will become 2,5, • Read as: “3 is an element of Set A”
8, 11 which formed an
arithmetic progression with a • The number of elements of a set is
COMMON DIFFERENCE of 3. called its Cardinal Number
❖ Therefore, the given sequence D= {1,3,5} , then , n(D) = 3
is really a harmonic sequence
as proven by the reciprocal of
every term. TWO WAYS OF WRITING A SET
Roster Or Tabular
➢ an = a1 + (n – 1) d Rule
Method
➢ Sn = n/2 (2a + n -1) d the elements are the elements are
➢ d = 2nd term – 1st term described listed or enumerated
A = {x/x is a counting A = {1,2,3,4}
number from 1 to 4}
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Read as “Set A is the set of
• the next term is calculated by adding all x such that x is a counting
number from 1 to 4”
the sum of the two previous terms
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
BRISO, MARIEL C.
KINDS OF SETS
❖ A and B are joint sets because the
1. FINITE SET
elements 2, 3, 4, and 5 are common
• Is a set with countable elements
to them.
and these elements can be
❖ A and C are disjoint sets because
enumerated or listed completely
they do not have common elements.
o Examples:
❖ B and C ae joint sets because 6 is
➢ A= { the set of all planets
common to them
in our solar system }
➢ B= { the set of all even
numbers between 2 and UNIVERSAL SET
50 }
• A universal set, U, is the totality of
elements under consideration.
2. INFINITE
• Is a set whose elements can not
be listed completely because it EQUAL SETS
has no end.
• Two sets are equal if they have
o Examples:
exactly the same elements.
➢ A= { the set of all
counting numbers } or {1.
2, 3, 4, 5, …) EQUIVALENT SETS
➢ B= { the set of all odd
• Two sets are equivalent if they
numbers} or {1, 3, 5, …}
have the same number of
elements.
3. NULL
• Is a set without any element SUBSETS
o Examples:
• Is a set whose elements are
➢ A= { the set of all even
elements of another set
numbers between 0 and
o Example 1:
1}
E – { the set of even numbers}
➢ B= { the set of all prime
❖ Is a subset of the set of
numbers between 6 and
real numbers because all
7}
even numbers are also
real numbers. If
JOINT AND DISCOUNT SETS R = {the set of all real numbers}
❖ then we write E  R
• Which have common elements,
disjoint is they do not have
o Example 2:
common elements.
Let U = {m, n, o, o, q}
o Examples:
A = {m, n} B= {x}
➢ A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
➢ B= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } ❖ Then A  U
➢ C= {6, 7, 8, 9, 10} ❖ And B  U
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
BRISO, MARIEL C.
ALGEBRA OF SETS BINARY OPERATION
UNION • A unary operation is for a single
number and assigns another number
• The union of two sets A and B set of
to it.
elements that belong to A or B and is
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication,
denoted by A  B. it means
and division are example of binary
➢ A  B = [x/x € A or x € B]
operations.
• The word “binary” means
o Example:
composition of two pieces. A binary
A= [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
operation refers to joining two values
B= [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
to create new one
A  B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
1. CLOSURE PROPERTY
VENN DIAGRAM • ADDITION: the sum of any two real
numbers is also a real number.
• A diagram that illustrates the
o Example: 12 + 34 = 36
operations on sets.

INTERSECTION • MULTIPLICATION: The product of

any two real numbers is also a real
• The intersection of A and B is the set
number
of all elements that belong to both A
o Example: 7 x 20 = 140
and B and is denoted by A  B this
means A B = { x/x € A and B x € B }

o Example:
A= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 2. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
B= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} • ADDITION: For any two real number
A  B = {5, 6} x and y, x + y = y + x
o Example: 1.5 + 7.8 = 7.8 +1.5
9.3 = 9.3
COMPLEMENT OF SET
• The complement of set A is the
whose elements are those not found • MULTIPLICATION: The product of
in A. It is denoted by A´ and it means any two real numbers is also a real
A´= {x/x € U but x € A } number
o Example: 8 x 5 = 5 x 8
o Example 40 = 40
U= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0}
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,}
B= {9, 0}
A´= {6, 7, 8, 9, 0}
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
BRISO, MARIEL C.
3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY 6. Inverse of Binary Operation
• ADDITION: for the two real numbers
• ADDITION: For any real number x,
x, y and z, x+(y+z) = (x+y)+z
x + (-x) = 0
o Example:
o Example: 100 + (-100) = 0
3+ (10 + 9) = (3 + 10) + 9
3 + 19 = 13 + 9
22 = 22
• MULTIPLICATION: For any real
number x, x . 1/x = 1
• MULTIPLICATION: For any two real
o Example: 98 . 1/98 = 1
number x, y & z, x . (y . z) = (x . y) . z
o Example:
3 x (9 x 6) = (3 x 9) x 6 ELEMENTARY LOGIC:
3 (54) = (27) 6
162 = 162 Connectives, Variables, Quantifiers, And
Negations

4. IDENTITY PROPERTY
• ADDITION: For any real number x, LOGIC
x + 0 = x . The number “0” is called • is the study of the methods and
the additive identity. principles used to discriminate
o Example: 78 + 0 = 78 correct from incorrect reasoning.
• In mathematics, it is concerned with
formal reasoning, proof of
• MULTIPLICATION: For any real mathematical statements statements,
number x, x . 1 = x . The number “1” nature of proofs and other aspects of
is called the multiplicative identity foundation of mathematics.
o Example: write an equivalent
expression of 3c/5 by PROPOSITION
multiplying 7/7 instead of 1
• The most basic part of a logic
3c / 5 = 3c / 5 . 1
statements is a proposition.
= 3c / 5 . 7 / 7
• A proposition is a declarative
= 21c / 35
sentence with truth value that is
either True (T) or False (F) but can
5. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF
never be both.
MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION
• Hence, it is subjected to affirmation
• For any two real numbers x, y and z,
or denial.
x(y + z) = xy + xz
o EXAMPLE:
(1) A square has four sides –
Proposition. Its truth value is
True
(2) Skip this chapter – Not a
proposition
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
BRISO, MARIEL C.
Proposition can be categorized according UNIVERSAL PROPOSITION
to quality. It can be affirmative or
• is a quantity of a proposition wherein
negative.
the subject is taken in full extension.

AFFIRMATIVE PROPOSITION
PARTICULAR PROPOSITION
• is a quality of proposition wherein the
• is a quantity of a proposition wherein
class designated by the subject is
the subject is taken in partial
within the class designated by its
extension.
predicate.
o Example:
(1) A right triangle is a triangle SINGULAR PROPOSITION
with a right angle
• is a quantity of a proposition wherein
(2) 2 + 2 = 6
the subject is only a single person or
(3) All whales are mammals
thing.

NEGATIVE PROPOSITION
The mood of the proposition is when the
• is a quality of proposition wherein the
two categories are combined. The moods
class designated by the subject is not
of a proposition are as follows: AEIO
in the class designated by its
predicate. A – UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
o Example:
o Using “ALL” – positive statement
(1) A trapezoid is not
o Example: All State colleges and
parallelogram
universities are under the
(2) Barrack Obama is not the
Commission on Higher
president of the United States.
Education
(3) All rhombus are not
quadrilaterals.
Quantitative Category of Proposition
E – UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
Category Example Explanation
The subject “mammal”
o Using “ALL” – negative
All marine
Universal
animals have
has “ALL” as quantifier. statement or using “NOT”
Proposition The subject is taken in o Example: All triangles are not
gills
full extension.
The subject “country” quadrilaterals.
has “NOT
Not all all” as a quantifier. The
Particular
Proposition
countries have subject I – PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
Presidents is taken only in
particular o Using “SOME” – positive
extension.
statement
Aljur Abrenica The subject “ALJUR
Singular
is an actor in ABRENICA” is only a
o Example: Some cities in the
Proposition
the Philippines single person or thing. Philippines are prone to floods.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
BRISO, MARIEL C.
O – PARTICULAR NEGATIVE RELATION
o Using “SOME” – negative • Is any set of ordered pair (x, y)
statement or using “NOT” wherein the set of all the first
o Example: Some fruits are not coordinates is called the DOMAIN (x-
nutritious values) of the relation while the set of
all the second coordinates is called
the RANGE (y-values).
• The symbol A and I for affirmative • It is enclosed by a parenthesis.
proposition came from Latin word • Domain and Range values are listed
“AffIrmo” which means “to affirm”. increasingly.
The symbol E and O for negative • Repeated values should be listed
proposition came from Latin word only once.
“nEgO” which means “to deny”. o Ex. [ (1,3), (-4,2), (0,8), (9,3) ]
❖ Domain: [ -4, 0, 1, 9 ]
❖ Range : [ 2, 3, 8 ]
• Simple propositions just like the
previous statements are the atoms of FUNCTION
logic. They can be further • is a relation by which there is no
decomposed. A combination of two repeating x-values
or more simple proposition makes a o Ex. {(2,3), (5,4), (0,3), (4,1)}
compound proposition by the use of ❖ Domain or X-Values: {2,
logical connectives. 5, 0, 4}
❖ Rewriting/Listing them
LOGICAL CONNECTIVE increasingly: 0, 2, 4, 5
❖ Range or Y-Values: 3,4,1
• is a word or symbol use to connect or 1, 3, 4 Just write the
two propositions to produce repeated value 3 for only
grammatically valid compound once.
propositions.

Connectives Symbols Read as

Conjunction pVq p or q
Disjunction p ∧q p and q

Implication p q if p, then

Biconditional pq p if and only if q

Negation  Not p
p