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Chap 13 Current Electricity Keypoints

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22 views3 pages

Chap 13 Current Electricity Keypoints

Uploaded by

baloch8ali8
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PET-2023 Page #……… (31) PHYSICS

PHYSICS POINTS CHAPTER-13


 Resistance :
When electrons flow in conductor atoms collide with atoms of conductor this is called
resistance.
 Resistance depends upon:
(i) Length of conductor R ∝ L
1
(ii) Area of conductor R ∝ 𝐴

(iii) Nature of material of conductor.


(iv) Temperature of conductor.
𝐋
(v) 𝐑 = 𝝆𝐀
𝑹𝑨
Where “𝝆” is called resistivity, 𝝆 = unit: Ohm – m
𝑳

Resistivity depend nature of material of conductor and temperature of conductor.


 Resistivity can be defined are resistance of a cube of unit length.
OR
 Resistance of a wire of material per unit of its length and per unit area of its cross section.
 Resistance and resistivity can never be negative
 When conductor is stretched then Re = n2R
 Temperature Co – efficient: Fractional change in resistance per degree rise of temperature.
∆𝐑 𝐑 𝐭 −𝐑 𝟎
∝= 𝐑 = (𝑅𝑡 = resistance at any temperature, 𝑅0 = resistance of conductor at 00C)
𝟎 ∆𝐓 𝐑 𝟎 ∆𝐭
𝝆𝐭 −𝝆𝟎
or ∝= 𝝆𝟎 ∆𝐭

 Temperature co – efficient of conductor is positive and Temperature co – efficient of semi-


conductor is negative.
 Two materials can never have same temperature co – efficient.
 Resistance of any material at any temperature.
Rt = R0 (1 + ∝ ∆T)
 Example 13.6, 13.7
 Resistance in series :
 Re = R1 + R2 + ……… + Rn
1 1 1 1
 = 𝐾 + 𝐾 + ………..+ 𝐾 (K = conductance)
𝐾 1 2 𝑛

 In series combination current has single path.


 In series combination current through each resistor is same but potential difference across
each resistance is not same.
S I NDH P UBLI C S CHO O L & CO LLE G E UME RKO T COMPOSED BY: M. HANIF MAHAR
PET-2023 Page #……… (32) PHYSICS
 Ve = V1 + V2 + ……….. Vx
 If „n‟ equal resistors are connected in series then Re=nR.
 Total resistance is equal to sum of individual resistances and is greater than resistance of
individual larger resistance.
 Resistance in Parallel :
1 1 1 1
 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 + ………. + 𝑅
𝑅𝑒 1 2 𝑛

 K = K1 + K2 + ……… Kn
 Reciprocal of total resistance is equal to sum of reciprocal of individual resistances and is less
than resistance of smaller resistance.
 In parallel combination current has different paths
 In parallel combination current through each resistor is different but potential difference across
each resistor in same and is equal to potential of battery.
 I = I1 + I2 + ……. + In
 If „n‟ equal resistors are connected in parallel then Re=R/n.
 If we have “r” resistances then we can form (n - 1) circuits.
 Power dissipation
 When a charge moves in conductor it faces resistance and source does work to move charge
in a conductor due which electric potential energy of source is converted into heat. The wok
done per unit time to move a charge is called power dissipation.
𝑊 𝑄𝑉
P= = = 𝑉𝐼, P = I2 R (resistance in series), P = V2/R (resistance in parallel).
𝑡 𝑡

 Potential energy of source is converted into heat and vibrational energy of molecules of conductor.
𝑉2
 Heat produced in a conductor when current flows in it is equal to H=VIT = I2 Rt= 𝑡, these are
𝑅

called Joule‟s laws of heating.


 1Kwh = 1 unit of electricity = 36x105J
 Example 13.11, 13.12, 13.3
 Electromotive force (EMF)
 Work done per unit charge in moving it through circuit is called electromotive force.
𝑾
EMF = unit J/c = volt.
𝒒

 EMF of an automobile battery is 12V which means 12J of work is done on each coulomb of
charge that passes through the battery.
 Battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

S I NDH P UBLI C S CHO O L & CO LLE G E UME RKO T COMPOSED BY: M. HANIF MAHAR
PET-2023 Page #……… (33) PHYSICS
 Generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, thermocouple converts heat
energy to electrical energy.
 Internal resistance (r): Resistance offered by electrodes and electrolytes when electron pass-
through battery is called internal resistance.
 Internal resistance of battery increase with time.
 Load resistance (R): Resistance connected across terminals of battery is called load
resistance.
 Terminal potential difference(V): Potential difference across load resistance is called
terminal potential difference (V =IR)
 Lost voltage potential which is dispelled within battery is called charge through battery is
called lost voltage (V = Ir).
𝐸
 Current supplied by battery I = 𝑅+𝑟 .

 Current supplied by battery is dominated by internal resistance.


 E = IR (Terminal P.d) + Ir (Lost voltage).
 When battery is not in EMF = terminal potential E = IR
 When battery is supplying current terminal potential is less than EMF >IR, V = E – IR.
 When battery in being charged terminal potential is greater EMF. V = E + Ir
 Terminal potential becomes zero when very much current is drawn from battery.
 Cell in series:
 Emf of set is sum of emf of individual cells. E = E1 + E2 + ……… En
 Internal resistance of the set is sum of individual resistance. r= r1 + r2 + ……….. rn
 Cell is parallel:
 Emf of combination is equal o emfs of individual battery.
 Batteries are combined in parallel when emf of battery or cell is sufficient but its capacity is small.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
E = E1 = E2 ……. En, = 𝒓 + 𝒓 ………. = 𝒓
𝒓 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏

S I NDH P UBLI C S CHO O L & CO LLE G E UME RKO T COMPOSED BY: M. HANIF MAHAR

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