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Anfal Phys Assignment

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20 views10 pages

Anfal Phys Assignment

Uploaded by

Fatima Faisal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Compressive and

tensile forces
Chap : 7.4

Compression
-It describes a force that squeezes and shortens an
object.
-It occurs when a physical force presses inward on an
object, causing it to become compacted .
Example

-When a wire is bent, the part of wire which becomes shorter has
undergone compression.

Tensile

-It is associated with tension or pulling for example a tensile force.


-It is the stretching forces acting on a body.
Example

-When a wire is bent, the part which becomes longer is


under tension or tensile force.

Hooke’s Law

It states that the extension of an object is proportional to


the applied force (load), provided the elastic limit is not
exceeded.
-A material obeys Hook’s Law only if limit of
proportionality is not reached.

Hook’s Law can be written as :

Where, F : force
x : extension

This leads us to the equation:


F=kx
 k is called the “spring constant”
 the SI unit of k will be N/cm if x is in cm or N/m if x is in m.
 the unit is derived from the equation k = F/x.
 It tells you how much force is needed to extend the spring by
1m (or 1cm).
 k is different for different springs.
 Larger value of k means the spring is more stiff.

Extension
It is the increase in the length of a material from its original
length.

Spring constant
The force per unit extension of a spring; unit is N/m.
A graph of force (y-axis) against extension (x-axis):

 Point A is called “limit of proportionality”.


 It is defined as point after which the force (load) and
extension are no longer proportional.
 Up to point A force is directly proportional to extension.
 This is Hooke’s law.
 This graph can be used to determine the stiffness of a
spring.
 Beyond the limit of proportionality the equation F = k x
can no longer be used.
Key definitions
Elastic deformation
An object that returns to its initial length
when the force is removed has deformed
elastically

Plastic deformation
An object that does not return to its
initial length when the force is removed
permanently-it has deformed plastically

Limit of proportionality
The point beyond which extension of a
spring is no longer proportional to the
force
Elastic limit
The value of stress beyond which an object
(such as a spring) will not return to its original
dimensions.

PP Question
A spring was stretched with increasing load. The graph of
the result is shown below.
Solution :

The correct answer is D because :


 Hooke’s law states F = k x, where k is the spring
constant
 The gradient of force-extension graph is the
spring constant
 Load= 0.4N Extension = 15 – 0= 5cm = 0.05m.
 K=0.4/0.05 =8.0 N/m.

SAQ’s

Question 11:
Figure 7.9 shows the force extension graph for a
wire that is stretched and then released.
a. Which point shows the limit of proportionality?
b. Which point shows the elastic limit?

Solution:

a. B
b. C
Question 12

Figure 7. 1 1 shows the force extension graphs for force


springs A, B, C&D.

a. State which spring has the greatest value of force


constant.
b. State which is the least stiff.
c. State which of the four springs does not obey Hooke’s
law.

Solution:
a. Spring D – because it has steepest gradient.
b. Spring A – because it has the more extension for every
unit of force applied.
c. Spring C – because there is no straight line being
formed.

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