Unit 7: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Learning Objectives
Learners will learn to:
 describe the domains of artificial intelligence

 define the term ‘Big Data’ and describe its applications

 recognise bias in AI systems and learn how to avoid it

 identify real-world applications of AI across various industries

Vocabulary
domain
big data
bias

Let Us Start

AI stands for Artificial

Hey, I have heard a lot about
Intelligence and it is indeed a
AI lately, but it seems like such
vast field. There are several
a broad term. What exactly
domains within AI, each
does it encompass?
focusing on different aspects.
Let us learn about them.

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Let Us Explore
Read the following paragraph.
Once upon a time, there was a magical website called ShopSmart in the bustling world of

online shopping. One day, a curious shopper, Emma, visited ShopSmart to find the perfect

pair of sneakers. Emma landed on the ShopSmart homepage, greeted by a collection of

products tailored just for her. After a few days, the website suggested items perfect for

Emma now but matching her evolving tastes.

Think and answer the given questions.

 How does ShopSmart recommend products based on Emma’s preferences?

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 What types of data do you think ShopSmart used to understand Emma's preferences?

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Get, Set, Go
7.1 Domains of Artificial Intelligence
We know that technology involving computers follows the concept of input-process-

output. In AI, it can be rewritten as data-analysis-prediction.

Artificial Intelligence domains refer to the various areas or fields where AI can be

applied. Let us look into the following three AI domains:

Domains of AI

Natural
Data Science Computer Vision Language
Processing (NLP)

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Data Science
Data is a collection of facts or figures that can be processed to get meaningful

information. This data can be textual, audio or visual. Data Science is the study of

large amounts of data. The domain of data science involves extracting insights,

knowledge, and information from large and complex data sets using advanced

analytical and statistical tools. This process involves cleaning, transforming, analyzing,

and interpreting data to draw meaningful conclusions and inform business decisions.

Example: The internet is entirely based on data science. Search engines use data

science algorithms to give you the best results for your search. Also, when you search

for one result on a shopping app, a recommendation engine gives you several

recommendations. The recommendation engine gets a lot of data from your

shopping patterns and history. It uses data science algorithms to analyse this data

and recommend products that are relevant to you.

Big Data
The term Big Data refers to an enormous volume of data with sizes that exceed the

capacity of traditional software to process within an acceptable time and value. Big

Data has two main features: Volume and Speed.

The term has been used since the 1990s, with some giving credit to John Mashey.

Big Data usually includes data sets with sizes beyond the ability of commonly used

software tools to capture, curate, manage, and process data within a tolerable time.

Big Data encompasses unstructured, semi-structured, and even structured data.

However, the main focus is on unstructured data.

Using AI-powered writing tool

Grammarly is a popular writing assistant tool primarily focusing on grammar and

spelling correction, style improvement, and suggesting vocabulary enhancements.

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It uses the data science domain, taking data as a text. The system is trained on a vast

dataset of diverse Instagram captions. This dataset teaches the AI model about

various writing styles, tones, and content commonly found in Instagram captions.

Steps to use Instagram Caption Creator in Grammarly

Step 1: Open the link https://www.grammarly.com/ai-writing-tools

Step 2: Navigate to the Instagram Caption Creator option on the web page. Click on

it.

Step 3: The ‘AI Instagram Caption Generator’ page appears. Enter the required text

details for the photo or video in the textbox. Click Continue.

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Step 4: Mention the tone for the caption

and click Create caption.

Step 5: Grammarly, with the help of an AI

tool, will generate captions. Copy the

required caption and use it.

Computer Vision
Computer Vision is a field of artificial intelligence that enables computers to interpret

and understand visual information from the world, much like how humans perceive

and comprehend images and videos.

Computer Vision is used in industries ranging from energy and utilities to

manufacturing, security, automotive, and privacy. It involves automatic extraction,

analysis and understanding of useful information from a single image or a sequence

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of images. Computer Vision need lots of data. It runs analyses of data repeatedly

until it distinguishes and recognises images. The image data can take many forms,

such as video sequences, views from multiple cameras, multi-dimensional data from

a 3D scanner and medical scanning devices.

Photo filters, face recognition systems and QR code scanners use Computer Vision.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural Language Processing is the technology that enables a computer to

understand the language spoken or written by humans and give an output after

processing it. NLP involves two sub-processes- Natural Language Understanding

(NLU) and Natural Language Generation (NLG).

NLU is the process of collecting information and understanding it. NLG is the process

of thinking of appropriate output. A computer uses NLP to understand the meaning,

sentiment, and intent used in the language. For example, when you ask Google

Assistant something, the NLU sub-process takes the input words, recognises them

and understands them. The NLG sub-process evaluates the possible answers and

gives you the most relevant ones.

Activity 1
Play the following game using the internet and identify the AI domains used.

 Use the link https://rockpaperscissors-ai.vercel.app/ to play the game Rock

Paper and Scissor.

 Use the link https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/ to identify the real-

world versions of the emojis we use daily.

 Open Google Assistant or Siri on your parent’s smartphone and ask a few

questions. Observe the answers given by it.

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Creating a game using AI
We know that AI is the ability of machines or robots to perform tasks that only humans can

do. Today, a lot of progress has been made in this field, and it has become a part of our

everyday life. We also know that machine learning is a subset of AI in which we train a

machine to perform tasks such as identifying a picture or sound to create a machine learning

model. We can then use this model in games or apps for a specific purpose.

Creating a game to classify images

Let us use a pre-trained machine learning model to recognise objects in a picture. The AI-

powered “I Spy” game will allow you to try and guess what the computer has recognised.
Steps to create AI-powered “I Spy” game
Step 1: Go to https://machinelearningforkids.co.uk/pretrained/ .This page displays some

available pretrained machine learning models.

Step 2: Click on “Get started”.

Step 3: Click on “Project templates”.

Step 4: Click on the “I Spy” template.

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Step 5: Open the Extensions window.

Step 6: Click on the Imagenet extension. This adds a new “recognise image” block to Scratch.

It will use the imagenet machine learning model to recognise something in the picture you

give. You will use this block in Step 7.

Step 7: Click on the “picture” sprite.

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Step 8: Create the given code to make the “I Spy” game.

Step 9: Click on the Green Flag to play the game.

Step 10: Find the code for the “make an i-spy clue” custom block.

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Step 11: Make the game a little easier by making the clue more helpful

 If the player has got it wrong three times, it gives the first two letters

 If the player keeps getting it wrong, the clue gives the first three letters

Step 12: Click on the Green Flag to test again.

7.2 Bias in AI
Bias in AI refers to unfair outcomes in algorithms or systems that arise from the data

used to train them or the design choices made during their development. This bias

can lead to discriminatory practices, reinforcing societal biases such as gender and

race.

Here are key aspects related to bias in AI:

 Bias often originates from the training data used to develop AI models. If

historical data contains biases or reflects societal inequalities, the AI system

may learn and perpetuate those biases. For example, if a hiring algorithm is

trained on historical data that reflects gender bias in hiring decisions, the AI

model may learn and replicate this bias.

 The algorithms can introduce bias based on their design and the features they

prioritise. Biased decision-making criteria can result in unfair outcomes.

Algorithmic bias can occur if, for instance, certain features are given more

weight than others based on irrelevant factors like race, gender or socio-

economic status.

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Avoiding AI Biases
Avoiding bias in AI systems is a challenging but essential task. Here are some

strategies and best practices to help minimize and address bias:

 Ensure that the training data used to develop AI models is diverse and

representative of the population it aims to serve. It should include data from

various demographic groups.

 Conduct thorough audits of the training data to identify and understand

potential biases.

 Establish ethical guidelines for the development and deployment of AI

systems. Clearly define principles that prioritize fairness, transparency, and

accountability. Ensure that these guidelines are integrated into the

development lifecycle.

7.3 Applications of AI
Artificial Intelligence has a wide range of applications across various industries,

transforming how tasks are performed and enhancing decision-making processes.

Here are some notable applications of AI:

Healthcare
 AI is used for medical image analysis, helping in the early detection of

diseases through techniques like computer-aided diagnosis.

 AI accelerates drug discovery processes by analysing complex biological data,

identifying potential drug candidates, and predicting their effectiveness.

Finance
 AI algorithms analyse market trends and execute trades at high speeds,

optimizing investment strategies.

 AI systems identify unusual patterns in financial transactions, flagging

potential fraud or security breaches.

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Education
 AI adapts educational content to individual student needs, providing

customized learning experiences.

 AI is used for grading assignments and tests, reducing the administrative

burden on educators.
Autonomous Vehicles
 AI enables vehicles to perceive their environment, make decisions, and

navigate without human intervention.

 Drones use AI for navigation, obstacle avoidance and data collection in

various industries.

Unit Review
1. Artificial Intelligence domains refer to the various areas or fields where AI can

be applied.

2. Data Science is the study of large amounts of data.

3. The domain of data science involves extracting insights, knowledge, and

information from large and complex data sets using advanced analytical and

statistical tools.

4. The term Big Data refers to an enormous volume of data with sizes that exceed the
capacity of traditional software to process within an acceptable time and value.

5. Computer Vision is a field of artificial intelligence that enables computers to

interpret and understand visual information from the world, much like how

humans perceive and comprehend images and videos.

6. Natural Language Processing is the technology that enables a computer to

understand the language spoken or written by humans and give an output

after processing it.

7. NLP involves two sub-processes- Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and

Natural Language Generation (NLG).

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 8. Bias in AI refers to unfair outcomes in algorithms or systems that arise from

the data used to train them or the design choices made during their

development.

9. Artificial Intelligence has various applications across various industries, such as

healthcare, finance, education and autonomous vehicles.

Check for Understanding

1. Answer the following questions.
a. What are the three domains of AI? Which AI domain is used in facial

recognition systems?

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b. Explain the term ‘Big Data’.

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 c. What do you understand by bias in AI? Explain with an example.

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Lab Activity
Q1. Use the given link https://www.grammarly.com/ai-writing-tools to use AI and
create the following

 formal letter

 an email

Q2. Create a chatbot in Scratch that can answer questions about a topic of your

choice. Follow the given instructions to create the chatbot.

 Open the link https://machinelearningforkids.co.uk/#!/worksheets

 Go to Chatbot and download the Project worksheet.

 Follow the steps and create a chatbot.

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Resources
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artificial_intelligence_research_areas.htm

Reference Material
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr-ZZqYKRmc&list=PLBZI3Jo1WG63ACZlg6m_vVd-wvSApZ1x_

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