MINERALS AND ENERGY

RESOURCES
 CHAPTER PROGRESS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS

3 TYPES OF MINERALS

4 CONSERVATION OF MINERALS

5 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

 Where do these metals come from?
We use different things in our daily life
made from metal.

The earth’s crust is made up of

different minerals embedded in
the rocks.

Various metals are

extracted from these
minerals after proper
refinement.
Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.

● Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a

towering building or a big ship, all are made from
minerals.

● The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the

roads, our implements and machinery too are
made from minerals.

● Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured

from minerals and run on power resources
derived from the earth.

● Even the food that we eat contains minerals.

● In all stages of development, human beings have

used minerals for their livelihood, decoration,
festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.
 A bright smile from toothpaste and minerals

All Living things need Minerals Toothpaste cleans your teeth.

Abrasive minerals like silica, limestone,

Life processes cannot occur without aluminium oxide and various phosphate
minerals. minerals do the cleaning.
Although our mineral intake represents
Fluoride which is used to reduce cavities, comes
only about 0.3% of our total intake of
nutrients, they are so potent and so
from a mineral fluorite.
important that without them we would
not be able to utilise the other 99.7% of Most toothpaste are made white with titanium
foodstuffs. oxide, which comes from minerals called rutile,
ilmenite and anatase.

The sparkle in some toothpastes comes from

mica. The toothbrush and tube containing the
paste are made of plastics from petroleum.
Geologists define mineral as a “homogenous,
naturally occurring substance with a definable
internal structure.”

Minerals are found in varied forms in nature,

ranging from the hardest diamond to the
softest talc.
 Where are these minerals found?

● Minerals are usually found in “ores”.

● The term ore is used to describe an

accumulation of any mineral mixed with other
elements.

● The mineral content of the ore must be in

sufficient concentration to make its extraction
commercially viable.

● The type of formation or structure in which they

are found determines the relative ease with
which mineral ores may be mined.

● This also determines the cost of extraction.

It is, therefore, important for us to understand the

main types of formations in which minerals occur.
 Study of Minerals by Geographers
and Geologists

Geographers study minerals as part of the

earth’s crust for a better understanding of
landforms.

The distribution of mineral resources and

associated economic activities are of
interest to geographers.

A geologist, however, is interested in the

formation of minerals, their age and
physical and chemical composition.
 Classification of Minerals

However, for general and commercial purposes minerals can be classified as under.

Minerals

Metallic Non-Metallic Energy Minerals

Ferrous Non-Ferro Precious E.g. mica, salt, Coal, Petroleum,

(containing us e.g. e.g., gold, potash, sulphur, Natural Gas
iron) e.g. copper, silver, granite, limestone,
iron ore, lead, tin, platinum, marble, sandstone,
Manganese, bauxite, etc. etc.
nickel, etc.
cobalt, etc.
 Minerals generally occur in these forms:

In igneous & metamorphic rocks

Minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults

or joints.

The smaller occurrences are called veins and the

larger are called lodes.

In most cases, they are formed when minerals in

liquid/ molten and gaseous forms are forced
upward through cavities towards the earth’s
surface.

They cool and solidify as they rise.

Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and

lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes
 Minerals generally occur in these forms:

In sedimentary rocks

A number of minerals occur in beds or layers.

They have been formed as a result of deposition,

accumulation and concentration in horizontal
strata.

Coal and some forms of iron ore have been

concentrated as a result of long periods under
great heat and pressure.

Another group of sedimentary minerals include

gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt.

These are formed as a result of evaporation

especially in arid regions.
 Minerals generally occur in these forms:

Decomposition of surface rocks

Another mode of formation involves the

decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of
soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of
weathered material containing ores.

Bauxite is formed this way.

 Minerals generally occur in these forms:

Alluvial Deposits

Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in

sands of valley floors and the base of hills.

These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and

generally contain minerals, which are not corroded
by water.

Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important

among such minerals.
 Minerals generally occur in these forms:

Ocean Waters

The ocean waters contain vast quantities of

minerals, but most of these are too widely diffused
to be of economic significance.

However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are

largely derived from ocean waters.

The ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese

nodules.
Rat-Hole Mining
Do you know that most of the minerals in India are nationalised and their
extraction is possible only after obtaining due permission from the
government?

But in most of the tribal areas of the north-east India, minerals are owned
by individuals or communities.

In Meghalaya, there are large deposits of coal, iron ore, limestone and
dolomite etc.

Coal mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee is done by family member in the

form of a long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat hole’ mining.

The National Green Tribunal has declared such activities illegal and
recommended that these should be stopped forthwith.
 India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral
resources. However, these are unevenly distributed.

Broadly speaking, peninsular rocks contain most of the

reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many
other non-metallic minerals.

Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of

the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the
petroleum deposits.

Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula, has

reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.

The vast alluvial plains of north India are almost devoid of

economic minerals.

These variations exist largely because of the differences in

the geological structure, processes and time involved in the
formation of minerals.
 Factors that affect the Economic
Viability of a Reserve

Concentration of mineral in
the ore

Ease of extraction

Closeness to the market

Thus, to meet the demand, a choice has to be made

between a number of possible options.

When this is done a mineral ‘deposit’ or ‘reserve’ turns into

a mine.
Quiz- Question 1

The larger occurrences of minerals of igneous

and metamorphic rocks are called:

(a) Veins

(b) Lodes

(c) Beds

(d) Layers
Quiz- Question 2

Which one of the following is largely derived from

ocean water?

(a) Bauxite

(b) Magnesium

(c) Gold

(d) Mica
Ferrous minerals account for about 3/4th of the
total value of the production of metallic
minerals.

They provide a strong base for the development

of metallurgical industries.

India exports substantial quantities of ferrous

minerals after meeting her internal demands.
IRON ORE

Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of

industrial development.

India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron

ore. India is rich in good quality iron ores.

Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content

of iron up to 70%.

It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in

the electrical industry.
 IRON ORE

Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in

terms of the quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron
content than magnetite. (50-60%).

In 2018–19 almost entire production of iron ore (97%)

accrued from Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and
Jharkhand.

The remaining production (3%) was from other states.

Iron ore mine

Kudre in Kannada means horse.

The highest peak in the western ghats of Karnataka

resembles the face of a horse.

The Bailadila hills look like the hump of an ox, and

hence its name.
 The major iron ore belts in India are:

Odisha-Jharkhand belt: In Odisha high grade

hematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in
the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts.

In the adjoining Singhbhum district of

Jharkhand haematite iron ore is mined in Gua
and Noamundi.
 The major iron ore belts in India are:

Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in

Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.

Very high grade hematites are found in the

famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar
district of Chhattisgarh.

The range of hills comprise of 14 deposits of

super high grade hematite iron ore. It has the
best physical properties needed for steel making.

Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan

and South Korea via Visakhapatnam port.
 The major iron ore belts in India are:

Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru Tumakuru
belt: In Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore.

The Kudremukh mines located in the Western

Ghats of Karnataka are a 100% export unit.

Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the

largest in the world. The ore is transported as
slurry through a pipeline to a port near
Mangaluru.
 The major iron ore belts in India are:

Maharashtra-Goa belt:

includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of

Maharashtra.

Though, the ores are not of very high quality, yet

they are efficiently exploited. Iron ore is exported
through Mormugao port.
 MANGANESE

Manganese is mainly
used in the
manufacturing of
steel and
ferro-manganese
alloy.

Nearly 10 kg of
manganese is
required to
manufacture one
tonne of steel.

It is also used in
manufacturing
bleaching powder,
insecticides and
paints.
India’s reserves and production of nonferrous
minerals is not very satisfactory.

However, these minerals, which include

copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold play a
vital role in a number of metallurgical,
engineering and electrical industries.
 COPPER

India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of

copper.

Being malleable, ductile and a good conductor, copper is

mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical
industries.

The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in

Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are
leading producers of copper.

Copper mines at Malanjkhand

 BAUXITE

Though, several ores contain aluminium, it is from

bauxite, a clay-like substance that alumina and
later aluminium is obtained.

Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition

of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.

Aluminium is an important metal because it

combines the strength of metals such as iron, with
extreme lightness and also with good conductivity
and great malleability

India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the

Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau
region of Bilaspur-Katni.
 Odisha was the largest bauxite producing state
in India in 2016-17.

Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are

the most important bauxite deposits in the state.

Bauxite Mine
 Production of Bauxite showing
state-wise share in percent, 2018–19
After the discovery of aluminium Emperor Napoleon III
wore buttons and hooks on his clothes made of
aluminium and served food to his more illustrious
guests in aluminium utensils and the less honourable
ones were served in gold and silver utensils.

30 years after this incident aluminium bowls were most

common with the beggars in Paris.
NON-METALLIC
MINERALS
 MICA

A mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It

splits easily into thin sheets.

These sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be

layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters high.

Mica can be clear, black, green, red

yellow or brown.
Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss
factor, insulating properties and resistance to high
voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable
minerals used in electric and electronic industries.

Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the

Chota Nagpur plateau. Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh
belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer.

In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is

around Ajmer.

Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also an

important producer in the country.
Quiz- Question 1

Which of the following Iron ores have highest

concentration of Iron in it :

(a) Hematite

(b) Magnetite

(c) Limonite

(d) None of the above

Quiz- Question 2

Which of the following is very essential in

Aluminium smelting :

(a) Bauxite

(b) Limestone

(c) Copper

(d) Manganese
 ROCK MINERAL

LIMESTONE

Found in association with rocks composed of

calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium
carbonates.

It is found in sedimentary rocks of most

geological formations.

Limestone is the basic raw material for the

cement industry and essential for smelting iron
ore in the blast furnace.
 Production of Limestone showing
state-wise share in percent, 2018–19
 Hazards of Mining

The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make

them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.

The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and

fires in coal mines are a constant threat to miners.

The water sources in the region get contaminated

due to mining.

Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of

land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution.

Stricter safety regulations and implementation

of environmental laws are essential to prevent
mining from becoming a “killer industry”
ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to
cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and
to drive machinery in industries.

Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal,

petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity

Energy Resources Classification

Conventional Sources

Non-Conventional Sources
Conventional sources Non-conventional sources
include: include

firewood, cattle dung solar, wind, tidal,

geothermal, biogas and
cake, coal, petroleum, atomic energy. Firewood
natural gas and and cattle dung cake are
electricity (both hydel most common in rural
and thermal). India.
Firewood and cattle dung cake are most common in
rural India. According to one estimate more than 70%
energy requirement in rural households is met by
these two; continuation of these is increasingly
becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area.

Moreover, using dung cake too is being discouraged

because it consumes most valuable manure which
could be used in agriculture.
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
OF ENERGY
 COAL

In India, coal is the most abundantly available

fossil fuel.

It provides a substantial part of the nation’s

energy needs.

It is used for power generation, to supply energy

to industry as well as for domestic needs.

India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its

commercial energy requirements.
● As you are already aware that coal is formed
due the compression of plant material over
millions of years.

● Coal, therefore, is found in a variety of forms

depending on the degrees of compression
and the depth and time of burial.

● Decaying plants in swamps produce peat.

Which has a low carbon and high moisture
contents and low heating capacity.

● Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is

soft with high moisture content.

● The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli

in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of
electricity.
Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to
increased temperatures is bituminous coal.

It is the most popular coal in commercial use.

Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal

which has a special value for smelting iron in blast
furnaces.

Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.

● In India coal occurs in rock series of two main
geological ages, namely Gondwana, a little over
200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits
which are only about 55 million years old.

● The major resources of Gondwana coal, which

are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar
valley (West Bengal Jharkhand).

● Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important

coalfields.

● The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha

valleys also contain coal deposits.

● Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states

of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and
Nagaland.

Tertiary coal is found in the rocks of the Oligocene

period of the Tertiary Era. It is about 15 to 60 million
years old.
Remember coal is a bulky material,
which loses weight on use as it is
reduced to ash.

Hence, heavy industries and thermal

power stations are located on or near
the coalfields.
 PETROLEUM

● Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major

energy source in India after coal.

● It provides fuel for heat and lighting,

lubricants for machinery and raw materials
for a number of manufacturing industries.

● Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal

industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and
numerous chemical industries.
Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are
associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock
formations of the tertiary age.

In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where

oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or
sandstone through which oil may flow.

The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by

intervening non-porous layers.

Petroleum is also found in fault traps between

porous & non-porous rocks.

Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the

oil.
❏ Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are
major petroleum production areas in
India.

❏ Ankleshwar is the most important field

of Gujarat.

❏ Assam is the oldest oil producing state

of India.

❏ Digboi, Naharkatiya and

Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil
fields in the state.
CONSERVATION OF
MINERALS
● We all appreciate the strong dependence of
industry and agriculture upon mineral
deposits and the substances manufactured
from them.

● The total volume of workable mineral

deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. 1% of
the earth’s crust.

● We are rapidly consuming mineral resources

that required millions of years to be created
and concentrated.

● The geological processes of mineral

formation are so slow that the rates of
replenishment are infinitely small in
comparison to the present rates of
consumption.
● Mineral resources are, therefore, finite and
non-renewable.

● Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely

valuable but short-lived possessions.

● Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing

costs as mineral extraction comes from greater
depths along with decrease in quality.

● A concerted effort has to be made in order to use

our mineral resources in a planned and
sustainable manner.

● Improved technologies need to be constantly

evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.

● Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other

substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral
resources for the future.
Quiz- Question 1

The highest quality of hard coal is:

(a) Lignite

(b) Bituminous

(c) Peat

(d) Anthracite
Quiz- Question 2

Which of the following energy sources are not the

conventional sources of energy?

(a) Firewood, cattle dung cake

(b) Atomic energy, and biogas

(c) Coal, petroleum, natural gas

(d) Hydel and thermal electricity

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
OF ENERGY
 NATURAL GAS

Found with petroleum deposits and is released when

crude oil is brought to the surface.

It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel.

It is used as fuel in:

power sector to generate electricity,
for heating purpose in industries,

as raw material in:

chemical,
petrochemical and
fertilizer industries, as transport fuel and
as cooking fuel.
With the expansion of gas infrastructure and
local city gas distribution (COD) networks, natural
gas is also emerging as a preferred transport fuel
(CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) at homes.

India’s major gas reserves are found in the

Mumbai High and allied fields along the west
coast which are supplemented by finds in the
Cambay basin.

Along the East Coast, new reserves of natural gas

have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari
basin
● The first 1,700 KM long Hazira-Vijaipur Jagdishpur
(HVJ) cross country gas pipeline, constructed by
GAIL (India), linked Mumbai High and Bassein gas
fields with various fertilizer, power and industrial
complexes in western and northern India.

● This artery provided impetus to Indian gas market

development.

● Overall, India’s gas infrastructure has expanded

over ten times from 1,700 KM to 18,500 KM of
cross-country pipelines and is expected to soon
reach over 34, 000 KM as Gas Grid by linking all
gas sources and consuming markets across the
country including North Eastern states
 ELECTRICITY

● Electricity has such a wide range of

applications in today’s world that, its per
capita consumption is considered as an index
of development.

● Electricity is generated mainly in two ways:

- by running water which drives hydro turbines

to generate hydro electricity; and

- by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum

and natural gas to drive turbines to produce
thermal power.

● Once generated the electricity is exactly the

same
 Thermal
Hydro electricity
electricity

Generated by fast Generated by using

flowing water, which is a coal, petroleum and
renewable resource. natural gas.

India has a number of The thermal power

multi-purpose projects stations use
like the Bhakra Nangal, non-renewable fossil
Damodar Valley fuels for generating
corporation, the Kopili electricity.
Hydel Project etc.
producing
hydroelectric power.
NON-CONVENTIONAL
SOURCES OF ENERGY
● The growing consumption of energy has
resulted in the country becoming increasingly
dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and
gas.

● Rising prices of oil and gas and their

potential shortages have raised uncertainties
about the security of energy supply in future,
which in turn has serious repercussions on
the growth of the national economy.

● Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also

causes serious environmental problems.

● Hence, there is a pressing need to use

renewable energy sources like solar energy,
wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste
material.

● These are called non-conventional energy

sources.
India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water,
wind and biomass.

It has the largest programmes for the development of

these renewable energy resources.
 Nuclear or Atomic Energy

It is obtained by altering the structure of

atoms.

When such an alteration is made, much

energy is released in the form of heat and this
is used to generate electric power.

Uranium and Thorium, which are available in

Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of
Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or
nuclear power.

The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in

Thorium.
 Solar Energy

India is a tropical country.

It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.

Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly

into electricity.

Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and

remote areas.

Some big solar power plants are being established in

different parts of India which will minimise the
dependence of rural households on firewood and
dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to
environmental conservation and adequate supply of
manure in agriculture.
 Wind Energy

India has great potential of wind power.

The largest wind farm cluster is located in

Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai.

Apart from these, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,

Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and
Lakshadweep have important wind farms.

Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for

effective use of wind energy in the country.
 Biogas

Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are

used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in
rural areas.

Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which

has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to
kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.

Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative

and individual levels.

The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas

plants’ in rural India.
● These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the
form of energy and improved quality of manure.

● Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle

dung.

● It improves the quality of manure and also

prevents the loss of trees and manure due to
burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
 Tidal Energy

Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity.

Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high

tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when
the gate is closed.

After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water
retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a
pipe that carries it through a power-generating
turbine.

In India the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh in

Gujarat on the western coast and Gangetic delta in
Sunderban regions of West Bengal provide ideal
conditions for utilising tidal energy.
 Geothermal Energy

It refers to the heat and electricity produced by using

the heat from the interior of the Earth.

Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows

progressively hotter with increasing depth.

Where the geothermal gradient is high, high

temperatures are found at shallow depths.

Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the

rocks and becomes hot.

It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it

turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines
and generate electricity.
● There are several hundred hot springs in India,
which could be used to generate electricity.

● 2 experimental projects have been set up in India

to harness geothermal energy.

● One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikaran

in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in
the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
Quiz- Question 1

Which of the following is a fuel mineral?

(a) Hydro-electricity

(b) Solar power

(c) Thorium

(d) Biogas
Quiz- Question 2

Which one of the following non- conventional

sources of energy is harnessed near Manikaran in
Himachal Pradesh?

(a) Geothermal Energy

(b) Wind energy

(c) Solar energy

(d) None of the above

 CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY RESOURCES
● Energy is a basic requirement for
economic development.

● Every sector of the national economy–

agriculture, industry, transport,
commercial and domestic – needs inputs of
energy.

● The economic development plans

implemented since Independence
necessarily required increasing amounts of
energy to remain operational.

● As a result, consumption of energy in all

forms has been steadily rising all over the
country.
In this background, there is an urgent need to
develop a sustainable path of energy development.

Promotion of energy conservation and increased

use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks
of sustainable energy.
● India is presently one of the least energy
efficient countries in the world.

● We have to adopt a cautious approach for

the judicious use of our limited energy
resources.

● For example, as concerned citizens we can

do our bit by using public transport
systems instead of individual vehicles;
switching off electricity when not in use,
using power-saving devices and using
non-conventional sources of energy.

● After all, “energy saved is energy

produced”.
MAPS
IRON ORE MINES
Mayurbhanj

Mayurbhanj
Durg

Durg
Ballari

Ballari
Bailadila

Bailadila
Kudremukh

Kudremukh
COAL MINES
Raniganj

Raniganj
Talcher

Talcher
Bokaro

Bokaro
Neyveli

Neyveli
OIL FIELDS
Digboi

Digboi
Bassien

Bassien
Naharkatia

Naharkatia
Kalol

Kalol
Mumbai High

Mumbai High
Ankaleshwar

Ankaleshwar
THERMAL POWER PLANTS
NAMRUP

Namrup
SINGRAULI

Singrauli
RAMAGUNDAM

Ramagundam
NUCLEAR POWER-PLANTS
NARORA

Narora
TARAPUR

Tarapur
KAKRAPARA

Kakrapara
KALPAKKAM

Kalpakkam
Quiz- Question 1

Being malleable, ductile and a good conductor,

________ is mainly used in electrical cables,
electronics and chemical industries.

(a) Manganese

(b) Steel

(c) Copper

(d) None of the above

 Quiz- Question 2

Where is Digboi Oil Field

located?

(a) Maharashtra

(b) Uttar Pradesh

(c) Tamil Nadu

(d) Assam