0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views34 pages

Rotational Motion

This is a introduction of rotational motion

Uploaded by

Leo Tsai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views34 pages

Rotational Motion

This is a introduction of rotational motion

Uploaded by

Leo Tsai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Rotational Motion

轉動
Chapter 10
• Angular Velocity & Acceleration ⾓速度和加速度

• Torque ⼒矩

• Rotational Inertia & the Analog of Newton’s Law


轉動慣量和⽜頓定律的比照

• Rotational Energy 轉動能

• Rolling Motion 滾動

2020/PH-1031C 2 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
轉動

2020/PH-1031C 3 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
轉動變數
• 考慮剛體繞固定軸的轉動

• Rigid body : a body that can rotate with all its parts
locked together and without any change in its shape
剛體是⼀個物體當轉動時它的所有部分都鎖定在⼀起⽽
不變形

• Fixed axis : the rotation occurs about an axis that


does not move
固定軸是當轉動發⽣時,軸不會移動,因此太陽不在此
範圍,因為太陽是氣團,無法固定
2020/PH-1031C 4 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Angular Motion

轉動軸

參考線

2020/PH-1031C 5 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Angular Position

• θ = s/r

• Unit : radian (弳度), being


the ratio of two lengths, is a
pure number and thus has
no dimension

2020/PH-1031C 6 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Angular Displacement
⾓位移

• Δθ = θ2 - θ1

• An angular displacement in the counterclockwise


direction is positive, and one in the clockwise
direction is negative
逆時鐘⽅向的⾓位移為正,順時鐘⽅向的⾓位移為負

2020/PH-1031C 7 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Angular Velocity
⾓速度

2020/PH-1031C 8 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Angular Acceleration
⾓加速度

• If the angular velocity of a rotating body is not


constant, then the body has an angular
acceleration
若轉動物體的⾓速度不是常數,則物體有⾓加速度

2020/PH-1031C 9 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
等⾓加速度的轉動

2020/PH-1031C 10 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Period & Frequency
週期和頻率

• Period T : the time for one revolution

• Frequency f : the number of revolutions per second

• f = 1/T

2020/PH-1031C 11 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Are Angular Quantities Vectors ?
⾓量是否為向量 ?
• 我們可以⽤向量描述粒⼦的位置、速度和加速度

• 相同地,我們也可以⽤向量描述粒⼦的⾓位移、⾓速度和⾓加速度

• 先考慮⾓速度

• 如唱片向反⽅向轉動,右⼿定則定義出⾓速度⽅向是在反⽅向

2020/PH-1031C 12 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
How About Angular
Displacement ?

• ⾓位移不能當向量處理

• 因為向量的法則規定,兩向
量相加的順序無關

• 但是兩⾓位移相加的結果和
相加順序有關

2020/PH-1031C 13 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Relating the Linear and Angular Variables
線量變數和⾓量變數的關係

ar : 當⾓速度不為零時即存在
at : 當⾓加速度不為零即存在
2020/PH-1031C 14 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Torque ⼒矩
• ⽜頓第⼆運動定律 F = ma 可以⽤來描述所有的運
動,然⽽如果⽤它來描述⼀個物體轉動運動的話會非
常複雜,所以我們必需尋找另⼀個⽅程式來描述轉動

a→α
• 改變轉動的物理量 - ⼒矩(τ)

• 不只和⼒的⼤⼩有關還和距
離有關

2020/PH-1031C 15 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Torque ⼒矩

• τ = rF sin θ

• Unit : N.m (different


from joule !!)

2020/PH-1031C 16 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Rotational Inertia & the Analog of Newton’s
Law
轉動慣量和⽜頓定律的比照
球在軸附近 遠⼀點就
轉得很輕鬆 比較難

• F = maT = m α R

• τ=RF

• τ = m α R2 = Iα

• I = mR2 (rational inertia 轉動慣量)

2020/PH-1031C 17 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Calculating the Rotational Inertia
計算轉動慣量

2020/PH-1031C 18 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Example 10.5 Rod 桿
• Find the rotational inertia of a uniform, narrow rod of
mass M and length L about an axis through its
center and perpendicular to it
⼀均勻長桿的質量為M,長度為L。求對⼀垂直並通
過它中點的軸的轉動慣量。

2020/PH-1031C 19 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Example 10.6 Ring 環
• Find the rotational inertia of a thin ring of radius R
and mass M about the ring’s axis
⼀薄環的半徑為R,質量為M。求對環軸的轉動慣
量。

2020/PH-1031C 20 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Example 10.7 Disk 盤
• Find the rotational inertia of a uniform disk of radius
R and mass M about an axis through its center and
perpendicular to it
⼀均勻的盤⼦半徑是R,質量是M。求對⼀垂直且通
過它中⼼的軸的轉動慣量。

2020/PH-1031C 21 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Rotational Inertia
轉動慣量
實⼼球對其直徑
平板對垂直於它的軸

細棒對其中⼼ 細環或空桶對其軸

空⼼球對其直徑 平板對通過它中⼼的軸

細棒對其末端 盤或實⼼桶對其軸

2020/PH-1031C 22 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Parallel-Axis Theorem
平⾏軸定理

• 假如我們想找出⼀個質量為M的物
體繞某⼀定軸的轉動慣量 I。如果
我們剛好知道此物體繞通過其質⼼
的平⾏軸的轉動慣量Icom,我們就
可以利⽤平⾏軸定理,很快地找出
轉動慣量

I = Icom + Mh2
2020/PH-1031C 23 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
雙質點系統的轉動慣量
• 下圖所⽰剛體是由兩個質量均為m的質點以無質量且
長度L之棒連結⽽成。(a)此物體對通過質⼼與棒垂直
的軸之轉動慣量為何 ? (b) 此物體對通過棒⼦左端且
與第⼀軸平⾏的軸之轉動慣量為何 ?

2020/PH-1031C 24 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
均勻細棒的轉動慣量

2020/PH-1031C 25 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Rotational Energy
轉動能量
• 當⼀⼒F使質量m的物體沿⼀座標軸加速時,此⼒對
物體作了功W。因此,該物體的動能會改變。假設它
是此物體唯⼀改變的能量。我們可以利⽤功與動能定
理將動能改變量和功連結起來

• 當⼀⼒矩τ加速⼀個繞固定軸轉動的剛體時,它對此
物體作了功W。因此,此物體的轉動動能會改變。假
設它是此物體唯⼀改變的能量。我們也可以利⽤功與
動能定理將動能改變量和功連結起來

2020/PH-1031C 26 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
平移和轉動的若⼲對應關係

2020/PH-1031C 27 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Rolling Motion
滾動
• 接下來我們考慮沿表⾯平穩滾動的物體(不會有彈跳的情形)

• 純滾動 = 轉動 + 平移

• 平穩滾動運動可以非常複雜 : 雖然物體中⼼是在和表⾯平⾏的直線上運動,但是邊
緣上的點並非如此

• 然⽽我們可以在研究這種運動時,將它視為質⼼的平移運動,和物體其餘各點繞著
中⼼作旋轉運動的組合

2020/PH-1031C 28 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Rolling Motion
滾動

K ÌIpw2
• 純轉動 : 輪上各點以相同的⾓速率運動,輪外緣各點以相同的線速率移動
Ip IcomtMR2
• 純平移 : 輪上各點與輪⼦中⼼均以相同的線速率向右移動 K Ì Icomhft ÌMPW2
Iomnit ÌM Em
• 輪⼦的滾動為純轉動和純平移的組合
⾞輪繞通過質 ⾞輪質⼼作平移
⼼的軸之轉動 運動的動能
2020/PH-1031C 29
動能 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Angular Acceleration of a
Wheel
• A wheel of radius R, mass m, and moment
of inertia I is mounted on a frictionless,
horizontal axle. A light cord wrapped
around the wheel supports an object of
mass m. When the wheel is released, the
object accelerates downward, the cord
unwraps off the wheel, and the wheel
rotates with an angular acceleration.
Calculate the angular acceleration of the
wheel, the translational acceleration of the
object, and the tension in the cord

2020/PH-1031C 30 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
Example
• A uniform spherical shell of mass M = 4.5 kg and radius R
= 8.5 cm can rotate about a vertical axis on frictionless
bearings. A massless cord passes around the equator of
the shell, over a pulley of rotational inertia I = 3x10-3 kg m2
and radius r = 5 cm, and is attached to a small object of
mass = 0.6 kg. There is no friction on the pulley’s axle; the
cord does not slip on the pulley. What is the speed of the
object when it has fallen 82 cm after being released from
rest ? Use energy consideration

2020/PH-1031C 31 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
KÌI Wspiet ÌI nfpulleyt Ìm v2

IĪMR Wsieret ÌI Upullyt Ìm v2


since it starts from rest this energy must be
to the with which the
equal potential energy
system started

mqh
of Ìmtifiy

f
29h
It 泰⼗点
Wpunyef
Wspheref

1.4 以
Example

• A block of mass m = 4 kg is attached to a


spring (k = 32 N/m) by a rope that hangs
over a pulley of mass M = 8 kg. If the
system starts from rest with the spring
unextended, find the speed of the block
after it falls 1 m. Treat the pulley as a disk,
so I = 0.5MR2

2020/PH-1031C 32 NCUPHY/C.M.Kuo
A Ug mgx
⼀点 block
AUspring ⼆
Ìht
副 spring
AK ⼆ Ìm v4ÌIW2
block pulley

kinetic energy
Aaording to the conservation of
Akt 比 ⼆ 0

Ìm v4ÌI ⼼ Ìkx2 mgx


.im

v4 䣏
河ÌMR2 Ìfimgko
Ìcmtǒnitzkx2_mqx ⼆ 0

0 ⼆ 2.4 吆

You might also like