Lecture Plan: Lecture-1 28/3/23 10:20 PM

Chapter Introduction
(10 Minutes)
• Classification of Oscillator
• Oscillation Criterion Today’s lecture (40 Minutes)
• Basic principle of
Oscillatory Circuit • Classification and
• RC Phase-Shift Oscillator Applications Review
• Criterion for Oscillation questions
• Resonant Circuit Oscillator
• Wein Bridge Oscillator • Basic principle of Phase-
• Crystal oscillator Shift Oscillator
• Principle of Oscillatory
Circuit
• Design of Phase-Shift
Oscillator
• IC Phase-Shift Oscillator
 Oscillator Classification and Applications 28/3/23 10:20 PM

It is a circuit which converts dc energy into ac energy at a very high frequency or

It is a circuit which generates an ac output signal without requiring any externally applied input signal;

The oscillators are classified as:

1. Based on the output waveform:
 Sinusoidal oscillator
 Non-sinusoidal oscillator DC Power

2. Based ON the circuit components:

 RC oscillator
 LC oscillator
 Crystal oscillator
3. Based on the range of operating frequency:
 Low-frequency oscillators (20 Hz to 100-200 KHz) also called as audio frequency oscillates.
 High-frequency oscillator (200 kHz – 300 GHz) also called as ratio frequency oscillators
4. Based on whether the feedback is used or not:
 Feed back oscillator
 Non –feedback oscillator (UJT relaxation oscillator)

1. Used as a local oscillator in Radio Receiver 2. Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter 3. Used to generate
clocks in digital systems. 4. Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CR.
 Oscillation Criterion 28/3/23 10:20 PM
𝐴
𝐴 =
1 + 𝛽𝐴
If 𝛽𝐴 = −1 𝐴 becomes infinite

An infinitesimal signal (noise voltage) can provide a

measurable output voltage, and the circuit acts as an
oscillator even without an input signal.
Feedback circuit used as an oscillator.
If the circuits of the base amplifier and feedback network provide 𝛽𝐴
of a correct magnitude and phase, 𝑉 can be made equal to 𝑉 .

• Closed-Loop gain 𝛽𝐴 = 1

• Phase difference between output and Input must be zero

This is known as the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation.

In practice, 𝛽𝐴 is made greater than 1 and the system is started

oscillating by amplifying noise voltage Buildup of steady-state oscillations.
 Basic Principle of Phase shift Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

An idealized version of phase shift circuit ; A=29

Requirements for oscillation

(i) 𝛽𝐴 ≥ 1
(ii) 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 180 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
Basic principle Oscillatory Circuit (LC or Tank Circuit) 28/3/23 10:20 PM
 Basic principle of Transistor Phase-Shift Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

Figure Shows a transistor phase- shift oscillator which uses a three-

section R- C feedback network for producing a total phase shift of 180°
(i.e. 60° per section) in the signal fed back to the base. Since CE
amplifier produces a phase reversal of the input signal, total phase shift
becomes 360° or 0° which is essential for regeneration and hence for
sustained oscillations.

The circuit is set into oscillations by any random or chance variation

caused in the base current by

(i) noise inherent in a transistor or

(ii) minor variation in the voltage of the dc source.

Frequency of Oscillation is roughly Given by

Actual Frequency of Oscillator frequency:

For the loop gain to be greater than unity, the requirement

on the current gain of the transistor is found to be
 Design of Phase-Shift Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

Using the relation we solve for RD = 10 k.

 IC Phase-Shift Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

Phase-shift oscillator using an op-amp.

• The output of the op-amp is fed to a three-stage RC network, which provides the needed 180° of phase
shift (at an attenuation factor of 1/29)
• If the op-amp provides gain (set by resistors Ri and Rf ) of greater than 29, a loop gain greater than unity
results and the circuit acts as an oscillator
IC Phase-Shift Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM
 Oscillator
Lecture 28/3/23 10:20
14:58 PM

Chapter Introduction
(10 Minutes)

• Oscillation Criterion
Today’s lecture
• Classification of Oscillator (40 Minutes)
• Basic principle of Sinusoidal
• Resonant Circuit Oscillator
Oscillator • Wein Bridge Oscillator
• Crystal Oscillator Review Questions
• OP-AMP RC Oscillator ( 5 Min)
• RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
• Resonant Circuit Oscillator
• Wein Bridge Oscillator
• Crystal oscillator
 Basic principle of Resonance circuit Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

Basic configuration of resonant circuit

oscillator.

Colpitts Hartley Tune input, tune output

 Analysis of Colpitts Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

Colpitt’s Oscillator Analysis: Analysis Result: Equation of gain

And Frequency of Oscillation

𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
𝐼𝑋 𝑋 𝐶
𝛽= = =
𝐼𝑋 𝑋 𝐶

𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛,
A=

The oscillator frequency can be found to be

Where
 Basic principle of Colpitts Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

Using FET Using OP-AMP Using BJT

The oscillator frequency can be found to be BJT Circuit

Where

For the Colpitts oscillator circuit shown in Fig, find the values of
(a) feedback fraction, (b) minimum gain to sustain oscillations,
(c) emitter resistor RE.
Calculate above for other circuits
 Basic principle and Operation of Hartley Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

FET Hartley oscillator

Problem: In an Hartley oscillator if L1 = 0.1 mH, L2 = 10 mH and mutual

inductance between the coils equal to 20 mH . Calculate the value of
capacitor C of the oscillating circuit to obtain frequency of 4110 kHz.
 Wien bridge oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM
It uses RC bridge circuit for oscillation

From the principle of bridge circuit

Series (𝑅 𝐶 ) and Parallel (𝑅 𝐶 ) RC
circuits are used as band pass filter

and

If 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑅 and 𝐶 = 𝐶 = 𝐶 Thus a ratio of R3 to R4 greater than 2 will

provide sufficient loop gain for the circuit to
and oscillate
 Wien bridge oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM
Calculate the resonant frequency of the Wien bridge oscillator

Solution
d
a
b

c
 Principle of Crystal Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

A crystal oscillator is basically a tuned-circuit oscillator using a piezoelectric crystal as a resonant tank circuit.
• greater stability in holding constant at whatever frequency
• Because the crystal losses, represented by R , are small, the equivalent crystal
Q (quality factor) is high—typically 20,000.

C2>>C1
 Crystal Series Resonant Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

Advantages
➢ They have a high order of frequency stability.
➢ The quality factor (Q) of the crystal is very high.

Disadvantages
❖ They are fragile and can be used in low power circuits.
❖ The frequency of oscillations cannot be changed appreciably.

Problem: A certain X-cut quartz crystal resonates at 450 kHz. It has an

equivalent inductance of 4.2 H and an equivalent capacitance of
0.0297 pF. If its equivalent resistance is 60 W, calculate its Q-factor.

Where C1 is the series capacitance of the crystal

 Crystal parallel Resonant Oscillator 28/3/23 10:20 PM

At the parallel-resonant operating frequency, a crystal appears as an inductive

reactance of largest value. Figure 14.34 shows a crystal connected as the
inductor element in a modified Colpitts circuit.

Example: The parameters of a crystal oscillator equivalent circuit are : L1 = 0.8H; C1 = 0.08 pF, R = 5 kW and C2
= 1.0 pF. Determine the resonant frequencies f1 and f2
Problems: Colpitt’s Oscillator 14:58