BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

Academic year 2023-2024 Even Semester

(Regulation 2021)

LAB MANUAL

NAME :
REGISTER NUMBER :
BRANCH /SECTION :
SEMESTER : IV SEM
SUBJECT CODE : EE3412
SUBJECT : LINEAR AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS
LABORATORY
 SYLLABUS

OBJECTIVES:
To learn design, testing and characterizing of circuit behavior with digital and
analog ICs.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Implementation of Boolean Functions, Adder and Subtractor circuits.
2. Code converters: Excess-3 to BCD and Binary to Gray code converter and
vice-versa
3. Parity generator and parity checking
4. Encoders and Decoders
5. Counters: Design and implementation of 3-bit modulo counters as synchronous
and Asynchronous types using FF IC’s and specific counter IC.
6. Shift Registers: Design and implementation of 4-bit shift registers in SISO,
SIPO, PISO, PIPO modes using suitability IC’s.
7. Study of multiplexer and de multiplexer
8. Timer IC application: Study of NE/SE 555 timer in Astability, Monostability
operation.
9. Application of Op-Amp: inverting and non-inverting amplifier,

10. Voltage to frequency characteristics of NE/ SE 566 IC.

11. Variability Voltage Regulator using IC LM317

LIST OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

I CYCLE:

1. Study of basic digital ICs.

2. Implementation of Boolean Functions
3. Adder/ Subtractor circuits.
4. Excess-3 to BCD and Binary to Gray code converter and
vice-versa
5. Parity generator and parity checker
6. Encoders and Decoders
7. Multiplexer and demultiplexer
8. Design and implementation of 4-bit shift registers in SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO
modes using suitable IC’s.

II CYCLE:

9. Design and implementation of 4-bit asynchronous up counter using FF IC.

10.Design and implementation of BCD synchronous counter using FF IC.
11. Timer IC application: Study of NE/SE 555 timer in Astable, Monostable
operation
12. Application of Op-Amp: inverting and non-inverting amplifier.
13. Application of Op-Amp:Adder,comparator, Integrator and Differentiator.
14. Voltage to frequency characteristics of NE/ SE 566 IC.
15. Variability Voltage Regulator using IC LM317
 CONTENTS

S.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks Signature

 CONTENTS

S.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks Signature

Average Marks
Ex.No: STUDY OF BASIC DIGITAL ICs

Date:

AIM: To verify the truth table of basic digital ICs of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-OR
gates.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Digital IC trainer kit 1
2. AND gate IC 7408 1
3. OR gate IC 7432 1
4. NOT gate IC 7404 1
5. NAND gate IC 7400 1
6. NOR gate IC 7402 1
7. EX-OR gate IC 7486 1
8. Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

a. AND gate:

An AND gate is the physical realization of logical multiplication operation. It

is an electronic circuit which generates an output signal of ‘1’ only if all the input
signals are ‘1’.

b. OR gate:

An OR gate is the physical realization of the logical addition operation. It is

an electronic circuit which generates an output signal of ‘1’ if any of the input
signal is ‘1’.

c. NOT gate:

A NOT gate is the physical realization of the complementation operation. It

is an electronic circuit which generates an output signal which is the reverse of the
input signal. A NOT gate is also known as an inverter because it inverts the input.

2
 d. NAND gate:

A NAND gate is a complemented AND gate. The output of the NAND gate will
be ‘0’ if all the input signals are ‘1’ and will be ‘1’ if any one of the input signal is ‘0’.

e. NOR gate:

A NOR gate is a complemented OR gate. The output of the OR gate will be ‘1’ if
all the inputs are ‘0’ and will be ‘0’ if any one of the input signal is ‘1’.

f. EX-OR gate:

An Ex-OR gate performs the following Boolean function,

A B=(AB’)+(A’B)

It is similar to OR gate but excludes the combination of both A and B being equal
to one. The exclusive OR is a function that give an output signal ‘0’ when the two input
signals are equal either ‘0’ or ‘1’.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

1. For all the ICs 7th pin is grounded and 14th pin is given +5 V supply.
2. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for all gates.

ANDGATE

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7408:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y=A.B
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 1 0
3. 1 0 0
4. 1 1 1

OR GATE

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7432 :

 TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y=A+B
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 1 1
3. 1 0 1
4. 1 1 1

NOT GATE

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7404 :

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TRUTH TABLE:

S.No INPUT OUTPUT

A Y=A’
1. 0 1
2. 1 0

NANDGATE

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7400 :

CIRCUIT DIARAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y = (A. B)’
1. 0 0 1
2. 0 1 1
3. 1 0 1
4. 1 1 0
NORGATE

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7402 :

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y=(A+B)’
1. 0 0 1
2. 0 1 0
3. 1 0 0
4. 1 1 0

EX-ORGATE

LOGIC DIAGRAM

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7486:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y=AB
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 1 1
3. 1 0 1
4. 1 1 0

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What is Integrated Circuit?

2. What is a Logic gate?
3. What are the basic digital logic gates?
4. What are the gates called universal gates?
5. Why NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates?
6. What are the properties of EX-NOR gate?

RESULT:

The truth tables of all the basic digital ICs were verified.
Ex.No
IMPLEMENTATION OF BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS
Date:

AIM:

To design the logic circuit and verify the truth table of the given
Boolean expression, F (A,B,C,D) = Σ (0,1,2,5,8,9,10)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Digital IC trainer kit 1
2. AND gate IC 7408 1
3. OR gate IC 7432 1
4. NOT gate IC 7404 1
5. Connecting wires As required

DESIGN:

Given , F (A,B,C,D) = Σ (0,1,2,5,8,9,10)

The output function F has four input variables hence a four variable Karnaugh Map is
used to obtain a simplified expression for the output as shown,

From the K-Map,

F=B’C’+D’B’+A’C’D
Since we are using only two input logic gates the above expression can be re-
written as, F = C’ (B’ + A’ D) + D’ B’
Now the logic circuit for the above equation can be drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B C D F=D’B’+C’(B’+A’D)
1. 0 0 0 0 1
2. 0 0 0 1 1
3. 0 0 1 0 1
4. 0 0 1 1 0
5. 0 1 0 0 0
6. 0 1 0 1 1
7. 0 1 1 0 0
8. 0 1 1 1 0
9. 1 0 0 0 1
10. 1 0 0 1 1
11. 1 0 1 0 1
12. 1 0 1 1 0
13. 1 1 0 0 0
14. 1 1 0 1 0
15. 1 1 1 0 0
16. 1 1 1 1 0
 PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

th th
2. For all the ICs 7 pin is grounded and 14 pin is given +5 V supply.
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the given Boolean expression.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What is variable mapping?

2. Define Demorgans theorem.
3. What do you mean by don’t care functions?
4. State two absorption properties of Boolean function.
5. What are the two methods of Boolean function minimization?

RESULT:

The truth table of the given Boolean expression was verified.

Ex.No:
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
Date:

AIM:
To design and construct half adder, full adder, half subtractor and full subtractor circuits
and verify the truth table using logic gates.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No N Specification Quantity
a

1. IC 7432(OR), 7408(AND), Each 1

7486(EX-OR), 7404(NOT)

2. Digital IC Trainer Kit 1

3. Patch chords -

THEORY:

The most basic arithmetic operation is the addition of two binary digits. There are four
possible elementary operations, namely,

0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1+1=10

The first three operations produce a sum of whose length is one digit, but when the last
operation is performed the sum is two digits. The higher significant bit of this result is called a
carry and lower significant bit is called the sum.

HALFADDER:

A combinational circuit which performs the addition of two bits is called half adder. The
input variables designate the augend and the addend bit, whereas the output variables produce the
sum and carry bits.

FULLADDER:

A combinational circuit which performs the arithmetic sum of three input bits is called
full adder. The three input bits include two significant bits and a previous carry bit. A full adder
circuit can be implemented with two half adders and one OR gate.
HALFADDER
TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B S C
1. 0 0 0 0
2. 0 1 1 0
3. 1 0 1 0
4. 1 1 0 1

DESIGN:

From the truth table the expression for sum and carry bits of the output can be
obtained as, Sum, S = A B ; Carry, C = A . B

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FULL ADDER

TRUTH TABLE:

S.No INPUT OUTPUT

A B C SUM CARRY

1. 0 0 0 0 0
2. 0 0 1 1 0
3. 0 1 0 1 0
4. 0 1 1 0 1
5. 1 0 0 1 0
6. 1 0 1 0 1
7. 1 1 0 0 1
8. 1 1 1 1 1
DESIGN:

From the truth table the expression for sum and carry bits of the output can be obtained
as,SUM = A’B’C + A’BC’ + AB’C’ + ABC;CARRY = A’BC + AB’C + ABC’ +ABC Using
Karnaugh maps the reduced expression for the output bits can be obtained as,

SUM

SUM = A’B’C + A’BC’ + AB’C’ + ABC = A B C

CARRY

CARRY = AB + AC + BC

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
HALF SUBTRACTOR

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B DIFF BORR
1. 0 0 0 0
2. 0 1 1 1
3. 1 0 1 0
4. 1 1 0 0

DESIGN:

From the truth table the expression for difference and borrow bits of the output can be
obtained as, Difference, DIFF = A B; Borrow, BORR = A’ . B

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FULL SUBTRACTOR
TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B C DIFF BORR
1. 0 0 0 0 0
2. 0 0 1 1 1
3. 0 1 0 1 1
4. 0 1 1 0 1
5. 1 0 0 1 0
6. 1 0 1 0 0
7. 1 1 0 0 0
8. 1 1 1 1 1

DESIGN:

From the truth table the expression for difference and borrow bits of the output can be
obtained as,

Difference, DIFF= A’B’C + A’BC’ + AB’C’ + ABC

Borrow, BORR = A’BC + AB’C + ABC’ +ABC

Using Karnaugh maps the reduced expression for the output bits can be obtained as,

DIFFERENCE

A’B’C + A’BC’ + AB’C’ + ABC = A B C

BORROW

BORROW = A’B + A’C + BC

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
HALFSUBTRACTOR:

A combinational circuit which performs the subtraction of two bits is called

half subtractor. The input variables designate the minuend and the subtrahend bit,
whereas the output variables produce the difference and borrow bits.

FULLSUBTRACTOR:

A combinational circuit which performs the subtraction of three input bits

is called full subtractor. The three input bits include two significant bits and a
previous borrow bit. A full subtractor circuit can be implemented with two half
subtractors and one OR gate.

PROCEDURE:

 The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 Two 4 – bit numbers added or subtracted depend upon the control input and the
output is obtained.
 Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for thehalf adder or s subtractor and
full adder or subtractor circuits.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What is a combinational circuit?

2. What is different between combinational and sequential circuit?
3. What are the gates involved for binary adder?
4. List the properties of Ex-Nor gate?
5. What is the expression for sum and carry in half and full adder?

RESULT:
Thus the half adder, full adder, half subtractor and full subtractor circuits were designed
and their truth table were verified.
Ex. No:
Date:
PARITY GENERATOR & CHECKER

AIM:

To design and verify the truth table of a three bit Odd Parity generator and checker &
Even Parity Generator And Checker.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Digital IC trainer kit 1
2. EX-OR gate IC 7486 1
3. NOT gate IC 7404 1
4. Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

A parity bit is used for the purpose of detecting errors during transmission of binary
information. A parity bit is an extra bit included with a binary message to make the number of 1’s
either odd or even. The message including the parity bit is transmitted and then checked at the
receiving end for errors. An error is detected if the checked parity does not correspond with the
one transmitted. The circuit that generates the parity bit in the transmitter is called a parity
generator and the circuit that checks the parity in the receiver is called a parity checker.

In even parity the added parity bit will make the total number of 1’s an even amount and
in odd parity the added parity bit will make the total number of 1’s an odd amount.
In a three bit odd parity generator the three bits in the message together with the parity bit are
transmitted to their destination, where they are applied to the parity checker circuit. The parity
checker circuit checks for possible errors in the transmission.

Since the information was transmitted with odd parity the four bits received must have an
odd number of 1’s. An error occurs during the transmission if the four bits received have an even
number of 1’s, indicating that one bit has changed during transmission. The output of the parity
checker is denoted by PEC (parity error check) and it will be equal to 1 if an error occurs, i.e., if
the four bits received has an even number of 1’s.
PARITYGENERATOR

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT
OUTPUT OUTPUT
( Three bit
S.No ( Odd Parity bit) ( Even Parity bit)
message)
A B C P P
1. 0 0 0 1 0
2. 0 0 1 0 1
3. 0 1 0 0 1
4. 0 1 1 1 0
5. 1 0 0 0 1
6. 1 0 1 1 0
7. 1 1 0 1 0
8. 1 1 1 0 1

From the truth table the expression for the output parity bit is,P( A, B, C) = Σ (0, 3, 5, 6)
Also written as, P = A’B’C’ + A’BC + AB’C + ABC’ = (A B C) ‘

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

ODD PARITY GENERATOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EVENPARITYGENERATOR

ODD PARITYCHECKER
EVEN PARITYCHECKER

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagrams.

th th
2. For all the ICs 7 pin is grounded and 14 pin is given +5 V supply.
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the Parity generator and
checker.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What is parity bit?

2. Why parity bit is added to message?
3. What is parity checker?
4. What is odd parity and even parity?
5. What are the gates involved for parity generator?

RESULT:

The design of the three bit odd Parity generator and checker& Even Parity
Generator and Checker circuits was done and their truth tables were verified.
Ex. No:
Date:
CODE CONVERTER

AIM:
To construct and verify the performance of binary to gray and gray to binary.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No N Specification Quantity
a

1. IC 7404(NOT), 7486(EX-OR), Each 1

7408(AND), 7432(OR)

2. Digital IC Trainer Kit 1

3. Connecting wires -

THEORY:
BINARY TO GRAY:
The MSB of the binary code alone remains unchanged in the Gray code. The remaining
bits in the gray are obtained by EX-OR ing the corresponding gray code bit and previous bit in
the binary code. The gray code is often used in digital systems because it has the advantage that
only one bit in the numerical representation changes between successive numbers.

GRAY TO BINARY:
The MSB of the Gray code remains unchanged in the binary code the remaining bits are
obtained by EX – OR ing the corresponding gray code bit and the previous output binary bit.

PROCEDURE:
 Connections are given as per the logic diagram.
 The given truth tables are verified.
BINARY TOGRAY:

TRUTH TABLE

Decimal Binary code Gray code

D C B A Z Y X W
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
5 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
7 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
9 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
10 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
12 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
13 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
14 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
15 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

K-map design
Logic diagram
GRAY TO BINARY
TRUTH TABLE

Decimal Gray code Binary code

Z Y X W D C B A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
7 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
5 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
12 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
13 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
15 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
14 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
10 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
11 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
9 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

K-Map Design
Logic Diagram
BCD TO EXCESS-3
TRUTH TABLE

K-Map design
Logic diagram
EXCESS-3 TO BCD

TRUTH TABLE

K-map design
Logic diagram
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. List the procedures to convert gray code into binary?

2. Why weighted code is called as reflective codes?
3. What is a sequential code?
4. What is error deducting code?
5. What is ASCII code?

RESULT:
The design of the three bit Binary to Gray code converter & Vice
versa and BCD to Excess-3 code converter & Vice versa were done and its
truth table were verified.
Ex. No: ENCODER & DECODER
Date:

AIM:
To design and implement encoder and decoder using logic gates
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No N Specification Quantity
a

1. IC 7432(OR) 3
2. IC 7408(AND), 7404(NOT) Each 1
3. Digital IC Trainer Kit 1
4. Patch chords -

THEORY:
An encoder is digital circuit that has 2n input lines and n output lines. The output lines
generate a binary code corresponding to the input values 8 – 3 encoder circuit has 8 inputs, one
for each of the octal digits and three outputs that generate the corresponding binary number.
Enable inputs E1 should be connected to ground and Eo should be connected to VCC

A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n input lines
to 2n unique output lines. In 2-4 line decoder the three inputs are decoded into right outputs
in which each output representing one of the minterm of 2 input variables.

PROCEDURE:
 Connections are given as per the logic diagram.
 The truth table is verified by varying the inputs.
ENCODER
TRUTH TABLE

LOGIC DIAGRAM:
DECODER
TRUTH TABLE

INPUT OUTPUT

S1 S0 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0

LOGIC DIAGRAM:
S1 S0

-
D0

D1

D2

D3
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. How the output line will be activated in decoder circuit?

2. What are the necessary steps for implementing higher order decoders?
3. What is the use of code converters?
4. How to convert BCD to Decimal decoder?
5. What is seven segment displays?
6. What is the other name of encoder?
7. What is encoding?
8. What are the applications of encoder?
9. What is BCD encoder?

RESULT:
Thus the encoder and decoder circuits were designed and implemented.
Ex. No:
Date: MULTIPLEXER & DEMULTIPLEXER

AIM:

To study the truth table of a 4X1 Multiplexer & 1X4 Demultiplexer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Digital IC trainer kit 1
2. OR gate IC 7432 1
3. NOT gate IC 7404 1
4. AND gate ( three input ) IC 7411 2
5. Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

Multiplexer is a digital switch which allows digital information from several sources to
be routed onto a single output line. The basic multiplexer has several data input lines and a
single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
Normally, there are 2n input lines and n selector lines whose bit combinations determine which
input is selected. Therefore, multiplexer is ‘many into one’ and it provides the digital equivalent
of an analog selector switch.

A Demultiplexer is a circuit that receives information on a single line and transmits this
information on one of 2n possible output lines. The selection of specific output line is controlled
by the values of n selection lines.

BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR 4:1 MULTIPLEXER:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : (4 x 1)

FUNCTION TABLE(4 x 1)

X Y OUTPUTS (Y)

0 0 D0→D0X’Y’

0 1 D1→D1X’Y

1 0 D2→D2XY’

1 1 D3→D3XY

Y=D0X’Y’+D1X’Y+D2XY’+D3XY
1X4 DEMULTIPLEXER

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
S1 S2 Din Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

3. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

4. 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

5. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

6. 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

7. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

8. 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 1X4 DEMULTIPLEXER

LOGIC SYMBOL:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagrams.

2. For all the ICs 7th pin is grounded and 14th pin is given +5 V supply.
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the multiplexer & demultiplexer.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What is the other name of de-multiplexer?

2. Compare MUX and DE-MUX?
3. How many select lines needed for four outputs of DE-MUX?
4. What is other name of multiplexer?
5. What is serial to parallel converter?
6. What is the use of select lines?
7. How to enable the multiplexer?
8. What are the applications of multiplexer?

RESULT:

The design of the 4x1 Multiplexer and 1x4 Demultiplexer circuits was done and their
truth tables were verified.
Ex. No:

Date:
SHIFT REGISTERS

AIM:
To implement the following shift register using flip flop
(i) SIPO (ii) SISO (iii) PISO (iv) PIPO

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No Name Specification Quantity

1. IC 7474 2
2. Digital IC Trainer Kit 1
3. Connecting wires -
4 IC 7432 (OR) 1

THEORY:
A register is used to move digital data. A shift register is a memory in which information is shifted from one
position in to another position at a line when one clock pulse is applied. The data can be shifted either left or
right direction towards right or towards left.
A shift register can be used in four ways depending upon the input in which the data are entered in to and
takes out of it. The four configuration are given as
 Serial input – Serial output (SISO)
 Parallel input – Serial output (PISO)
 Serial input – Parallel output (SIPO)
 Parallel input – Parallel output (PIPO)
D flip flop is used for constructing shift register.

PROCEDURE:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit
2. Set or Reset at the pin 2 which it’s the MSB of serial data.
3. Apply a single clock Set or Reset second digital input at pin 2.
4. Repeat step 2 until all 4-bit data are taken away.
 D Flip flop IC 7474 - Pin diagram

SHIFT REGISTER:
SISO:

Truth table:
Data input = 1001

Clock Serial input Serial output

1 1 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 X 0
6 X 0
7 X 1
SIPO:

Truth table

No of clk pulse Serial input Din Parallel output

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
2 1 0 0 1 1
3 0 0 1 1 0
4 1 1 1 0 1
5 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 0 1 0 0
7 0 1 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0

PIPO
Truth table (PIPO)

Clock Parallel input Parallel output

D0 D1 D2 D3 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

PISO

Truth table

Clock
PARALLEL INPUT
OUTPUT
Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1
1 1 0 0 1 1
2 X X X X 0
3 X X X X 0
4 X X X X 1
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What is register?
2. What are the modes of shift register?
3. How ring counter is implemented using shift registers?
4. Compare parallel and serial sub registers?
5. Define sequence generator?
6. What are the types of shift register?
7. Define shift registers.

RESULT:
Thus the SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO shift registers were designed and implemented.
Ex. No:
Date: ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER

AIM:

To implement and verify the truth table of an asynchronous counter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Digital IC trainer kit 1
2. JK Flip Flop IC 7476 2
3. Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

Asynchronous counter is also called as ripple counter. In a ripple counter the flip flop
output transition serves as a source for triggering other flip flops. In other words the clock pulse
inputs of all the flip flops are triggered not by the incoming pulses but rather by the transition that
occurs in other flip flops. The term asynchronous refers to the events that do not occur at the
same time. With respect to the counter operation, asynchronous means that the flip flop within
the counter are not made to change states at exactly the same time, they do not because the clock
pulses are not connected directly to the clock input of each flip flop in the counter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: ( 4-Bit Asynchronous counter using IC 7476 JK Flip Flop)

TRUTH TABLE:

CLOCK OUTPUT
S.No
PULSE D(MSB) C B A(LSB)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 0 1
3 2 0 0 1 0
4 3 0 0 1 1
5 4 0 1 0 0
6 5 0 1 0 1
7 6 0 1 1 0
8 7 0 1 1 1
9 8 1 0 0 0
10 9 1 0 0 1
11 10 1 0 1 0
12 11 1 0 1 1
13 12 1 1 0 0
14 13 1 1 0 1
14 14 1 1 1 0
16 15 1 1 1 1

JK Flip Flop IC7476 PIN DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagrams.

2. Apply the input and verify the truth table of the counter.
 Ex. No:
Date:
SYNCHRONOUS COUNTER
AIM:
To design and implement 4-bit synchronous BCD counter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Digital IC trainer kit 1
2. JK Flip Flop IC 7476 2
3. AND gate IC 7408 2
Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

A counter is a register capable of counting number of clock pulse arriving at the clock input. In
synchronous counter all the flip-flops are clocked simultaneously .It is faster in speed because of the
propagation delay of the single flip-flop is involved. It is also called as a parallel counter. A BCD
synchronous counter can be called as a decade counter or mod-10 counter. It requires 4 flip flops
4
(10<=2 ). So there are 16 possible states out of which 10 are valid and other 6 are invalid.

TRUTH TABLE:

Present State Next State Excitation Required

Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 J4 K4 J3 K3 J2 K2 J1 K1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 0 X 0 X 1 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 X 0 X 1 X X 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 X 0 X X 0 1 X
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 X 1 X X 1 X 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 X X 0 0 X 1 X
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 1 X X 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 X X 0 X 0 1 X
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 X X 1 X 1 X 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 X 0 0 X 0 X 1 X
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 1 0 X 0 X X 1
Synchronous BCD Counter Design
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Synchronous BCD counter using IC7476 (JK Flip Flop)

JK Flip Flop IC7476 PIN DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagrams.

2. Apply the input and verify the truth table of the counter
 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Compare synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits?

2. What is a ripple counter?
3. What is propagation delay in ripple counter?
4. Define MOD counter?
5. What are the applications of counters?
6. State the types of counter?
7. Define bit, byte and word.
8. Define address of a memory.
9. What is a parallel counter?
10. What is the speed of a synchronous counter?

Result:

Thus the synchronous and asynchronous counter circuits were designed and the
outputs were verified.
Ex. No: TIMER IC APPLICATIONS - I
Date:
(ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR)

AIM:
To design an astable multivibrator circuit for the given specifications using 555 Timer IC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Function Generator 3 MHz 1
2. CRO 30 MHz 1
3. Dual RPS 0–30V 1
4. Timer IC IC 555 1
5. Bread Board 1
6. Resistors 7.5KΩ, 3.9 KΩ Each 1
7. Capacitors 0.01µF 2
8. Connecting wires and probes As required

THEORY:
An astable multivibrator, often called a free-running multivibrator, is a rectangular-wave-
generating circuit. This circuit do not require an external trigger to change the state of the output.
The time during which the output is either high or low is determined by two resistors and a
capacitor, which are connected externally to the 555 timer. The time during which the capacitor
charges from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is equal to the time the output is high and is given by,

tc = 0.69 (R1 + R2) C

Similarly the time during which the capacitor discharges fro

m 2/3 Vcc to 1/3 Vcc is equal to the time the output is low and is given by,

td = 0.69 (R2) C

Thus the total time period of the output waveform is,

T = tc + td = 0.69 (R1 + 2 R2) C

The term duty cycle is often used in conjunction with the astable multivibrator. The duty
cycle is the ratio of the time t c during which the output is high to the total time period T. It is
generally expressed in percentage. In equation form,

% duty cycle = [ R2 / (R1 + 2 R2)] x 100% or td / tc x 100%

PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

DESIGN:
Given f= 11.11 KHz and duty cycle = 23%
-6
Therefore, Total time period, T = 1/f = 90 x 10 s

We know, duty cycle = td / T

-6 -6
23 / 100 = td / 90 x 10 , td = 0.23 x 90 x 10

-6
Therefore, td = 20.7 x 10 s
-6 -6 -6
and tc = T – td = 90 x 10 - 20.7 x 10 = 69.3 x 10 s

We also know for an astable multivibrator

td = 0.69 (R2) C
 -6
Assume C = 0.01 x 10 F,
-6 -6
R2 = td /(0.69 x C) = 20.7 x 10 / (0.69 x 0.01 x 10 )
Therefore, R2 = 3KΩ

tc = 0.69 (R1 + R2) C

R1 = (tc / (0.69 x C)) – R2

-6 -6
R1 = (69.3 x 10 / (0.69 x 0.01 x 10 )) - 3000

Therefore, R1 = 7 KΩ ≈ 6.8 KΩ ≈ 7.5 KΩ

MODEL GRAPH:
pvolt

Vcc
age
O/

T (ms)

2/3 Vcc
Capacitorv
oltage

1/3 Vcc

T T
ON OFF
 PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. + 5V supply is given to the + Vcc terminal of the timer IC.
3. At pin 3 the output waveform is observed with the help of a CRO
4. At pin 6 the capacitor voltage is obtained in the CRO and the V0 and Vc voltage
waveforms are plotted in a graph sheet.

OBSERVATIONS:

Time period
Amplitude ( No. of div x
( No. of div x
S.No Waveforms Volts per div ) Time per div )
tc td

1. Output Voltage , Vo

2. Capacitor voltage , Vc

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Define Offset voltage.
2. Define duty cycle.
3. Mention the applications of IC555.
4. Give the methods for obtaining symmetrical square wave.
5. What is the other name for monostable multivibrator?
6. Explain the operation of IC555 in astable mode..
7. Why negative pulse is used as trigger?

RESULT:

The design of the Astable multivibrator circuit was done and the output voltage and
capacitor voltage waveforms were obtained.
Ex. No:
Date:
TIMER IC APPLICATIONS –II
(MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR)

AIM:

To design a monostable multivibrator for the given specifications using 555 Timer IC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Function Generator 3 MHz, Analog 1
2. CRO 30 MHz 1
3. Dual RPS 0–30V 1
4. Timer IC IC 555 1
5. Bread Board 1
6. Resistors 10KΩ 1
7. Capacitors 0.01µF, 0.1µF Each 1
8. Connecting wires and probes As required

THEORY:
A monostable multivibrator often called a one-shot multivibrator is a pulse generating
circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the RC network connected externally
to the 555 timer. In a stable or stand-by state the output of the circuit is approximately zero or at
logic low level. When an external trigger pulse is applied, the output is forced to go high (approx.
Vcc). The time during which the output remains high is given by,

tp = 1.1 R1 C
At the end of the timing interval, the output automatically reverts back to its logic low
state. The output stays low until a trigger pulse is applied again. Then the cycle repeats.
Thus the monostable state has only one stable state hence the name monostable.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. + 5V supply is given to the + Vcc terminal of the timer IC.
3. A negative trigger pulse of 5V, 2 KHz is applied to pin 2 of the 555 IC
4. At pin 3 the output waveform is observed with the help of a CRO
5. At pin 6 the capacitor voltage is obtained in the CRO and the V0 and Vc voltage
waveforms are plotted in a graph sheet.
PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

DESIGN:

Given tp = 0.1ms, tp = 1.1 R1 C

-6
Assume C = 0.01 x 10 F,
Therefore, R1 = 9.09 KΩ ≈ 9.1 KΩ ≈ 10 KΩ
 OBSERVATIONS:

Time period
Amplitude
( No. of div x
( No. of div x
S.No Time per div )
Volts per div )
ton toff

1. Trigger input

2. Output Voltage , Vo

3. Capacitor voltage , Vc

MODEL GRAPH:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the operation of IC555 in monostable mode.
2. What is the charging time for capacitor in monostable mode?
3. What are the modes of operation of 555 timers?
4. Give the comparison between combinational circuits and sequential circuits.
5. What do you mean by present state?
6. Give the applications of 555 timers IC.

RESULT:

The design of the Monostable multivibrator circuit was done and the input and output
waveforms were obtained.
Ex. No:
Date:
APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMP – I
(INVERTING AND NON – INVERTING AMPLIFIER)

a. INVERTING AMPLIFIER

AIM:

To design an Inverting Amplifier for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Function Generator 3 MHz 1
2. CRO 30 MHz 1
3. Dual RPS 0–30V 1
4. Op-Amp IC 741 1
5. Bread Board 1KΩ, 15KΩ Each 1
6. Resistors As required
7. Connecting wires and probes As required

THEORY:

The input signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal through R 1 and the non-
inverting input terminal of the op-amp is grounded. The output voltage V o is fed back to the
inverting input terminal through the R f - R1 network, where Rf is the feedback resistor. The output
voltage is given as,
Vo = - ACL Vi
Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 1800 out of phase with the input signal.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Output voltage will be saturated if it exceeds ± 15V.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate
input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.
4. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms
are plotted in a graph sheet.
PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

DESIGN:
We know for an inverting Amplifier ACL = RF / R1
Assume R1 (approx. 10 KΩ) and find Rf Hence VO
(theoretical) = - ACL VI

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. Amplitude Time period

( No. of div x Volts per div ) ( No. of div x Time per div )
Input
Output Theoretical -
Practical -
 MODEL GRAPH:
INVERTINGAMPLIFIER:
INPUT SIGNAL:

Amplitude

Time Period

OUTPUT SIGNAL:
Amplitude

RESULT:

The design and testing of the inverting amplifier is done and the input and output
waveforms were drawn.
 b. NON - INVERTING AMPLIFIER

AIM:

To design a Non-Inverting Amplifier for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Function Generator 3 MHz 1
2. CRO 30 MHz 1
3. Dual RPS 0–30V 1
4. Op-Amp IC 741 1
5. Bread Board 1
6. Resistors 1KΩ, 15KΩ Each 1
7. Connecting wires and probes As required

THEORY:

The input signal Vi is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of the op-amp. This
circuit amplifies the signal without inverting the input signal. It is also called negative feedback
system since the output is feedback to the inverting input terminals. The differential voltage V d
at the inverting input terminal of the op-amp is zero ideally and the output voltage is given as,

Vo = ACL Vi
Here the output voltage is in phase with the input signal.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Output voltage will be saturated if it exceeds ± 15V.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate
input voltage is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.
4. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms are
plotted in a graph sheet.
DESIGN:

We know for a Non-inverting Amplifier ACL = 1 + (RF / R1)

Assume R1 (approx. 10 KΩ ) and find Rf Hence Vo = ACL
Vi

PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF NON INVERITNG AMPLIFIER:

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. Amplitude Time period

( No. of div x Volts per div ) ( No. of div x Time per div )
Input
Output Theoretical -
Practical -
 MODEL GRAPH:
NON-INVERTINGAMPLIFIER:
INPUT SIGNAL:
Amplitude

OUTPUT SIGNAL:
Amplitude

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What do you mean by linear circuits?

2. Define an IC?
3. What is an inverting amplifier?
4. What is the type of feedback employed in the inverting op-amp
5. What is a voltage follower?
6. Define a non-inverting amplifier?
7. Give the closed loop gain of an inverting amplifier?
8. What is the gain of a non-inverting amplifier?

RESULT:

The design and testing of the Non-inverting amplifier is done and the input and output
waveforms were drawn
Ex.No: APPLICATION OF OP-AMP
Date: DESIGN OF ADDER, COMPARATOR, INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM:
a) To study the applications of IC 741 as adder and comparator.

APPARATUS:
1. IC 741
2. Resistors (1K)—4
3. Function generator
4. Regulated power supply
5. IC bread board trainer
6.CRO
7. Patch cards and CRO probes
THEORY:

ADDER:

Op-Amp may be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals
such as circuit is called a summing amplifier or summer. We can obtain either inverting or non
inverting summer.

The circuit diagrams shows a two input inverting summing amplifier. It has
two input voltages V1and V2, two input resistors R1 ,R2 and a feedback resistor Rf.

Assuming that op-amp is in ideal conditions and input bias current is assumed to be
zero, there is no voltage drop across the resistor Rcomp and hence the non inverting
input terminal is at ground potential.
By taking nodal equations.

V1/R1 +V2/R2 +V0/Rf =0

V0 = - [(Rf/R1) V1 +(Rf/R2) V2] And here
R1 = R2 = Rf = 1K
V0 = -(V1 +V2)
Thus output is inverted and sum of input.

COMPARATOR:

A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an

op-amp with a known reference voltage at the other input . It is basically an open loop op-amp
with output ±Vsat as in the ideal transfer characteristics.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Adder:

Comparator:
It is clear that the change in the output state takes place with an increment in input Vi of
only 2mv. This is the uncertainty region where output cannot be directly defined There are
basically 2 types of comparators.

1. Non inverting comparator and. 2. Inverting comparator.

The applications of comparator are zero crossing detector , window detector, time marker generator
and phase meter.

PROCEDURE:

ADDER:
1. connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply input voltage 1) V1= 5v,V2=2v
2) V1= 5v,V2=5v 3) V1= 5v,V2=7v.
3. Using Millimeter measure the dc output voltage at the output terminal.
4. For different values of V1 and V2 measure the output voltage.

COMPARATOR:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Select the sine wave of 10V peak to peak , 1K Hz frequency.
3. Apply the reference voltage 2V and trace the input and output wave forms.
4. Superimpose input and output waveforms and measure sine wave amplitude with
reference to Vref.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 with reference voltages as 2V, 4V, -2V, -4V and observe
the waveforms.
6. Replace sine wave input with 5V dc voltage and Vref= 0V.
7. Observe dc voltage at output using CRO.
8. Slowly increase Vref voltage and observe the change in saturation voltage.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Make null adjustment before applying the input signal.

2. Maintain proper Vcc levels.

RESULT:

Thus the adder and comparator circuit was studied.

 Ex. No:
Date: APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMP – II
(DIFFERENTIATOR AND INTEGRATOR)
. a. DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM:

To design a Differentiator circuit for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Function Generator 3 MHz 1
2. CRO 30 MHz 1
3. Dual RPS 0–30V 1
4. Op-Amp IC 741 1
5. Bread Board 1
6. Resistor 1.5KΩ 1
7. Resistor 15KΩ 2
8. Capacitors 0.001µF, 0.01µF Each 1
9. Connecting wires and probes As required

THEORY:
The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation; that is,
the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform. The differentiator may be
constructed from a basic inverting amplifier if an input resistor R 1 is replaced by a capacitor C 1.
The expression for the output voltage is given as, Vo = - Rf C1 (dVi /dt)
Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 0 out of phase with the
input signal. A resistor Rcomp = Rf is normally connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the
op-amp to compensate for the input bias current. A workable differentiator can be designed by
implementing the following steps:
1. Select fa equal to the highest frequency of the input signal to be differentiated. Then,
assuming a value of C1 < 1 µF, calculate the value of Rf.
2. Choose fb = 10 fa and calculate the values of R1 and Cf so that R1C1 = Rf Cf.
3. The differentiator is most commonly used in waveshaping circuits to detect high
frequency components in an input signal and also as a rate–of–change detector in FM
modulators.
PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENTIATOR:

DESIGN:
Given fa = 1KHz
We know the frequency at which the gain is 0 dB, fa = 1 / (2π Rf C1)
Let us assume C1 = 0.01 µF; then
3 -6
Rf = 1/(2π(1 x 10 )( 0.01 x 10 ) )= 15.9KΩ ≈ 15KΩ
Since fb = 10 fa, fb = 10 KHz
We know that the gain limiting frequency fb = 1 / (2π R1 C1)
3 -6
Hence R1 = 1 /(2π(10 x 10 )( 0.01 x 10 ) ) = 1.59 KΩ ≈ 1.5KΩ

Also since R1C1 = Rf Cf ; Cf = R1C1 / Rf

3 -6 3
Cf = (1.5 x10 x 0.01 x 10 ) / (15 x 10 ) = 0.001 µF
MODEL GRAPH:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
INPUT SIGNAL:
Amplitude

Time Period

OUTPUT SIGNAL:
Amplitude

Time Period

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate
input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.
4. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms
are plotted in a graph sheet.
 OBSERVATIONS:
Input - Sine wave
S.No. Amplitude Time period
( No. of div x Volts per div ) ( No. of div x Time per div )
Input
Output
Input – Square wave
S.No. Amplitude Time period
( No. of div x Volts per div ) ( No. of div x Time per div )
Input
Output

RESULT:

The design of the Differentiator circuit was done and the input and output waveforms
were obtained.
 b. INTEGRATOR
AIM:

To design an Integrator circuit for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1. Function Generator 3 MHz 1
2. CRO 30 MHz 1
3. Dual RPS 0–30V 1
4. Op-Amp IC 741 1
5. Bread Board 1
6. Resistors 1.5KΩ 1
7. Resistors 15KΩ 2
8. Capacitors 0.01µF 1
9. Connecting wires and probes As required

THEORY:
A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage
waveform is the integrator. Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting amplifier
configuration if the feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor C f . The expression for the
output voltage is given as,

Vo = - (1/Rf C1) ∫ Vi dt
Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 0 out of phase with the
input signal. Normally between f a and fb the circuit acts as an integrator. Generally, the value of f a
> fb . The input signal will be integrated properly if the Time period T of the signal is larger than
or equal to Rf Cf. That is,

T ≥ R f Cf
The integrator is most commonly used in analog computers and ADC and signal-wave
shaping circuits.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate
input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.
4. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms
are plotted in a graph sheet.
PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INTEGRATOR:

DESIGN:

Given fa = 10KHz

We know the frequency at which the gain is 0 dB,

fa = 1 / (2π R1 Cf)
Therefore fb = 10KHz Since fb = 0.1 fa, and
also the gain limiting frequency fb = 1 / (2π Rf Cf), assume Cf =
-6
0.01µF Rf = 1 /(2π (1000)(0.01 x 10 ) =15.9 KΩ ≈ 15KΩ R1=1/(2 π
-6
(10000) (0.01 x 10 ) =1.59 KΩ ≈ 1.5KΩ
OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. Amplitude Time period

( No. of div x Volts per div ) ( No. of div x Time per div )
Input
Output

MODEL GRAPH:

INTEGRATOR:
INPUT SIGNAL:
Amplitude

Time Period

OUTPUT SIGNAL:
Amplitude
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What is integrator?
2. Write the disadvantages of ideal integrator?
3. Write the application of integrator?
4. Why compensation resistance is needed in integrator and how will you find it values?
5. What is differentiator?
6. Write the disadvantages of ideal differentiator.
7. Write the application of differentiator?
8. Why compensation resistance is needed in differentiator and how will you find it
values?
9. Why integrators are preferred over differentiators in analog comparators?

RESULT:

The design of the Integrator circuit was done and the input and output waveforms
were obtained.
EX-NO: Voltage to frequency characteristics of NE/ SE 566 IC.

DATE :

AIM :

To study the Voltage to frequency characteristics of NE/ SE 566 IC.

Theory:

Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)

Voltage-controlled oscillator generates frequency controlled by input voltage. The dc

level output of a low-pass filter is applied as control signal to the voltage-controlled oscillator
(VCO). The output frequency of the VCO is directly proportional to the input dc level. The
VCO frequency is adjusted till it becomes equal to the frequency of the input signal. During
this adjustment, PLL goes through three stages-free running, capture and phase lock. Best
operation is obtained if the centre frequency of the VCO is set with the dc bias voltage midway
in its linear operating range. The amplifier allows this adjustment in dc voltage from that
obtained as output of the filter circuit. When the loop is in lock, the two signals to the PC are
necessarily of the same frequency although not necessarily in phase. A fixed phase difference
between the two signals to the comparator results in a fixed dc voltage to the VCO. Variation
in the input signal frequency then causes variation in the dc voltage to the VCO. Within a
capture-and-Iock frequency range, the dc voltage will drive the VCO frequency to match that
of the input.

While the loop is trying to achieve lock, the output of the PC contains frequency
components at the sum and difference of the signals compared. A low-pass filter passes only
the lower-frequency component of the signal so that the loop can obtain lock between input
and VCO signals.

Owing to the limited operating range of the VCO and the feedback connection of the
PLL circuit, there are two important frequency bands specified for a PLL. The capture range of

a PLL is the range of frequencies centred about the VCO free-running frequency f r, over which
the output signal frequency of the VCO can acquire lock with the input signal frequency. Once
the PLL has achieved capture, it can maintain lock with the input signal over a somewhat wider
frequency range called the lock range.

In most cases, the frequency of an oscillator is determined by the time constant RC.
However, in cases or applications such as FM, tone generators, and frequency-shift keying
(FSK), the frequency is to be controlled by means of an input voltage, called the control
voltage. This can be achieved in a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). A VCO is a circuit that
provides an oscillating output signal (typically of square-wave or triangular waveform) whose
frequency can be adjusted over a range by a dc voltage. An example of a VCO is the 566 IC
unit, that provides simultaneously the square-wave and triangular-wave outputs as a function of

input voltage. The frequency of oscillation is set by an external resistor R 1 and a capacitor C1

and the voltage Vc applied to the control terminals.

Voltage controlled oscillator

Figure shows that the 566 IC unit contains current sources to charge and discharge an
external capacitor Cv at a rate set by an external resistor R 1 and the modulating dc input
voltage. A Schmitt trigger circuit is employed to switch the current sources between charging
and discharging the capacitor, and the triangular voltage produced across the capacitor and
square-wave from the Schmitt trigger are provided as outputs through buffer amplifiers. Both the
output waveforms are buffered so that the output impedance of each is 50 f2. The typical

magnitude of the triangular wave and the square wave are 2.4 Vpeak.to-peak and 5.4Vpeak.to.peak.

The frequency of the output waveforms is approximated by

+ +
fout = 2(V - Vc)/R1C1V

The VCO can be programmed over a 10-to-l frequency range by proper

selection of an external resistor and capacitor, and then modulated over a 10-to-l frequency

range by a control voltage, Vc The voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) are commonly used in
converting low-frequency signals such as EEG (electro-encephalograms) or ECG (electro-
cardiograms) into an audiofrequency (AF range)

Result:
Ex. No:
Date: VARIABILITY VOLTAGE REGUATOR USING IC LM 317

AIM:

To design and test the DC power supply using LM317.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1 LM317 - 1
2 LM723 - 1
3 Resistor 1.4K, 1K,1.6K Each 1
4 Capacitor 0.1µF,1µF Each 1
5 DRB - 1
6 CRO - 1
7 Bread board - 1
8 Connecting wires

PROCEDUE

LM 317:
i) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
ii) To vary the unregulated power supply from (0-3V) and note down the
corresponding output voltage at across the load resistance RL(pin no:10)
iii) Plot the graph between resistance Vin and Vo

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

LM317: Pin details of LM317:

TABULATION:

LM317:

Vin Vout

MODEL
GRAPH:

LM317:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What are the main advantages of voltage regulator?
2. Define line regulator or source regulator/
3. Define ripple rejection with respect to the voltage regulator?
4. What is meant by drop out voltage?

RESULT:

To design and test the DC power supply using LM317was done and wave forms were
obtained.