IOT based smart agriculture

INTERNET OF THINGS PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

Of

-BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY-
In
-Electronics and Communication Engineering-
By
-SOWMYA GUPTA-
(00701022021)
Guided by
-Prof. BRIJESH KUMAR-
-Professor-
-IT Department-

INDIRA GANDHI DELHI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FOR WOMEN
NEW DELHI – 110006

-JULY 2022-
CERTIFICATE
UNDERTAKING REGARDING ANTI – PLAGIARISM

I, Sowmya Gupta hereby, declare that the material / content

presented in the report are free from plagiarism and properly
cited and written in my own words. In case, plagiarism is
detected at any stage, I shall be solely responsible for it.

SOWMYA GUPTA
00701022021
DECLARATION

I, Sowmya Gupta solemnly declare that the project report,

Internet of Things (IOT), is based on my own work carried
out during the course of our study under the supervision of
Prof. Brijesh Kumar, IT Department. I assert the statements
made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my research
work. I further certify that:
I. The work contained in the report is original and has been
done by me under the supervision of my supervisor.
II. The work has not been submitted to any other Institution
for any other degree/diploma/certificate in this university or
any other University of India or abroad.
III. We have followed the guidelines provided by the
university in writing the report.
IV. Whenever we have used materials (text, data, theoretical
analysis/equations, codes/program, figures, tables, pictures,
text etc.) from other sources, we have given due credit to
them in the report and have also given their
details in the references.

SOWMYA GUPTA
00701022021
 ABSTRACT

Agriculture industry has developed a lot with the help of technology.

We are witnessing unprecedented levels of adoption of technology
in Agriculture. There are many emerging technologies in agriculture
that seem very promising for the future of farming. IOT was once an
emerging agriculture technology and now it has taken a mainstream
position by wider adoption. IOT in agriculture by the simplest of
definitions is just that - Internet controlling things.

The applications of the Internet of Things in agriculture target

conventional farming operations to meet the increasing demands
and decrease production losses. IOT in agriculture uses robots,
drones, remote sensors, and computer imaging combined with
continuously progressing machine learning and analytical tools for
monitoring crops, surveying, and mapping the fields, and providing
data to farmers for rational farm management plans to save both
time and money.[10]
 KEYWORDS AND ABBREVIATIONS

 Internet of Things – IOT

 Smart agriculture
 Sensors
 Farm lands
 Irrigation
 Drones
 Remote sensing
 Robotics
 INDEX
Certificate ..........................................................................................1
Undertaking regarding anti plagiarism...............................................2
Acknowledgement .............................................................................3
Declaration .........................................................................................4
Abstract/Summary .............................................................................5
Keywords and Abbreviations ..............................................................6

1. Introduction: IOT
1.1 Literature Review........................................................................#
1.2 Equipments ................................................................................#
1.3 Major Applications.....................................................................#
1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages.................................................#

2. Conclusion ..................................................................................#
3. References ................................................................................#
 INTRODUCTION: IOT
The Internet of things (IOT) describes physical objects (or groups of
such objects) with sensors, processing ability, software, and other
technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and
systems over the Internet or other communications
networks.[1][2][3][4] Internet of things has been considered a
misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the
public internet, they only need to be connected to a network and be
individually addressable.[5][6]

The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple

technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors,
increasingly powerful embedded systems, and machine learning.[7]
Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks,
control systems, automation (including home and building
automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of
things.[8] In the consumer market, IOT technology is most
synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the "smart
home", including devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures,
thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home
appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can
be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as
smartphones and smart speakers. IOT is also used in healthcare
systems.[9]
 LITERATURE REVIEW
SMART AGRICULTURE
There are numerous IOT applications in farming[11] such as
collecting data on temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, pest
infestation, and soil content. This data can be used to automate
farming techniques, take informed decisions to improve quality and
quantity, minimize risk and waste, and reduce the effort required to
manage crops. For example, farmers can now monitor soil
temperature and moisture from afar, and even apply IOT-acquired
data to precision fertilization programs.[12] The overall goal is that
data from sensors, coupled with the farmer's knowledge and
intuition about his or her farm, can help increase farm productivity,
and also help reduce costs.

Figure 1: general hierarchy of applications, services and sensors for smart farming.[13]
 EQUIPMENTS
1. ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller card that supports the

ATmega328. All sensors are integrated into the Arduino Uno. These
sensors provide information about the ambient conditions for the
Arduino Uno. Arduino Uno makes the necessary decisions /
actions and uses cloud computing to inform farmers about sensor
readings and necessary actions. And also send them a message with
the help of GSM. [14]

2. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

It detects soil moisture. The sensor has both analog and digital
output input and operates according to the principle of open short
circuit. The LED output indicates more or less the output in this
system. When the ground is dry, the electricity stops
flowing and acts as an open circuit. If the ground is wet, the
current passes and the circuit is short and the output is zero. Sensor
information is indicated by levels. It is corrosion resistant so the
sensor has a long time to handle the cost of the farmer
at minimal cost. [14]

3. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR

It is used to measure temperature and humidity. This system displays

information about how well it worked. Suppose the threshold is
exceeded, the LED starts flashing and the values are immediately
displayed on the web page and the farmer can check them.[14]

4. ACOUSTIC SENSORS

This offers various uses in managing the farms, which includes

cultivation of soil, weeding and harvesting. Major advantage of using
this sensor is its quick response and low cost, mainly while making an
allowance for portable equipment. These type of sensors work by
measuring the alterations in the noise. These sensors are mainly
used for monitoring of pests and its detection, variety of seeds are
classified as well by using these sensors. [14]

5. OPTICAL SENSORS

Optical sensors use a phenomena called light reflectance, which

measures the organic substances in soil, moisture, minerals, colour
and composition, etc. Ability of soil to reflect light depends upon the
various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are tested by these
sensors. Variation in the soil density are indicated by the alteration
occurred in the reflection of waves.[14]

6. DRONES IN AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is one of the major sectors to incorporate drones. Drones

equipped with sensors and cameras are used for imaging, mapping,
and surveying farms. Drones can be controlled remotely or they can
fly automatically through software-controlled flight plans in their
embedded systems, working in coordination with sensors and GPS.
From the drone data, insights can be drawn regarding crop health,
irrigation, spraying, planting, soil and field, plant counting, yield
prediction, and much more. Drones can either be scheduled for farm
surveys (drone as a service) or can be bought and stored near farms
where they can be recharged and maintained. After the surveys, the
drones need to be taken to nearby labs to analyze the data that has
been collected, thereby helping leverage IOT in agriculture
better.[10]
 7. COMPUTER IMAGING IN AGRICULTURE

Computer imaging involves the use of sensor cameras installed at

different corners of the farm or drones equipped with cameras to
produce images that undergo digital image processing. Digital image
processing is the basic concept of processing an input image using
computer algorithms. Image processing views the images in different
spectral intensities such as infrared, compares the images obtained
over a period of time, and detects anomalies, thus analyzing limiting
factors and helping a better management of farms.[10]
 MAJOR APPLICATIONS
1. SOIL SAMPLING AND MAPPING

Examination of soil is very crucial to extract field specific information,

which is useful while making decisions at certain stages. Main
objective of analysing soil is to check the nutrient status of the farm
land, so particular measures are taken depends on the deficiency of
the field. Some factors that’s helps us to analyse soil nutrients
includes type of soil, history of crop, fertilizers, irrigation level, etc.
There are many manufacturers who are providing sensors and tools
which helps in soil testing, these kits assist farmers to know the
quality of the soil. Depends on the data provided, remedies can be
taken to increase the growth of the crop.

Drought is one of the main concern for the limitation of crop yield
productivity. This issue can be resolved by using remote sensors are
used to get the soil moisture data frequently to their mobile as a
SMS alert and e-mail alert or check in the webpage. Depends on the
data received we can allow the water pump to flow, when it reaches
the certain range we will get the alert, so that we can stop the water.
[13]

2. IRRIGATION

There are several irrigation methods, such as drip irrigation and

sprinkler irrigation, could handle the issues like water wastage, which
were also found in traditional methods like flood irrigation and
furrow irrigation. water shortage can affect the crops quality and
quantity and leads to the deficiency of the soil nutrients and
develops infections which are harmful to the plants. Estimating
water needed for the crops is very hard, it involves factors such as
method of irrigation, type of crop, soil type and moisture level in the
soil. Taking this into consideration, wireless sensors are used by the
soil and moisture control system it helps the crop to use the water
optimally and results in better crop health. IoT techniques are used
to better the crop efficiency, some of the techniques are crop water
stress index irrigation management. Wireless field sensors are
installed to measure the conditions and transmit the data. (There are
other data such as weather information and satellite imaging is used
to calculate crop water stress index(CWSI), this increases the
efficiency of water usage.[13]

3. FERTILIZERS

Smart farming uses fertilization which helps in the estimation of

nutrients dosage requisition, due to this, negative effect on the
environment will be reduced. With the use of smart agriculture
dosage of nutrients is estimated, ultimately reduces their negative
impact on the environment. The requirements for fertilization are
type of soil, crop variety and absorption capacity, yield, fertility type
and weather, etc. satellite images help us to know the status of crop
nutrients, we can easily asses the level of soil nutrients, these can
further increase the efficiency of the fertilizer. Accuracy of GPS,
autonomous vehicles are advantageous to smart fertilization. IoT
based devices, smart robots and drones are used to detect the pests
and control them by sprinkling pesticides.[13]
Figure 2: Some key inputs, processes and outputs in smart farming .[13]
 ADVANTAGES
1. It is time saving, monitoring and providing the conditions which
are required for plants is easy by this process.

2. There are some issues in the conventional farming, which could be

overcome by this process. Right amount of water is supplied to
plants through the irrigation system as excessive watering may
damage the plant's growth, however, rainfall water might not be
sufficient for the plants.

3. Depends on the moisture and temperature data received by the

cloud, we can balance the parameters to the required levels by using
fan’s and pump’s.

4. Easy to monitor the moisture and temperature levels by getting

the alerts from the sensors readings. It is operated automatically by
using temperature and humidity sensors. When the soil is dry
automatically the water motor will pump water to field. When the
soil is too wet we will receive the alert that soil is wet and we
proceed with the further action.[14]

DISADVANTAGES
1. The investments will be higher in setting up drones, sensors.
2. The weather analyzation could be problematic.
3. Risk in areas of privacy and security.
 CONCLUSION
This research paper presents an effective solution for efficient crop
growing methodologies in order to meet the growing food demand
of the increasing world population.

The improvement of new practices of increasing crop yield and

handling, recently youth are inclining towards agriculture and
choosing it as a profession. Technology like IOT helps them to
simplified way of cultivation and monitoring crops by accessing the
information using mobiles and internet. Taking these factors into
consideration, this paper highlights the major role of technologies,
mainly IOT, which makes the farming smarter to meet the
expectations in future.[14]

In conclusion, monitoring the farm land is very important, for better

cultivation and less wastage of resources IOT technology is
necessary.[13]
 REFERENCES
[1]Gillis, Alexander (2021). "What is internet of things (IoT)?". IOT Agenda.
Retrieved 17 August 2021.

[2] Brown, Eric (20 September 2016). "21 Open Source Projects for IoT".
Linux.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016.

[3]"Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative". ITU. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[4] Hendricks, Drew. "The Trouble with the Internet of Things". London
Datastore. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 10 August 2015.

[5]Internet of things and big data analytics toward next-generation

intelligence. Nilanjan Dey, Aboul Ella Hassanien, Chintan Bhatt, Amira Ashour,
Suresh Chandra Satapathy. Cham, Switzerland. 2018. p. 440. ISBN 978-3-319-
60435-0. OCLC 1001327784.

[6]"Forecast: The Internet of Things, Worldwide, 2013". Gartner. Retrieved 3

March 2022.

[7]Hu, J.; Niu, H.; Carrasco, J.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., "Fault-tolerant cooperative
navigation of networked UAV swarms for forest fire monitoring" Aerospace
Science and Technology, 2022.

[8]Hu, J.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., "Robust formation control for networked robotic
systems using Negative Imaginary dynamics" Automatica, 2022.

[9]Laplante, Phillip A.; Kassab, Mohamad; Laplante, Nancy L.; Voas, Jeffrey M.
(2018). "Building Caring Healthcare Systems in the Internet of Things". IEEE
Systems Journal. 12 (3): 3030–3037. Bibcode:2018ISysJ..12.3030L.
doi:10.1109/JSYST.2017.2662602. ISSN 1932-8184. PMC 6506834. PMID
31080541.

[10] https://www.cropin.com/iot-in-agriculture

[11] Meola, A. (20 December 2016). "Why IoT, big data & smart farming are the
future of agriculture". Business Insider. Insider, Inc. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
[12]Zhang, Q. (2015). Precision Agriculture Technology for Crop Farming. CRC
Press. pp. 249–58. ISBN 9781482251081.

[13] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8784034

[14]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347453765_SMART_AGRICULT
URE_USING_IOT