ee el rr Oe Ee TE 8G 8 Se eee? S| Se. ae Electromagnetics Lab INTRODUCTION: Familiarization of Microwave Components AIM To familiarize various microwave components that are used in communication lab. THEORY A microwave bench is an experimental setup consist of various microwave instruments such @S waveguides, waveguide Tee, frequency meter, variable attenuator, horn antenna, power Supply for the microwave source, VSWR meter etc. Brief details of instruments are given below: WAVEGUIDES A hollow metallic tube of uniform cross-section for transmitting electromagnetic waves by Successive reflections from the inner walls of the tube is called as a Waveguide. RECTANGULAR WAVE GUIDE Wave guides are manufactured to the highest mechanical and electrical standards and mechanical tolerances. L and $ band wave guides are fabricated by precision brazing of brass-plates and all other wave guides are in extrusion quality. W.G. sections of specified Jength can be supplied with flanges, painted outside and silver or gold plated in side. SPECIFICATIONS X Band EIA No. : WR - 90 Frequency: 8.2 - 12.4 GHZ Width: 2.286cm Height : 1.1016cm Width: 2.54 cm Height: 1.27em= Tol. (um): 7.6 Material: Brass/Copper TUNABLE PROBE Model 6055 Tunable probe is designed for use with model 6051 slotted sections. These are meant for exploring the energy of the EF in a suitably fabricated section of wave guide. The depth of penetration into a wave guide - section is adjustable by the knob of the probe. The tip 1Blectromagnetics Lab Sead 5 5 tor, which is pick up the RF power from the line and this power is rectified by crystal detector, then fed to the VSWR meter or indicating instrument. Model No. :X6055 /Freq (GHz): 8.2 - 12.4 /output Connector: BNC (F) /Detector: INZ3: L WAVE GUIDE DETECTOR MOUNT (TUNABLE) Model 4051 Tunable Detector Mount is simple and easy to use instrument for detecting microwave power through a suitable detector. It consists of a detector crystal mounted in a section of a Wave guide and shorting plunger for matching purpose. The output from the crystal may be fed to an indicating instrument. In K and R bands detector mounts the plunger is driven by a micrometer. Model No. : X - 4051 Freq. Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4 O/P Connector : BNC (F) Wave guide Type (WR-) : 90 Flange Type (UG/U): 39 Detectors: IN23 KLYSTRON MOUNT Model 2051 Klystron mounts are meant for mounting correspond T23A/B, 726A or RK - 5976 etc. These consists of a section of end and terminated with a movable short on the other end, provided for Klystron ing Klystrons such as 2K 25, wave guide flanged on one An octal base with cable isElectromagnetics Lab Model No, (G10): 39 X~ 2051/ Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4/ WG Type (WR-) : 90 Flange Type CIRCULATORS Model 6021 and 6022 are T and Y types of three port circulators respectively. These are Precisely machined and assembled to get the desired specifications. Circulators are matched three port devices and these are meant for allowing Microwave energy to flow in clockwise direction with negligible loss but almost no transmission in the anti-clockwise direction Model No. : X - 6021 Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.6 - 10.6 or 10.2 - 12.2 Min. Isolation (dB): 20 Max. Insertion Loss (4B): 0.4 Max. VSWR : 1.2 SLIDE SCREW TUNERS. Model 4041 slide screw tuners are used for matching purposes by changing the penetra and position of a screw in the slot provided in the centre of the wave guide. This consists of a section of wave guide flanged on both ends and a thin slot is provided in the broad wall of the Wave guide. A carriage carrying the screw is provided over the slot. A VSWR up to 20 can be tuned to a value Jess than 1.02 at certain frequency. Model No, : X — 4041/ Freq, Range (GHz): 8.2 - 12.4/WG Type (WR-): 90 Flange type (UG/U) : 39Electromagnetics Lab MULTIHOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS Model 6000 series Multihole directional couplers are useful for sampling a part of Microwave ‘energy for monitoring purposes and for measuring reflections and impedance. This consists of a section of Wave guide with addition of a second parallel section of wave guide thus making it a four-port network. However, the fourth port is terminated with a matched load. These two parallel sections are coupled to cach other through many holes, almost to give uniform coupling; minimum frequency sensitivity and high directivity. These are available in 3, 6, 10, 20 and 40dB coupling. Model No.: X - 6003 Frequency Range (GHz): 8.2 - 12.4 Coupling (dB): 3,10,20,40 Directivity (dB): 35 E PLANE TEE Model 3061 E - plane tee are series type T - junction and consists of three section of wave guide joined together in order to divide or compare power levels. The signal entering the first port of this T - junction will be equally dividing at second and third ports of the same magnitude but in opp. phase Model No. : X - 3061 Frequency Range (Ghz) : 8.2 - 12.4 WG Type (WR-) : 90 Flange Type (UG/U) :39Electromagnetics Lab H- PLANT TEE Model 3065 H - Plane Tee are shunt type T - junction for use in conjunction with VSWR meters, frequency - meters and other detector devices. Like in E-plane tee, the signal fed through first port of H - plane Tee will be equally divided in magnitude at second and third ports but in same phase. Model No. : X - 3065 Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4 WG Type (WR-) (UG-/U) :39 £90 Flange Type MAGIC TEE Model 3045 E - H Tee consists of a section of wave guide in both series and shunt wave guide arms, mounted at the exact midpoint of main arm. Both ends of the section of wave guide and both arms are flanged on their ends. These Tees are employed in balanced mixers, AFC circuits and impedance measurement circuits ete, This becomes a four terminal device where one terminal is isolated from the input terminal. Model No. : X - 3045 Frequency Range (Ghz) : 8.2 - 12.4 WG Type (WR-) : 90 Flange Type (UR-/U) :39Electromagnetics Lab eee ee MOVABLE SHORT Model 4081 movable shorts consists of a section of waveguide, flanged on one end and {eaminated with a movable shorting plunger on the other end. By means ofthis noncontacting ‘ype plunger, a reflection co- efficient of almost unity may be obtained, Model No, : X - 4081 Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4 WG Type (WR (UG-/U) :39 : 90 Flange Type MATCHED TERMINATION Model 4000 are low power and non-reflective type of terminations. It consists of a small and highly dissapative taper flap mounted inside the centre of a section of wave guide. Matched Terminations are useful for YSWR measurement of various waveguide components. These are also employed as dummy and as a precise reference loads with Tee junctions, directional couplers and other similar dividing devices. Model No. : X ~ 4000 Freq. Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4 Pe Max VSWR : 1.04 Bee. AV Power :2W, | t= WG Type (WR-):90, S Flange Type (UG-/U) : 39ae Electromagnetics Lab PYRAMIDAL WAVEGUIDE HORN ANTENNA, Model 5041 pyramidal Wave guide Hom antenna consists of waveguide joined to pyramidal section fabricated from brass sheet. The pyramidal section shapes the energy to concentrate in a specified beam. Wave guide homs are used as feed homs as radiators for reflectors and lenses and as a pickup antenna for receiving microwave power. Model No. : X - 5041 Frequency Range (Ghz): 8. Max VSWR :1.20 WG Type (WR: Flange Type (UG-/U) :39 +124 GUNN OSCILLATORS Model 2151 Gunn Oscillators are solid state microwave energy generators. These consists. of waveguide cavity flanged on one end and micrometer driven plunger fitted on the other end. ‘A gunn-diode is mounted inside the Wave guide with BNC (F) connector for DC bias. Each Gunn oscillator is supplied with calibration certificate giving frequency VS micrometer reading. Model No. : X - 2152 Freq : 8.2 - 12.4 GHz ‘Min output power : 10 MW WG Type (WR-) : 90 Flange Type (UG-/U) : 39 PIN MODULATORS ‘Model 451 pin modulators are designed to modulate the ew output of Gunn Oscillators. It is operated by the square pulses derived from the UHF (F) connector of the Gunn power supply. This consists of a pin diode mounted inside a section of Wave guide flanged on its both end. ‘A fixed attenuation vane is mounted inside atthe input to protect the oscillator. at ‘Model No. : X-451 Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.3 - 12.4 Max RF Power : 1W " WG Type (WR-) : 90 Flange Type (GHz) : 39Electromagnetics Lab ———— *. GUNN POWER SUPPLY Model X-110 Gunn Power supply comprises of a regulated DC power supply and a square Nave generator, designed to operate Gunn-Oscillator model 2151 or 2152, and pin modulators model 451 respectively. The DC voltage is variable from 0 - 10V. The front Panel meter monitors the gunn voltage and the current drawn by the Gunn diode. The square ‘Wave of generator is variable from 0 10V in amplitude and 900 - 1100 Hin frequency. The Power supply has been so designed to protect Gunn diode from reverse voltage appli over transient and low frequency oscillations by the negative resistance of the Gunn-diode, SPECIFICATIONS ion Amplifier Type: High gain tuned at one frequenes ie ane Frequency: 1000 Hz+ 2% yee Lor ‘Sensitivity: 0.1 microvolt at 200 for full scale Band width: 25 - 30 cps Range: 704B min in 10 dB steps Scale selector : Normal Expand Gain control :*Coarse’ & Fine" Mains power : 230V,SOHz ISOLATORS The three port circulators Model 6021 may be converted into isolators by terminating one of its port into matched load. These will work over the frequency range of circulators. These are well matched devices offering low forward insertion loss and high reverse isolation. Model No. : X. - 6022 : Frequency Range (GHz): 8.6 -or 10.2 - 12.2 Min Isolation (4B) : 20 Max Insertion Loss (dB) : 0.4 Max VSWR : 1.20 REFLEX KLYSTRON This microwave generator is a Klystron that works on reflections and oscillations in a single cavity, which hasa variable frequency. Reflex Klystron consists of an electron gun, a cathode filament, an anode cavity, and an electrode at the cathode potent has low efficiency. |. It provides low power and The electron gun emits the electron beam, which passes through the gap in the anode cavity, These electrons travel towards the Repeller electrode, which is at high negative potential. Due to the high negative field, the electrons repel back to the anode cavity. In their return journey, 8ee ki NN Electromagnetics Lab tte clestrons give more energy to the gap and thete oscillations are sustained, The See details of this reflex klystron are as shown in the followingfigure. It is assumed ae coli already exist in the tube and they are sustained by its operation. The electrons ile Passing through the anode cavity, gain some velocity. peter ecrode “i Construction deta of eter shpation ‘The operation of Reflex Klystron is understood by some assumptions. The electron beam is accelerated towards the anode cavity. Let us assume that a reference electron e, crosses the anode cavity but has no extra velocity and it repels back after reaching the Repeller electrode, with the same velocity. Another electron, let's say e« which has started earlier than this reference electron, reaches the Repeller first, but returns slowly, reaching at the same time as the reference electron. ‘We have another electron, the late electron e, which starts later than both e, and €, however, it moves with greater velocity while returning back, reaching at the same time as er and ee. Now, these three electrons, namely ¢,, ¢. and e, reach the gap at the same time, forming an electron bunch. This travel time is called as transit time, which should have an optimum. value. The following figure illustrates this, feo sone perenne este a era Fine